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![Flow chart of CC/CV charger for Li-ion batteries, where 4.2V corresponds to the maximum cell voltage [17]](profile/Taha-Selim-Ustun/publication/318448902/figure/fig7/AS:668657411715080@1536431758223/Flow-chart-of-CC-CV-charger-for-Li-ion-batteries-where-42V-corresponds-to-the-maximum.jpg)
Flow chart of CC/CV charger for Li-ion batteries, where 4.2V corresponds to the maximum cell voltage [17]
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![Fig. 2. Charge stages of a lead-acid battery [8]](profile/Taha-Selim-Ustun/publication/318448902/figure/fig6/AS:668657411715076@1536431758166/Charge-stages-of-a-lead-acid-battery-8_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 10. Efficiency of different batteries across C-rates at 25 o C [2]](profile/Taha-Selim-Ustun/publication/318448902/figure/fig1/AS:579362311622656@1515142147365/Efficiency-of-different-batteries-across-C-rates-at-25-o-C-2_Q320.jpg)
Different battery chemistries fit different applications, and certain battery types stand out as preferable for stationary storage in off-grid systems. Rechargeable batteries have widely varying efficiencies, charging characteristics, life cycles, and costs. This paper compares these aspects between the lead-acid and lithium ion battery, the two pr...
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Context 1
... charging the Li- ion battery, the energy stored depends on the difference in the energy states of the intercalated Li+ ion between the cell's positive and negative electrodes [15]. The most common charging method for Li-ion battery is the CC/CV charging algorithm shown in figure 8. The reason for the selection of this method is due to its simplicity and easy implementation. ...
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![Figure 1.1.1.1 SEI mosaic model on lithium metal [26]](profile/Ulderico-Ulissi/publication/327138893/figure/fig4/AS:662055103242243@1534857645105/11-SEI-mosaic-model-on-lithium-metal-26_Q320.jpg)
High-energy, light lithium-ion batteries are nowadays the power source of choice for several classes of portable electronic devices and the most appealing candidates for application in electric vehicles (EVs). However, commercial lithium-ion batteries, employing graphitic carbon anodes, carbonate-based organic electrolytes, and lithiated transition...
Citations
... The least expensive solution is a solar generator and batteries. But study [13] shows that Li-ion batteries are more efficient, longer-lasting, faster, and cost-effective than lead acid batteries for off-grid communities in tropical and semi-tropical developing countries. The study [14] explores the use of combining diesel and PV solar energy in an Abuja hospital, revealing that PV energy is more frequently used than diesel. ...
The aim of this study is to evaluate the optimum combination of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems to match the load demand in a maintainable and cost-effective way. (HOMER) program has been analyzed for three Egyptian key highways. The configuration of the project has been equated and investigated based on the performance of their technical constraints, costs, and the electrical power generation of each source. The results have estimated that the off-grid solar-wind-diesel-battery configuration is the most economical for all the sites amongst other system configurations, with the greatest reliable and resilient solution in terms of net present cost and cost of energy. The study investigates that the average cost of electricity for three sites is 0.322 $/kWh, and the average net present cost of electricity for those sites is 487539 $/Yr, which is not only economical associated to a stand-alone diesel system where the obtained average cost of electricity is 0.727 $ and the net present cost is 1.10 $, but also reasonable carbon dioxide emissions than any used renewable energy systems since they produce 10,663 kg/yr at their optimum, whereas the stand-alone diesel system produces 146978 kg/yr.
... The least expensive solution is a solar generator and batteries. But study [13] shows that Li-ion batteries are more efficient, longer-lasting, faster, and cost-effective than lead acid batteries for off-grid communities in tropical and semi-tropical developing countries. The study [14] explores the use of combining diesel and PV solar energy in an Abuja hospital, revealing that PV energy is more frequently used than diesel. ...
... Due to economic constraints, rural households frequently employ inefficient appliancesfurther increasing their electrical demand and their impact on the planet [38]. Misconceptions about renewable energy sources are common as well, with household solar battery systems seeing short lives due to pervasive overdischarge of battery systems, leading to premature degradation [39]. ...
Purpose of Review
This paper reviews practical challenges for microgrid electrification projects in low- and middle-income economies, proposing a Social-Technical-Economic-Political (STEP) framework. With our STEP framework, we review recent Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods capable of accelerating microgrid adoption in developing economies.
Recent Findings
Many authors have employed novel AI methods in microgrid applications including to support energy management systems, fault detection, generation sizing, and load forecasting. Despite these research initiatives, limited works have investigated the specific challenges for developing economies. That is, high-income countries often have high-quality power, reliable wireless communication infrastructure, and greater access to equipment and technical skills. Accordingly, there are numerous opportunities for the adaptation of AI methods to meet the constraints of developing economies.
Summary
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the electrification challenges in developing economies alongside an assessment of novel AI approaches for microgrid applications. We also identify emerging opportunities for AI research in the context of developing economies and our proposed STEP framework.
... 3 Among them, LFP batteries are widely preferred owing to their superior performance. 4 These batteries have a long cycle life, high energy density, a high working voltage range, and a low self-discharge. An LFP battery is also resilient to shallow discharge, high charging rates, and high ambient temperatures, which may affect its performance and lifespan. ...
The primary power source for electric vehicles (EVs) is batteries. Due to the superior characteristics like higher energy density, power density, and life cycle of the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery is most frequently chosen among the various types of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The main issues that users encounter are the time required to charge an EV battery and the safety of the EV battery during the charging period. The fast‐charging means, charging a battery with high currents which may lead to a rise in the temperature of a battery. The abrupt rise in battery temperature may cause changes in the internal chemical structures of the battery, reducing battery life even further. In this regard, an optimal charging profile design is of utmost importance in order to satisfy dual objectives simultaneously such as less charging time and improvement in life of the battery. To overcome the conflict between charging speed and rise in temperature an optimal multistage constant current (MSCC) based charging strategy has been investigated under different operating conditions. In addition, the proposed charging profiles have been studied using experimentation.
... Eventually, at a certain point in time, the battery becomes unserviceable. This is due to the inevitable physiochemical reactions taking place inside the battery [1]. These LIBs are subjected to harsh working environments that decrease the battery capacity and increase the internal resistance due to which there is a need to measure the battery's lifetime [2]. ...
The rapid advancements in electric vehicle technology have elevated the lithium-ion battery to the forefront as the paramount energy storage solution. The battery’s health tends to deteriorate gradually as it ages. Due to the inevitable physiochemical reactions that take place inside the battery, it undergoes degradation and at a certain point, it becomes unserviceable. The battery degradation can be estimated using state of health (SOH). This paper employs data-driven techniques to estimate the state of health (SOH) of a battery. To estimate health parameters, a vast quantity of data, such as voltage, current, and temperature, is gathered from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence. The data is resampled using the superior Fourier Resampling method and then fed to a machine-learning algorithm. In this study, SOH estimation is carried out using three different machine-learning techniques i.e. Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). However, the performance and accuracy of SOH estimation using these algorithms are highly dependent on hyperparameter tuning. Therefore, the optimal hyperparameter tuning has been adopted in the present work to reduce the time and complexity of the estimation. Further, the performance of various proposed techniques has been compared against each other using different performance indices such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R-square error. GRU technique proved to be excelling with RMSE of 0.003, MAE of 0.003, and R-square error of 0.004 while estimating the SOH of various samples of batteries. This detailed analysis will be helpful for users to evaluate the performance of a battery and plan for maintenance accurately and effectively with minimum downtime.
... LIBs offer better efficiency and faster response time than lead-acid and flow batteries. Although LIBs survive longer (they have more chargedischarge cycles than lead-acid batteries), they are typically avoided in low-budget off-grid systems due to their higher cost per kWh of storage capacity [98]. ...
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are vital components in mobile devices and electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density and long lifespan. However, to meet the rising demand for electrical devices, LIB energy density must be improved further. Anode materials, as a key component of lithium batteries, significantly improve overall energy density. LIBs are a widely utilized electrochemical power source in EVs and energy storage. LIBs have proven to be consistent because of their superior power density, which is directly related to the type of cathode, and extended lifespan in comparison to other types of rechargeable batteries. LIBs are developed with suitable electrolytes through a complex pathway that almost parallels advances in electrode chemistry. This work concentrates on the intercalation of alkali metal ions (Li +) into graphite, summarizing the important advances from experiments and theoretical calculations that underlie the close host-guest relationships and their underlying mechanics. This study elucidates the effect of the intercalation mechanism on the electrode surface to achieve high-performance LIBs. Lithium metal ions in graphite are intercalated into monovalent and multivalent ions in layered electrode materials. This will result in a better understanding of intercalation chemistry in host materials for storage and conversion applications. This review emphasizes the impact of lithium intercalation chemistry on the battery cell using different types of electrode materials to improve its performance. It also studies the influence of the electrode properties on the LIB technology.
... With Rwanda currently incentivizing electric vehicle (EV) imports, the grid could utilize plugged-in EVs as grid-connected storage if the country invests in smart chargers and coordinates them carefully (both in charging and discharging) around peak demand hours [8]. Alternatively, for stationary energy storage Rwanda could invest in grid-connected lithium-ion battery banks to reduce needed generation capacity in peak-demand hours [9]. ...
Developing countries often face difficulties in scaling and maintaining their electrical grids due to many factors including limited generation capacity, scarcity of capital for infrastructure, and rapidly increasing demand. The advent of distributed, grid-connected energy sources provides opportunities to increase the power grid’s reliability and capacity in such contexts. For those distributed sources to be effectively used, however, a corresponding electricity market is needed. This paper proposes a peer-to-peer trading scheme for that electricity market to incentivize and serve all parties. Rwanda is the initial location for which this electricity trading market is proposed. The paper proposes a system with roots in Spain and Germany’s successful feed-in tariff systems, with the new framework tailored to serve Sub-Saharan Africa and the region’s unique challenges. Net metering and net billing are compared for efficacy in such a trading scheme. Frameworks for electricity trade management and financial incentives are presented for the Rwandan national grid context, with clear potential to be expanded and applied for power grids across the African continent.
... To ensure reliable service at all hours, some US utilities are deploying stationary energy storage, primarily using banks of lithium-ion batteries [6]. When charging and discharging are properly managed, these batteries provide the benefit of on-demand power without reliance on peaking plants burning fossil fuels [7]. The downsides are the high upfront capital cost for these battery banks and their tie to one location after installation. ...
The electrification of personal transportation holds great potential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing climate change. The promise of electric vehicles (EVs) to serve these goals has resulted in a broad range of supporting policies aimed at encouraging widespread EV adoption at both the state and federal levels in the United States and around the world. While the EV revolution and prospects of a world with ubiquitous EVs are impacting various industries and many aspects of daily life, strategic interactions between the power grid and EVs are crucial for a successful energy transition. However, managing the interplay between EVs and the power grid remains a challenge. Motivated by that tension, this paper surveys a variety of solutions, policies, and incentives that are focused on effectively managing EV charging behaviors. The paper’s objective is to explore these tools to ensure that EV owners have ultimate control over their personal vehicles while simultaneously allowing the power grid to mitigate adverse network impacts. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of charging infrastructure technology and its strategic placement in facilitating the seamless integration of EVs into the grid. Additionally, the paper highlights financial mechanisms associated with EV integration and discusses the consequences of these mechanisms.
... Leadacid batteries are also potential competitors for energy storage in off-grid systems and microgrids due to their low cost. When lead-acid batteries are compared with Li-ion batteries, Li-ion batteries show a longer life cycle, greater efficiency and better charging and discharging cycles; although the upfront cost of lead-acid batteries seems to be lower than that of Li-ion batteries, over the lifetime of the batteries, Li-ion batteries are the most economical option [17]. ...
... Lead-acid batteries are also potential competitors for energy storage in off-grid systems and microgrids due to their low cost. When lead-acid batteries are compared with Li-ion batteries, Li-ion batteries show a longer life cycle, greater efficiency and better charging and discharging cycles; although the upfront cost of lead-acid batteries seems to be lower than that of Li-ion batteries, over the lifetime of the batteries, Li-ion batteries are the most economical option [17]. ...
Microgrids are decentralized power production systems, where the energy production and consumption are very close to each other. Microgrids generally exploit renewable energy sources, encountering a problem of storage, as the power production from solar and wind is intermittent. This research presents a new integrated methodology and discusses a comparison of batteries and pumped storage hydropower (PSH) as energy storage systems with the integration of wind and solar PV energy sources, which are the major upcoming technologies in the renewable energy sector. We implemented the simulator and optimizer model (HOMER), which develops energy availability usage to obtain optimized renewable energy integration in the microgrid, showing its economic added value. Two scenarios are run with this model—one considers batteries as an energy storage technology and the other considers PSH—in order to obtain the best economic and technical results for the analyzed microgrid. The economic analysis showed a lower net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for the microgrid with PSH. The results showed that the microgrid with the storage of PSH was economical, with an NPC of 45.8 M€ and an LCOE of 0.379 €/kWh, in comparison with the scenario with batteries, which had an NPC of 95.2 M€ and an LCOE of 0.786 €/kWh. The role of storage was understood by differentiating the data into different seasons, using a Python model. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the capital cost multiplier of solar PV and wind turbines to obtain the best optimal economic solutions.
... Lead acid batteries are also the potential competitors for energy storage in off-grids and microgrids due to their low cost. When Lead acid batteries are compared with Li-ion batteries, Li-ion batteries show a longer life cycle, greater efficiency, a better charging and discharging cycles, although the upfront cost of Lead acid batteries seems to be lesser than Li-ion batteries but over the lifetime of the batteries, Li-ion batteries come out to be the economic option [13]. ...
: There has been an ever-increasing demand for energy from the past decades. Renewable energy technologies play a major role in satisfying the energy demand as well as in a decreased CO2 emissions. Solar and Wind energies are the major upcoming technologies in renewable energies. Decentralized power production is a system where the energy production and consumption are very close to each other. Microgrids can be decentralized or grid connected and they, with renewable energy sources, encounter a problem of storage as the power production from solar and wind is intermittent. This paper discusses the comparison between using batteries and pumped storage hydropower (PSH) as an energy storage system and the integration of wind and solar PV energy sources. HOMER software simulations are used to obtain optimized renewable energy integration in microgrid and to understand its economic analysis. Two scenarios are run with the model where one considers battery and the other considers PSH to obtain the economic and technical best results of these microgrids. The economic analysis showed a lower net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for the microgrid with PSH. The results show that microgrid with storage of PSH is economical with an NPC of 45.8 M€ and an LCOE of 0.379 €/kWh in comparison with batteries solution which has an NPC of 95.2M€ and an LCOE of 0.786 €/kWh. The role of storage is understood by differentiating the data into different seasons using Python for data analysis. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is made by varying the capital cost multiplier of Solar PV and Wind Turbine to obtain optimal solutions.
