Figure 2 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
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Flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM). (a) Schematic presentation of FCXM. (b) an example of positive reaction by non-HLA antibodies. (c), (d) representative results of FCXM using T cell (c) or B cell (d).
Source publication
In the field of organ transplantation, donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) have gained more popularity, as antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has been recognized as an important factor to determine allograft survival. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that appropriate control of DSA is directly linked to well-managed immunosuppression, resultin...
Context in source publication
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The presence of donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (DSA) is
associated with an increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and a potential
negative impact on graft function and survival. These antibodies’ main targets are
endothelial cells through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity, and direct acti...
Citations
... In this section, we will review methods which are frequently applied in the field of organ transplantation. These techniques are also well reviewed in elsewhere [93]. To detect humoral factor: DSA, originally, LCT or the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) crossmatch test was reported in the 1960s (8). ...
Organ transplantation has progressed with the comprehension of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It is true that the outcome of organ transplantation largely relies on how well rejection is managed. It is no exaggeration to say that to be well acquainted with MHC is a shortcut to control rejection. In human beings, MHC is generally recognized as human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Under the current circumstances, the number of alleles is still increasing, but the function is not completely understood. Their roles in organ transplantation are of vital importance, because mismatches of HLA alleles possibly evoke both cellular and antibody-mediated rejection. Even though the control of cellular rejection has improved by recent advances of immunosuppressants, there is no doubt that antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), which is strongly correlated with donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA), brings a poor outcome. Thus, to diagnose and treat AMR correctly is a clear proposition. In this review, we would like to focus on the detection of intra-graft DSA as a recent trend. Overall, here we will review the current knowledge regarding MHC, especially with intra-graft DSA, and future perspectives: HLA epitope matching; eplet risk stratification; predicted indirectly recognizable HLA epitopes etc. in the context of organ transplantation.
