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Flies of family Calliphoridae: a. Chrysomya albiceps; b. Chrysomya bezziana; c. Chrysomya marginalis; d. Chrysomya megacephala; e. Hemipyrellia pulchra; f. Lucilia cuprina; g. Lucilia sericata. Copy righted to Authors.
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Despite the medical, veterinary and forensic relevance of myiasis-causing flies, knowledge of their diversity in Saudi Arabia is limited especially in the southern region. Therefore, a survey of myiasis-causing flies in the Jazan region was carried out using Red Top Fly Catcher traps baited with either decomposing beef liver or a lure composed prim...
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... Myiasis refers to the infestation of vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body [1][2]. This phenomenon is mainly caused by four families -Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Oestridae, and Phoridae -but rarely some species of the families Muscidae and Psychodidae can be involved as well [3][4]. ...
... Infestation of myiasis might also raise issues about neglect, which is typically documented among very elderly or debilitated people, who are unable to provide for their basic needs such as personal hygiene, medications of wounds and treatment of ulcers [40]. Human myiasis is often encountered in situations of low economic and educational development [3]; thus, it has been defined as a neglected zoonosis attacking the poorest people and mutilating them in a serious or even permanent way [41,42]. However, myiasis is not limited to tropical and subtropical regions, since there are a few forensic papersmostly case reportsdescribing conditions of serious neglect among fragile people in Western countries [4,40,[43][44][45]. ...
Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body. In both animals and humans, myiasis plays a fundamental role in forensic practice because of its implications in the evaluation of cases of neglect and in the mPMI (minimum post-mortem interval) estimation. The present study aims to provide a review of forensic issues related to myiasis. A retrospective analysis was conducted by exploring major electronic literature databases. Methodological evaluation of each study was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) standards. Sixty-one papers were included in this review. Entomology shows great potentiality in forensic investigations, mostly because of its contributory role in mPMI estimation. Such evaluation, however, requires a careful consideration of the possibility of an ante-mortem myiasis infestation, which could complicate the correct assessment of the mPMI. Hence, forensic pathologists should pay attention to the entomological fauna on a corpse, in both fresh and decomposed bodies. Moreover, in cases with poor nutritional or hygienic conditions, myiasis should be carefully evaluated as an indicator of neglect.
... Myiasis refers to the infestation of vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body [1][2]. This phenomenon is mainly caused by four families -Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Oestridae, and Phoridae -but rarely some species of the families Muscidae and Psychodidae can be involved as well [3][4]. ...
... Infestation of myiasis might also raise issues about neglect, which is typically documented among very elderly or debilitated people, who are unable to provide for their basic needs such as personal hygiene, medications of wounds and treatment of ulcers [40]. Human myiasis is often encountered in situations of low economic and educational development [3]; thus, it has been defined as a neglected zoonosis attacking the poorest people and mutilating them in a serious or even permanent way [41,42]. However, myiasis is not limited to tropical and subtropical regions, since there are a few forensic papersmostly case reportsdescribing conditions of serious neglect among fragile people in Western countries [4,40,[43][44][45]. ...
Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrates by dipterous larvae that feed on living or necrotic tissues, liquid body substances or ingested food and develop in or on the vertebrate body. In both animals and humans, myiasis plays a fundamental role in forensic practice because of its implications in the evaluation of cases of neglect and in the mPMI (minimum post-mortem interval) estimation. The present study aims to provide a review of forensic issues related to myiasis. A retrospective analysis was conducted by exploring major electronic literature databases. Methodological evaluation of each study was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) standards. Sixty-one papers were included in this review. Entomology shows great potentiality in forensic investigations, mostly because of its contributory role in mPMI estimation. Such evaluation, however, requires a careful consideration of the possibility of an ante-mortem myiasis infestation , which could complicate the correct assessment of the mPMI. Hence, forensic pathologists should pay attention to the entomological fauna on a corpse, in both fresh and decomposed bodies. Moreover, in cases with poor nutritional or hygienic conditions, myiasis should be carefully evaluated as an indicator of neglect.
... Flystrike that takes place in cutaneous tissues of the host is known as traumatic or wound myiasis (Farkas and Képes, 2001). Mechanical damage and skin breaks are the leading factors of wound occurrences in sheep, and early detection and treatment prevents chronic stages which may attract more flies (Schreiber et al., 1964;Ruiz Martinez et al., 1991;Alahmed et al., 2020). Farkas et al. (1997) indicated that the propensity of wounding caused by flies in sheep was high in the genital regions. ...
Myiasis, or the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae, is a health issue worldwide. The economic impact and potential threat to animal health and wellbeing of this disease under the animal husbandry sector is considerable. Sheep are a highly vulnerable livestock category exposed to myiasis (sheep strike), due to several unique predisposing factors that attract flies. The successful mitigation of this disease relies on a thorough understanding of fly population dynamics associated with the change in weather patterns and the evaluation of this disease through different branches of science such as chemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology. The present review provides a summary of the existing knowledge of strike in sheep, discussed in relation to the application of volatile organic compounds, metagenomics, and molecular biology, and their use regarding implementing fly control strategies such as traps, and to increase the resilience of sheep to this disease through improving their health and wellbeing.
... Most Calliphorid adults are oviparous, and some are larviparous, and either unilarviparous or multilarviparous. The adults are nectar feeders, while larvae have several feeding behaviors, such as saprophagy, hematophagy, coprophagy, and ectoparasitism [10]. ...
... The results of the two-dimension niche using annual mean temperature and precipitation show how this species of flies adapt to a wide range of climatological conditions (Figure 2) in contrast to its cousin C. bezziana, which has a very specific temperature range [23]. This very good adaptability of C. albiceps gives the advantage of this species for them to be distributed through almost all continents, but, unfortunately, it did not rescue the species against the changing climate ( Figure 2) [10]. ...
... The acquired maps of the two modeling methods look almost identical. The represented suitable habitat appears compatible with the current distribution of this insect throughout the world today [10]. C. albiceps is currently distributed through the Old World and most parts of South America, but the generated results indicated the suitability of its habitat in southern North America and most parts of Australia. ...
Climate change is expected to influence the geographic distribution of many taxa, including insects. Chrysomya albiceps is one of the most pervasive calliphorid fly with apparent ecological, forensic, and medical importance. However, the global habitat suitability is varied due to climate change. Models that forecast species spatial distribution are increasingly being used in wildlife management, highlighting the need for trustworthy techniques to assess their accuracy. So, we used the maximum entropy implemented in Maxent to predict the current and future potential global geographic distribution of C. albiceps and algorithms of DIVA-GIS to confirm the predicted current model. The Maxent model was calibrated using 2177 occurrence records. Based on the Jackknife test, four bioclimatic variables along with altitude were used to develop the final models. For future models, two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 and 8.5, for 2050 and 2070 were used. The area under curve (AUC) and true skill statistics (TSS) were used to evaluate the resulted models with values equal to 0.92 (±0.001) and 0.7, respectively. Two-dimensional niche analysis illustrated that the insect can adapt to low and high temperatures (9 °C to 27 °C), and the precipitation range was 0 mm to 2500 mm. The resulted models illustrated the global distribution of C. albiceps with alteration to its distribution in the future, especially on the Mediterranean coasts of Europe and Africa, Florida in the USA, and the coasts of Australia. Such predicted shifts put decision makers against their responsibilities to prevent destruction in economic, medical, and ecological sectors.
As part of a study on the biodiversity of Diptera of south-western Saudi Arabia, a survey of the Diptera fauna of Jazan, Asir and Najran at 10 sites was performed between 2012–2015 mainly using Malaise traps, sweep nets and baited traps. A total of 21 species of Sarcophagidae are recorded and documented with photographs, seven of which represent new country records for Saudi Arabia. Including species with a reliable previous record from Saudi Arabia, the total number of species of Sarcophagidae known from Saudi Arabia now stands at 51. All species of Sarcophagidae recorded from Saudi Arabia are listed, including distributions and the source where species were first recorded. Material studied as part of the project resulted in 16 new country records for other countries. Alusomyia Villeneuve, 1933 is here synonymized with Hoplacephala Macquart, 1834, syn. nov., argued from the presence of four proclinate orbital bristles, the row of strong parafacial setae close to the anteroventral eye-margin, the large gena and the robust habitus compared to most other miltogrammines. The generic synonomy requires the new combinations Hoplacephala transfuga (Villeneuve, 1933), comb. nov. and Hoplacephala turana (Rohdendorf, 1975), comb. nov. Sarcophaga surcoufi Villeneuve, 1913 is synonymized with Engelisca adhamae Lehrer & Abou-Zied, 2008, syn. nov. An appendix authored by Dr J.C. Deeming contains the description of Sarcophaga dawahi Deeming, sp. nov.
Myiasis caused by Calliphorid and Oestrid flies constitute a major threat to the development of livestock industry in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Increased veterinary concerns recently paid to the frequent reports on enteric pathogens caused by the larvae of these flies. Although the importance of sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia, the geographic distribution limits of Calliphorid and Oestrid infestation in caprine livestock has never been highlighted. ArcGIS software was used to assess the spatial distribution of myiasis causing flies in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Implemented Evolutionary algorithms in maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was used to predict the distribution map for myiasis causing flies. Bioclimatic and topographic data layers from Worldclim was analyzed to estimate the percent contribution of variables predicting suitable habitats of flies causing myiasis. Field validation was occurred to evaluate the habitat suitability produced by the model. The predictive ecological niche model was found high with an AUC value of 0.95 and 0.93 for train and test occurrence records, respectively, with a standard deviation equal 0.032. About eighteen variables were found to contribute in spatial predictive occurrence of myiasis causing flies. Precipitation variables enhanced the model predictive power with (57.7%) in Jackknife test. Besides, elevation, NDVI and tree cover shared reduced effect in predicting myiasis causing flies distribution.
Myiasis caused by Calliphorid and Oestrid flies constitute a major threat to the development of livestock industry in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Increased veterinary concerns recently paid to the frequent reports on enteric pathogens caused by the larvae of these flies. Although the importance of sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia, the geographic distribution limits of Calliphorid and Oestrid infestation in caprine livestock has never been highlighted. ArcGIS software was used to assess the spatial distribution of myiasis causing flies in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Implemented Evolutionary algorithms in maximum entropy (MaxEnt) was used to predict the distribution map for myiasis causing flies. Bioclimatic and topographic data layers from Worldclim was analyzed to estimate the percent contribution of variables predicting suitable habitats of flies causing myiasis. Field validation was occurred to evaluate the habitat suitability produced by the model. The predictive ecological niche model was found high with an AUC value of 0.95 and 0.93 for train and test occurrence records, respectively, with a standard deviation equal 0.032. About eighteen variables were found to contribute in spatial predictive occurrence of myiasis causing flies. Precipitation variables enhanced the model predictive power with (57.7%) in Jackknife test. Besides, elevation, NDVI and tree cover shared reduced effect in predicting myiasis causing flies distribution.
