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West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region comprises of 22 countries (Algeria, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan (formerly), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen). Climate of the WANA region is generally arid and semi-arid with high tempe...
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Citations
... The annual groundwater mean is expected to decrease under all climate change Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, which means that there will be a deficit in natural water resources (Ajjur and Al-Ghamdi, 2022b). The consequences of groundwater and aquifers unreliability include the inability to meet the increasing water requirements and the deterioration of soil conditions (Ajjur and Al-Ghamdi, 2022b;Bilal et al., 2021;Yan and Mohammadian, 2020;Alsheyab, 2017;Ibrahim and Lal, 2013). Other significant consequences include the implication of groundwater depletion on the already struggling agricultural activities (IPCC, 2022; Ajjur and Al-Ghamdi, 2022c), which is of critical importance since most land in Qatar is not suitable for conventional agriculture (Bilal et al., 2021; Ben Hassen et a., 2020). ...
... The climatic changes in annual rainfall levels combined with past and current urban growth patterns -in which vegetation is reduced, bare lands are covered, impervious surfaces are expanded, and pervious surfaces are decreasedwould lead to more surface runoff accumulations and, accordingly, higher flooding risks (Ajjur and Al-Ghamdi, 2022a;Serdar et al., 2022). Ibrahim and Lal, 2013;Fragu et al., 2009;Husain and Chaudhary, 2008). The recommendations emerging from these studies include adapting to flooding by establishing stormwater drainage systems to incorporating flood risk in urban planning and development and integrated urban design with purpose-built spaces to manage water and reduce flood risk. ...
... These are the only three that the majority determined to be of extreme or high risk in terms of impact. Looking into how their severity is outlined in existing evidence, studies highlight that the impacts of sea level rise extend beyond those that relate to threats to built environment and compounding flooding risks (Ben Hassen et al., 2020;Ibrahim and Lal, 2013;Fragu et al., 2009;Husain and Chaudhary, 2008) to marine biodiversity loss. The rise in sea level (along with increases in average temperatures, and shifts in seawater salinity and oxygen) is expected to contribute to changing habitat suitability for numerous marine species and, hence, lead to a decline in their populations (Wabnitz et al., 2018;Coles and Riegl, 2013), reflecting the interconnection between the two challenges. ...
The impacts of climate change vary by location and severity, will be experienced over a range of timescales, and governments are not equally able to respond to risks and hazards in the same way. Yet, despite the rapid expansion of climate-related evidence, few studies categorize risks and hazards to support better-informed decision-making regarding the prioritization of action and investment. This paper develops a risk categorization tool and decision support heuristic, applied to the specific challenges faced in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, and specifically in the State of Qatar. Drawing on expert assessment, the results of this study allow decision-makers to compare risks and hazards when making decisions about resource allocation and policy interventions. The results represent a localized categorization of climate risks and a comparative assessment based on three criteria. Standardized global assessments were used to validate the results. While the application of this study is specific to one country, the methodology and assessment approach could be applied in other contexts to enable more evidence-informed decision-making.
... Most studies of climate change impacts on agriculture projected significant negative impacts on hot-dry environments, including North Africa and Southwest Asia (Selvaraju, 2013). Such impacts potentially influence food security, quality, and prices as well as biodiversity and land use (Lobell et al., 2008;Thomas, 2008;Ibrahim and Lal, 2013;Ianchovichina et al., 2014;Abdelhedi and Zouari, 2020). These assessments suggest that the existing gap between food demand and production in these regions will get wider due to climate change (Tian and Yu, 2019). ...
The impacts of climate change on food production in North Africa and Southwest Asia are severe, with rising temperatures and prolonged dry spells adversely affecting crop productivity and quality. Crop models are utilized to evaluate the impact of climate change and the potential of adaptation strategies to stabilize/enhance crop yields. The majority of studies in North Africa have focused on Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. In Southwest Asia, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey have been the focus of most studies. Limitations in impact assessment studies in these regions include a lack of data, compatibility of crop models, and inability of models to consider the effects of biotic stressors on crop growth due to poor agronomic practices. To reduce the uncertainty of model driven impact assessments, targeted experimental platforms are necessary to establish to explore the response of local crops and genotypes to potential adaptation strategies. Crop models should also encompass perennial crops and grasslands and use remote sensing technologies to provide high-resolution data for data-scarce regions.
... However, arid and semiarid lands are expected to be the most affected areas by salinity. In Egypt, only 3% of the total lands are arable, out of which more than one-third are damaged by salinity (Ibrahim and Lal 2013). Recently, with the growing population, achieving food security under salinity stress has gained an intensive attention. ...
Salinity represents a threating challenge for agricultural systems and food production worldwide. Therefore, selection for crop varieties more tolerant to salinity is a global concern. In vitro screening protocols for abiotic stresses, especially with woody plants, solve critical issues of hard-to-perform field or greenhouse evaluation approaches. In this study, six genotypes of the most cultivated pomegranate varieties in Egypt were selected for in vitro salinity tolerance evaluation. Morphological traits showed a significant variation among pomegranate cultivars except for water content. Also, the interaction between cultivars and treatments was highly significant in all traits except for shoot number and water content. Based on the salinity susceptibility index, both ‘Nab Elgamal’ and ‘Manfalouty’ showed salinity tolerance. Meanwhile, ‘Wonderful’ and ‘Araby’ showed intermediate responses and were considered moderate tolerant. ‘Hegazy’ and ‘Wardi’ were the most affected cultivars, reflecting their susceptibility to salinity. Molecular markers as inter-simple sequence repeat and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism showed an apparent variation among cultivars under salt stress. SCoT was more potent in exposing higher values of polymorphism and other diversity measures. Moreover, SCoT-based dendrogram was highly like that based on morphological data, in which both dendrograms grouped cultivars according to their salt tolerance. The work provides a reliable method for salinity screening in pomegranates. This might help accelerating breeding programs for woody plant species by selecting superior genotypes tolerant to salinity stress in rapid and efficient way.
... For instance, in central Morocco, cultivated land decreases in dry years and increases in other years (Kusunose & Lybbert, 2014). Moreover, a decrease in temporary crops compared to permanent pastures and permanent crops was observed between 1960 and 2010 (Ibrahim & Lal, 2013). ...
The need to define and implement adaptation solutions has emerged since the early 1990s when the IPCC started assessing the changes, causes, potential impacts and responses to climate change. Yet, limited information exists on the context-specific effectiveness of local adaptation of agronomic practices. The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is one of the world’s regions with the lowest per capita natural resources availability and one of the most vulnerable to climate change. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to improve the development and implementation of adaptation plans and actions to cope with climate change. This research implements the systematic review (SR) methodology to assess the scientific literature in adopting climate change adaptation practices for agriculture at the farm level in the NENA region. Results highlight a significant knowledge gap in adaptation in the region and recommend intensifying targeted research and funding to cope with urgent regional climate risks to rural and agricultural livelihoods.
Key policy insights:
• A limited number of studies assess the costs and benefits of climate change adaptation options for the agricultural sector in the NENA region, with a majority of these published in the last ten years.
• Adapting crop management techniques to climate risks generates a net improvement in Near East and North Africa yields. However, adaptation responses aiming to increase agrosystems resilience show context-specific effectiveness.
• Water management options, which benefit crop water use efficiency to different extents, present relatively high implementation costs.
• Integrated management options show the potential to achieve additional multidimensional benefits. Still, well-designed long-term experiments are required to evaluate these practices in the different farming systems under present and projected climate conditions.
• An urgent need is to promote adaptation research for the various farming systems in the NENA region and to estimate the cost of adaptation measures to guarantee farmer incomes and food security in the face of climate change.
... Salt-affected soil is around 6% of the world's all out arable land zone (Munns, 2005). Locally, saltiness influenced soils spread roughly 32% of the all-out arable land region in Egypt (Ibrahim and Lal, 2013). If the salinization of soils continues in such a way, 50% of cultivable lands will be lost by 2050 especially with decreasing of water resources (UN, 2013). ...
A pot experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Technology and Development greenhouse farm in the winter agricultural season 2018-2019. The experiment was planned to study the role of nano-SiO 2 on improving the wheat growth and productivity under salinity conditions. Six treatments (two grades of water quality are: tap water and saline water; three additional methods for silica nanoparticles are; 0, Si-soil, foliar) in three replicates. The soil was fertilized by nano-SiO 2 before sowing at a rate of 80 mg kg-1 and NPK recommended was added uniformly for all treatments. Wheat plants were sprayed five times by nano-silica after the month of sowing every ten days by 600 mg Si L-1 (10 mL pot-1). The wheat plant was irrigated with tap water (0.4 dS m-1) and saline-water (8 dS m-1). The nano-SiO 2 was analyzed by some analysis as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), the scanning electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDAX), the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), particle size, Specific Surface Area (SSA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The obtained results indicated a significant clear increase in wheat yield under salinity stress conditions compared with the check treatment. Nano-silica use led to the improvement of nutrients absorption e.g., N, P, K and Si contents under salinity stress conditions. In contrast, Na was reduced with Si increasing in plant tissues. Conclusively, nano-SiO 2 improves wheat plants on the growth and tolerance of salt stress up to 80 mg Kg-1 for soil addition and 600 mg L-1 for foliar spray.
... Salt-affected soil is around 6% of the world's all out arable land zone (Munns, 2005). Locally, saltiness influenced soils spread roughly 32% of the all-out arable land region in Egypt (Ibrahim and Lal, 2013). If the salinization of soils continues in such a way, 50% of cultivable lands will be lost by 2050 especially with decreasing of water resources (UN, 2013). ...
... Drought occurs when precipitation has been substantially below the recorded levels causing severe hydrological imbalance and adversely affected agricultural production systems (Ibrahim and Lal 2013). Being located in the semi-arid region and characterized by high mean annual temperature (27.7°C) and low mean annual precipitation (51 mm/year), drought is inevitable in Egypt. ...
The aims of this work were to assess the effect of drought and silicon on rice growth and productivity. A completely randomized design pot experiment with three replications was conducted in a clay soil with five levels of soil moisture content (SMC) (70, 80, 90, 100, and 120% of the soil saturation point) and five rates of Si (0, 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, and 8.4 mg Si/10 plants). When SMC was reduced from 120% to 70%, plant height, rice straw, root yield, and grain yield significantly reduced with 32, 52, 36, and 27%, respectively; however, when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 8.4 mg/10 plants, they significantly increased by 38, 97, 49, and 106%, respectively. At the SMC of 70%, when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 6.3 mg/10 plants, N, P, K, and Si concentrations in straw increased by 42, 59, 36, and 53%, respectively.
... Drought occurs when precipitation has been substantially below the recorded levels causing severe hydrological imbalance and adversely affected agricultural production systems (Ibrahim and Lal 2013). Being located in the semi-arid region and characterized by high mean annual temperature (27.7°C) and low mean annual precipitation (51 mm/year), drought is inevitable in Egypt. ...
Being located in the semi-arid region and characterized by high mean annual temperature and low mean annual precipitation, drought is inevitable in Egypt. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most consumed cereal after wheat in Egypt. The aims of this work were to assess the effect of drought on rice growth and productivity, and the impact of silicon application on rice tolerance to drought stress. A completely randomized design pot experiment with three replications was conducted in a clay soil with five levels of soil moisture content (SMC) (70, 80, 90, 100, and 120% of the soil saturation point) and five rates of Si (0, 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, and 8.4 mg Si/10 plants). Plant height, rice straw, root yield, and grain yield significantly reduced with 32, 52, 36, and 27%, respectively, when SMC was reduced from 120 to 70%; however, Si supply significantly increased them with 38, 97, 49, and 106%, respectively, when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 8.4 mg/ 10 plants. Under no Si application, nutrients (N, P, K, and Si) concentrations in straw were reduced by 75, 37, 30, and 39%, respectively, when SMC was reduced from 120 to 70%. However, in SMC of 70%, N, P, K, and Si concentrations in straw increased by 42, 59, 36, and 53%, respectively, when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 6.3 mg/ 10 plants. The combination between SMC of 120% and Si rate of 8.4 mg Si/10 plants and SMC of 70% and Si rate of 0.0 mg Si/ 10 plants gave the maximum and minimum plant growth characteristics and nutrients concentration, respectively. Obviously, grain yield and biomass of rice could be maintained when decreasing water supply, if Si were supplied.
... Salinity affected soils occupy ~ 800 million ha worldwide (or ~ 6% of the world's total arable land area) (Munns, 2005). In Egypt, salinity affected soils cover approximately 900,000 ha (or, 32% of the total arable land area) (Ibrahim and Lal, 2013). In salinity conditions, a reduction in plant growth, photosynthesis activity, stomata closure, biomass yield, and nutrients concentrations in the plant tissues occur *Corresponding author. ...
Management of soil salinity is an important research field around the globe, especially when associated
with the limited water resources. This work aimed to improve the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L. CV. Sakha-93) grown under salinity stress. A completely randomized design pot experiment
with three replications was conducted in a loamy soil with various levels of salinity under local weather
conditions. The treatments included five levels of salinity (2.74, 5.96, 8.85, 10.74, and 13.38 dSm-1)
prepared by adding NaCl to the selected soil and five treatments of Si (0, 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, and 8.4 mg Si/10
plants). Silicon was applied to wheat plants as a foliar spray 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing. Results
indicated that photosynthetic pigments; N, P, and K concentrations; biomass, and grain yield
significantly decreased with increasing salinity concentration. For example, in the pots treated with Si
rate of 0.0 mg Si/10 plants, biomass and grain yield significantly decreased by 37 and 30%, respectively,
as salinity increased from 2.74 to 13.38 dSm-1. However, Na and proline concentrations increased with
the increase in salinity. Supplying Si alleviated salinity stress and enhanced plant growth, e.g., at
salinity concentration of 5.96 dSm-1, biomass and grain yield increased by 32 and 54%, respectively,
when Si rate increased from 0.0 to 6.3 mg Si/10 plants. Similarly, under the same previous salinity and
Si treatments, Na and proline concentrations decreased by 10 and 23%, respectively. Eventually,
application of Si to wheat enhanced its growth and yield under salinity stress.
... Salinity affected soils occupy ~ 800 million ha worldwide (or ~ 6% of the world's total arable land area) (Munns, 2005). In Egypt, salinity affected soils cover approximately 900,000 ha (or, 32% of the total arable land area) (Ibrahim and Lal, 2013). In salinity conditions, a reduction in plant growth, photosynthesis activity, stomata closure, biomass yield, and nutrients concentrations in the plant tissues occur *Corresponding author. ...
