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Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have recently received widespread attention as their market has experienced massive growth since early 2021. NFTs are blockchain-based tokens used to represent ownership of digital and physical assets in a manner that is transparent, traceable, tamper-proof, secure, and trustworthy. Although NFTs have enabled new applicat...
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A Smart Contract (SC) is a piece of code executed on the blockchain to automatically trigger transactions upon the occurrence of predefined events. Due to the intrinsic features regarding traceability and data immutability, many companies started using blockchain Smart Contracts to perform collaborative processes. Despite their promising features,...
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... It is believed that a smart city will decrease costs, improve QoL, and improve the efficiency of services. Some of the key aspects of an SC might include sustainable infrastructure and buildings, advanced transportation systems, energy efficiency, advanced communication systems, robust public safety systems, access to highquality healthcare, and strong education systems [85]. Moreover, a little more than half-17 (68.0%)-of the respondents reported that random recruitment is extremely important, with a score of MS 3.7, while only 4 (16.0%) reported it as least important. ...
Cities in Saudi Arabia need to expand rapidly due to the rapidly growing urban population. To develop smart sustainable cities (SSC), human, social, and environmental capital investments must be expanded beyond just focusing on technology. There have been several cities that have adopted smart city labels as recognition of the advantages of smart cities. Many countries acknowledge the value of citizens’ involvement in public urban planning and decision making, but it is difficult to evaluate their impact and compare it to other factors. This study aims to develop a citizens’ participation framework, identify any additional stakeholder’s management measures (SMM) (in addition to the ones previously developed by the authors), and explain the relationship with citizens’ participation level (CPL) for driving SSC. Three rounds of the Delphi method were conducted to structure and validate the framework by the decision maker in the field of urban planning and reach a consensus of understanding the drivers of SSC. The study group was limited to 25 participants because this study focuses on the perspective of decision makers toward CP. Mean score (MS) ranking and Kendall Coefficient were used to confirm the importance of these additional stakeholders’ management measures. The results suggest three main component structures of the conceptual framework, which are SMM, CPL, and Citizens’ Participation Recruitment (CPR), which are all necessary for smart sustainable city outcomes (SSCO) for achieving the Future Sustainable Cities Plan (FSCP) within the context of Vision 2030 and government policy in Saudi Arabia. Using the proposed framework will enable all the stakeholders to gain a deeper understanding of SSC and their complex natures from a conceptual and practical standpoint. The contribution to knowledge of this study is by developing a conceptual framework that can support the implementation of SSC, and by providing an understanding the CPR standards and the involvement of citizens in urban development, which eliminates any debate regarding SSC.
... • Metaverse banks (Onyx, ZELF); • NFTs, Bitcoins, VR-funds, etc., [182,183] [190]. ...
The development of big data technologies, which have been applied extensively in various areas, has become one of the key factors affecting modern society, especially in the virtual reality environment. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the recent developments in big data technologies, and their applications to virtual reality worlds, such as the Metaverse, virtual humans, and digital twins. The purpose of this survey was to explore several cutting-edge big data and virtual human modelling technologies, and to raise the issue of future trends in big data technologies and the Metaverse. This survey investigated the applications of big data technologies in several key areas—including e-health, transportation, and business and finance—and the main technologies adopted in the fast-growing virtual world sector, i.e., the Metaverse.
... From an SC perspective, the metaverse fundamental technologies for SC are surveyed in a highly restrictive concept as a short paper in [18]. The vision of using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) -blockchain-based tokens -in SCs is analysed in [19]. More specifically, the main components of NFTs and how smart city applications, such as smart governance, smart services, smart economy, smart industry, smart environment, and smart mobility and transportation, can benefit from them are described in the study. ...
... NFTs can be used to represent digital assets in a smart city that are required to be immutable, secure, and traceable and they are not a standalone technology, as they require a wellconfigured blockchain and an efficient off-chain data storage solution in order for them to function properly [19]. There is a risk of blockchain-related fraud in financial institutions [86]. ...
The movie — The Matrix (1999) — boosted our imagination about how further we can be immersed within the cyber world, i.e., how further the cyber world can be indistinguishable from the real world with the metaverse space travel. Nobody had expected involving the creators that the aspirational fictional virtual worlds such as "ActiveWorlds (1995)", and “Second Life (2003)” with many urban experiences embedded into a rich featured 3D environment would impact the way of experiencing our real urban environments. Are we going to feel/become ourselves — our cyber-physical presence (e.g., our augmented avatars) — in other mirror worlds doing many other things? Are the created imaginary worlds becoming a part of the real worlds or vice versa? The recent once-in-a-lifetime pandemic has confirmed the importance of location and time-independent Digital Twins (DTs) (i.e., virtual scale models) of cities and their automated services that can provide everybody with equity and accessibility by democratising all types of services leading to increased Quality of Life (QoL). This study analyses how the metaverse (3D elevation of linear Internet), that aims to build high-fidelity virtual worlds with which to interact with the real world, can be engaged within the Smart City (SC) ecosystem with high immersive Quality of Experiences (QoE) and an urban metaverse ecosystem framework — MetaOmniCity — that is designed to demonstrate a variety of insights and orchestrational directions for policymakers, city planners and all other stakeholders about how to transform data-driven SCs with DTs into virtually inhabitable cities with a network of shared urban experiences from a metaverse point of view. MetaOmniCity, allowing the metaversification of cities with granular virtual societies, i.e., MetaSocieties, and eliminating the boundaries (e.g., time, space and language) between the real world and their virtual counterparts, can be shaped to the particular requirements and features of cities. This can pave the way for immersive globalisation with the bigger and richer metaverse of Country (MoC) and metaverse ofWorld (MoW) being an immersive DT of the broader universe with digitally connected cities by removing physical borders. MetaOmniCity is expected to accelerate the building, deployment, and adoption of immersive urban metaverse worlds/networks for citizens to interface with as an extension of real urban social and individual experiences.
The chapter examines how block chain technology can revolutionize pharmaceutical supply chain management. Through real-time tracking and traceability, the authenticity of medications can be ensured, thereby combating the persistent issue of counterfeit drugs and enhancing patient safety. Additionally, the clinical trial process stands to benefit from block chain and transparent and secure nature. Smart contracts can streamline patient recruitment, informed consent, and trial result reporting, promoting trust and accountability in the clinical trial ecosystem. Despite the potential benefits, the adoption of DeFi and block chain in healthcare presents several challenges, including regulatory compliance, scalability, and integration with existing healthcare systems. This chapter discusses the current state of block chain integration in healthcare and identifies future research directions to overcome these hurdles.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) could potentially have a broader transformational effect than mere blockchain because they challenge the traditional notions of ownership and is, therefore, a more fundamental challenge to our established economic and social structures. This paper provides a systematic review of the NFT literature outlining the research opportunities for NFTs.
