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Flow Chart of the Study Selection Process*. * Sensory deficits: Five article detected: Two were excluded due to lack of relevance, 2 were review, 1 article was duplicate.
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Background: Essential tremor (ET) is the most common adult movement disorder, characterized by several
motor and increasingly well recognized non-motor symptoms. Sensory deficits, such as hearing impairment
and olfactory dysfunction, are amongst them. This review analyzes the available evidence of these sensory
deficits and their possible mechanist...
Citations
... The past two decades have witnessed numerous clinical, neuroimaging and neuropathological studies. Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to kinetic tremors, a series of motor features (gait changes, ocular abnormalities, mild slowing of movements, etc.) and non-motor features (mild cognitive dysfunction, dementia, personality changes, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and sensory deficits including hearing impairment, etc.) may be present and are associated with ET (Louis 2018;Sengul 2020). Despite its high prevalence, the underlying pathomechanisms of ET have been obscure for many years. ...
This study utilized cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials tests (cVEMP) and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials tests (oVEMP) to investigate the vestibulocollic and vestibuloocular reflex arcs and to evaluate cerebellar and brainstem involvement) in essential tremor (ET). Eighteen cases with ET and 16 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects (HCS) were included in the present study. Otoscopic and neurologic examinations were performed on all participants, and both cervical and ocular VEMP tests were performed. Pathological cVEMP results were increased in the ET group (64.7%) compared to the HCS (41,2%; p > 0.05). The latencies of P1 and N1 waves were shorter in the ET group than in HCS (p = 0.01 and p = 0.001). Pathological oVEMP responses were significantly higher in the ET group (72.2%) compared to the HCS (37.5%; p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in oVEMP N1-P1 latencies between groups (p > 0.05). Because the ET group had high pathological responses to the oVEMP, but not the cVEMP, the upper brainstem pathways may be more affected by ET.
... While studies reporting normal olfactory functions in ET patients cannot be overlooked, the variation in ET pathogenesis, presentation, and progression suggests that the differing results may be related to the disease's heterogeneity (37). Undoubtedly, more descriptive studies involving larger patient groups are needed. ...
... Нарушение слуха у пациентов с ЭТ связывают в некоторых источниках с возможной патологией улитки, а где-то с таким белком, как коннексин, который участвует в ряде патологических состояний у человека, в частности при потере слуха и нейродегенеративных расстройствах [17,18]. При обследовании в домах престарелых 250 пациентов с ЭТ, 127 с БП и 127 здоровых людей было выявлено, что слуховой аппарат был у большинства пациентов с ЭТ, а при выборке из них 74 пациентов при проведении аудиометрии чистым тоном выявлены аномальные значения на высоких частотах, что говорит в пользу наличия у таких пациентов высокочастотной нейросенсорной тугоухости [19]. В работе Altuntaş et al. при проведении аудиометрии с использованием чистого тона опытным путем показали, что нейросенсорная тугоухость у пациентов с ЭТ скорее вызвана улиткой, нежели ретрокохлеарной патологией [20]. ...
... Учитывая роль мозжечка в патофизиологии обонятельной дисфункции, возможно наличие признаков невыраженной гипосмии у пациентов с ЭТ. Но по сравнению с пациентами с БП, где нарушение обоняние является одним из главных немоторных проявлений, в ряде работ было наглядно показано, что данный симптом не столь часто встречающийся у пациентов с ЭТ [13,19,23]. ...
Essential tremor is one of the most common movement disorders. The nature of this disease is not fully understood. It was believed that this pathology manifests itself only by tremor, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety and apathy in patients with essential tremor can only be regarded as a reaction to the presence of tremor. Cognitive impairment is a concomitant pathology that can occur in the elderly, which accounts for a more frequent onset of the disease. But is it really so Purpose of the study. To study the literature data to identify the presence in patients with essential tremor of such signs that can be attributed to the group of "non-motor" symptoms. Material and methods. In order to study the literature data, a search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed databases. During the search, all articles published since 2000 were examined and the following terms were used in combination with "essential tremor": "non-motor symptoms", "anxiety", "depression", "apathy", "cognitive impairment", "sleep disorders", "hearing impairment", "hyposmia". The main search terms were studies based on the study of patients with essential tremor: meta-analyzes, original studies, retrospective and cohort studies. Results and discussion. It can be unambiguously argued that symptoms such as anxiety, depression, apathy and cognitive, hearing and smell dysfunctions are characterised to the patients with essential tremor. The first three manifestations were attributed to the response to the presence of tremor. And cognitive functions, hearing and smell dysfunctions was considered a concomitant pathology, which occurs quite often in old age, which accounts for a more frequent onset of the disease. But in reality, everything is not so simple. The literature data, which began to appear over the past 20 years, make it clear that the previously mentioned clinical manifestations may well be regarded as "non-motor" symptoms of essential tremor. Conclusion. Nowadays neurologists are increasingly faced with the problem of differential diagnosis of essential tremor. Despite the fact that everything was very simple and clear on the diagnosis of this disease, in recent years more and more data have appeared in favor of the fact that essential tremor is a heterogeneous disease that manifests not only by tremor. But this is also a disease, which, due to its heterogeneity of pathophysiology, can give great variability in the clinical picture. Keywords: essential tremor, nonmotor symptoms, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairnment, dementia.
Background and aimsThis paper aimed to investigate the usefulness of applying machine learning on resting-state fMRI connectivity data to recognize the pattern of functional changes in essential tremor (ET), a disease characterized by slight brain abnormalities, often difficult to detect using univariate analysis.Methods
We trained a support vector machine with a radial kernel on the mean signals extracted by 14 brain networks obtained from resting-state fMRI scans of 18 ET and 19 healthy control (CTRL) subjects. Classification performance between pathological and control subjects was evaluated using a tenfold cross-validation. Recursive feature elimination was performed to rank the importance of the extracted features. Moreover, univariate analysis using Mann–Whitney U test was also performed.ResultsThe machine learning algorithm achieved an AUC of 0.75, with four networks (language, primary visual, cerebellum, and attention), which have an essential role in ET pathophysiology, being selected as the most important features for classification. By contrast, the univariate analysis was not able to find significant results among these two conditions.Conclusion
The machine learning approach identifies the changes in functional connectivity of ET patients, representing a promising instrument to discriminate specific pathological conditions and find novel functional biomarkers in resting-state fMRI studies.
