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The family of bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) layered-structured ferroelectrics materials is attractive from the viewpoint of their application as electronic materials such as dielectrics, piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics, because they are characterized by good stability of piezoelectric properties, a high Curie temperature and a good resistance...
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Citations
... Bi is positioned next to Pb in the periodic table, also possessing a 6s 2 lone-pair with similar polarizability [69], though it is non-toxic despite being a heavy metal. Most engineering attempts focusing on Pb replacement by Bi, encompass material systems such as Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 [3,70], BaTiO 3 -BiMO 3 (M = metal cations with an average +3 charge) [71,72], BiFeO 3 [16,73] or layered bismuth titanate structures [74], while KBN [22,25,27,30,33], BBN [19][20][21] and Ba 4 Bi 2 Ti 4 Nb 6 O 30 [18] are the lead-free TTBs containing Bi which have been investigated so far. The successful replacement of Pb with Bi in perovskites has motivated a corresponding replacement of Pb by Bi in TTBs [4]. ...
... It is known that PN is non-centrosymmetric due to an in-plane polarisation arising from a stereochemically active lone pair [30], thus due to Bi's lower lying 6s and 6p states it is unlikely that a similar behaviour would be seen for Bi-TTBs. Bi has proven capable of causing distorted structures such as evidenced by the diverse lead-free Bi-based systems studied in literature [16,70,74,75]. The concentration of Bi per unit cell of the perovskite-based systems, however, is much higher than found in the KBN-related TTBs studied in this work and it proved impossible to substantially increase the Bi-content for TTBs due to a solubility limitation of Bi in the TTB framework. ...
... For the last few decades, ferroelectric materials featuring the Bismuth layer structure have gained significant attention from technologists due to their applications in sensors, actuators, transducers, microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. These materials, collectively known as Bismuth Layer Structured Ferroelectrics (BLSFs), are characterized by the chemical formula (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ (A m-1 B m O 3m+1 ) 2− . ...
... Bismuth titanate, Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (BTO), which has a perovskite structure [1][2][3][4], is one of the most well-known and basic compounds among ferromagnetic materials [5,6]. Its high dielectric constant (Ɛ ′ ), dielectric losses (Ɛ ′′ ), and high-temperature resonance frequency coefficient make it ideal for capacitor fabrication [5,7,8]. ...
... Bismuth titanate, Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (BTO), which has a perovskite structure [1][2][3][4], is one of the most well-known and basic compounds among ferromagnetic materials [5,6]. Its high dielectric constant (Ɛ ′ ), dielectric losses (Ɛ ′′ ), and high-temperature resonance frequency coefficient make it ideal for capacitor fabrication [5,7,8]. Also, it is suitable for use in piezoelectric and optoelectronic devices, memory storage devices, and optical displays It also has features such as having a small c-axis component, unique switching behavior, Curie temperature, and low coercive field, self-polarization, high breaking strength. ...
... Also, it is suitable for use in piezoelectric and optoelectronic devices, memory storage devices, and optical displays It also has features such as having a small c-axis component, unique switching behavior, Curie temperature, and low coercive field, self-polarization, high breaking strength. Thus, it is suitable for use in piezoelectric and optoelectronic devices, memory storage devices, and optical displays [5,6,[9][10][11][12]. ...
In this study, capacitance/conductance-voltage (C/G-V) measurements of the Au/(Bi4Ti3O12-SiO2)/n-Si (MFIS) structures were performed at 500 kHz before and after gamma-radiation doses (5 and 22 kGy). Both the real/imaginary parts of complex-dielectric (Ɛ′, Ɛ″) and electric-modulus (M′, M″), loss-tangent (tanδ), and AC electrical-conductivity (σac) were obtained before and after irradiation using the C/G-V data. A decrease in Ɛ′ and Ɛ″ values was observed with the impact of radiation, and this behavior can be explained by Koop's theory based on the Maxwell-Wagner type polarization. It was also foreseen that the ferroelectric material (Bi4Ti3O12), including as an interfacial layer, causes the structure to exhibit hysteric and asymmetrical behavior due to its polarization effect. The correction was made in the Ɛ′, Ɛ″, and tanδ to eliminate series-resistance (Rs) effects on them. It was determined that radiation-induced defects or surface states, and expansion of the depletion region significantly affect the dielectric parameters as well as the Rs. The obtained value of σac decreased with increasing radiation while the values of M′ and M″ increased. In conclusion, it has been determined that dielectric parameters of MFIS structure are strongly affected by the voltage and change considerably under radiation.
... This led to an accumulation of large Bi4Ti3O12 particles, causing poor microstructure and ferroelectric properties. To prevent this from happening, chemical precursor methods are now used, including coprecipitation, hydrothermal, and molten salt synthesis [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Bismuth titanate has a plate-like microstructure with anisotropic properties, a low coercive field (Ec), small remnant polarization (Ps), high dielectric strength, high dielectric constant (approximately 200), and good fatigue properties. Its high Curie temperature [3] allows it to be used for high-temperature piezoelectric applications (>300 °C), memory storage, and optical displays [6][7][8][9]. BiTi-100, produced by Del Piezo Specialties, LLC, has a high Curie temperature and high piezoelectric properties, as shown in Table 1 listing the most relevant material properties [8]. ...
... Crystal Structure of bismuth titanate (BiTi)[3]. ...
Ultrasonic transducers are often used in the nuclear industry as sensors to monitor the health and process status of systems or the components. Some of the after-effects of the Fukushima Daiichi earthquake could have been eased if sensors had been in place inside the four reactors and sensed the overheating causing meltdown and steam explosions. The key element of ultrasonic sensors is the piezoelectric wafer, which is usually derived from lead-zirconate-titanate (Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, PZT). This material loses its piezoelectrical properties at a temperature of about 200 °C. It also undergoes nuclear transmutation. Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BiTi) has been considered as a potential candidate for replacing PZT at the middle of this temperature range, with many possible applications, since it has a Curie–Weiss temperature of about 650 °C. The aim of this article is to describe experimental details for operation in gamma and nuclear radiation concomitant with elevated temperatures and details of the performance of a BiTi sensor during and after irradiation testing. In these experiments, bismuth titanate has been demonstrated to operate up to a fast neutron fluence of 5 ×1020 n/cm2 and gamma radiation of 7.23 × 1021 (gamma/cm2). The results offer a perspective on the state-of the-art for a possible sensor for harsh environments of high temperature, Gamma radiation, and nuclear fluence.
... Broadly, they are classified as sillenite, pyrochlore and perovskite (Lima and Lalic, 2010;Oropeza et al., 2014;Wei Feng Yao et al., 2004). The bismuth titanates owe their interesting optical, electronic, ferro-electric, piezo-electric properties due to their crystal structure (Lazarevic et al., 2005;Long et al., 2017;Takenaka, 2008). Samarium-or vanadium-doped bismuth titanates have shown superior ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties (Ramana et al., 2017). ...
Bismuth-based nanocomposites have tremendous applications in wastewater treatment and air purification. Various bismuth-based nanocomposites have been developed and investigated, out of which, bismuth titanates have been explored a lot for their environmental applications. They are aurivillus type of compounds belonging to the family of layered pervoskites. Bismuth titanates and their nanocomposites possess the ability to degrade persistent organic pollutants, present in water and wastewater, including various dyes (rhodamine blue, methyl orange, congo red, methylene blue, malachite green, brilliant red, acid orange, acid blue), organic compounds (phenol, methanol, formic acid, salicylic acid, p –chlorophenol), pharmaceutical compounds (sulpha methoxazole, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, carbamazepine, gatifloaxin, 17β-Estradiol) etc. In this review, the various synthesis methods of bismuth titanates are discussed. This work reviews characterization and applications of Bi2Ti2O7, Bi4Ti3O12, Bi2Ti4O11, Bi8Ti4O14, Bi20TiO32 etc. For environmental remediation. Usage of these nanomaterials are in the form of slurry or immobilized system. However, future perspectives involving more research related to the development of novel bismuth-based nanocomposite materials with superior photocatalytic properties, easy recoverability, and practicability for real systems. Further, challenges related to fabrication of pure bismuth titanates, morphology and development of bismuth titanate photocatalyst are also stated. Some novel bismuth titanate nanocomposite photocatalysts including fiber-based photocatalyst, photocatalytic membrane, floating photocatalyst etc. are also discussed.
... Among them, Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (hereafter BiT) is considered one of the most promising high-temperature ferroelectric due to its elevated Curie temperature (T c = 675 • C) [11]. It also presents a high dielectric constant and breakdown strength, making it a promising substitute for high-temperature piezoelectric applications [12,13]. Aurivillius discovered and characterized the Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 -type structure, thus its crystal organization was named after him [14]. ...
... The composition can be written as (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ (Bi 2 Ti 3 O 10 ) 2to facilitate its visualization. In this structure, pseudo-perovskite layers with stoichiometry (Bi 2 Ti 3 O 10 ) 2are sandwiched by layers of (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ [12,14]. This plate-like arrangement highly impacts the electrical properties, favouring ionic conduction at the (Bi 2 O 2 ) 2+ layers, and electronic conduction at perpendicular directions [15][16][17]. ...
Bismuth titanate is a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with outstanding properties that strictly depend on the composition and microstructure. However, bismuth-based materials are difficult to synthesize due to bismuth volatilisation that causes secondary phases and stoichiometry deviations. In this work, we propose a low-temperature chemical route, i.e. a modified amorphous citrate method, that allows a reduction of thermal treatment temperature, when compared with solid-state or other chemical routes, to obtain single-phase bismuth titanate samples. Single-phase powders with particle size under 300 nm are produced by calcination at 700 °C, and prepared into homogeneous dense pellets (density above 95 %), with only isolated pores. The pellets show two distinctive features in the electrical behaviours directly associated with their mica-like microstructure: planar oriented boundaries are responsible for oxygen conduction, while the bulk is dominated by electronic conductivity. The samples show a high dielectric constant, around 200 at room temperature, while maintaining a low loss factor. The pellets also achieved a maximum polarization of 5.85 μC/cm² and an inverse piezoelectric coefficient of 7.4 pm/V. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties obtained are comparable or superior to the state-of-the-art.
... Four phases of Bi 2 O 3 were existed: α, β, γ and δ. Many methods were used to prepare it such as sol gel, chemical precipitation and hydro thermal methods [1][2][3][4][5]. In this paper, a new method was studied to prepare the particles called photolysis method. ...
Using photolysis method, bismuth oxide particles in the nano range were successfully prepared. The results showed prepared particle with high purity and this indicates the importance of this method. The synthesized particles characterized using XRD and AFM techniques. The results from XRD obtain prepared alpha phase with monoclinic structure while AFM result showed synthesis particles with 38 nm average.
... As a piezoelectric material with a high Curie temperature of 675 °C, Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 has the potential for use in high-temperature piezoelectric applications. 1,2 The most common synthesis approaches for the preparation of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 ceramics and particles are solid-state, molten-salt, hydrothermal and some other methods with lower reaction temperatures, e.g., coprecipitation and sol-gel. 3,4,5 During the preparation of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 from Bi 2 O 3 and TiO 2 in molten salt or by solid-state reaction, secondary phases such as Bi 12 TiO 20 or Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 are commonly formed and must be removed from the product prior to further use due to their detrimental effect on the piezoelectric properties of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 ceramics. ...
Plate-like Bi4Ti3O12 particles were synthesized using a one-step, molten-salt method from Bi2O3 and TiO2 nanopowders at 800 °C. The reaction parameters that affect the crystal structure and morphology were identified and systematically investigated. The differences between various Bi4Ti3O12 plate-like particles were examined in terms of the ferroelec-tric-to-paraelectric phase transition and the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B under UV-A light irradiation. The results encouraged us to conduct further testing of the as-prepared Bi4Ti3O12 plate-like particles as templates for the preparation of plate-like SrTiO3 perovskite particles using a topochemical conversion under hydrothermal conditions. The characteristics of the Bi4Ti3O12 plates and the reaction parameters for which the SrTiO3 preserved the shape of the initial Bi4Ti3O12 template particles were determined.
... In the sol-gel technique, the structural and electrical properties of the final product are strongly dependent on the nature of the precursor solution, deposition conditions and the substrate [50] . ...
... Mechanical activation is a very effective method for obtaining a highly dispersed system as due to mechanical action stress fields form in solids during the milling procedure. Mechanical treatment of ceramic powders can reduce particle size and make it possible to obtain nano-structured powders, which are very important for preparing nano-sized oxides and compounds, superconductors, ferroelectric powders etc [50] . ...
... The Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 compound belongs to the Aurivillius family 5,9,16,17 and it has been studied due to its promising piezoelectric and dielectric properties 1 . Based on this material, piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices have been produced to be utilized in a broad range of temperatures 5 . ...
This paper aims to evaluate the synthesis and annealing parameters for production of nanometric Bi4Ti3O12 and its properties. The powders were obtained through the solution combustion route and the impacts of annealing temperature on the materials’ physicochemical features as well as their optical and electrical properties were investigated. Thus, the prepared powders were annealed at 600ºC, 700ºC and 800ºC and then characterized by several techniques. The results demonstrated that the combustion method was effective for production of nanocrystalline powders with high levels of purity. A trend for particle and crystallite growth was observed as the calcination temperature increased. X-Ray, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the crystalline nature of the powders, whereas impedance spectroscopy demonstrated a reduction of electrical resistance according to the calcination temperature applied. Optical properties were not highly influenced by annealing. The temperature of 600ºC was appropriate to produce crystalline particles with desirable low sizes for application.
