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The common idea that the sea breeze is a phenomenon that is always beneficial to the thermal from point of view is questioned in this study, since the sea breeze front (SBF) development is related with warmer days in the Sergipe region, located in the northeastern coast of Brazil. For this reason, the first climatology of the SBF and its potential...
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The present article aimed to study the urban climate of the city of Recife and its conditioners. Such as the urban structure and the atmospheric systems in progress, focusing on the space-time identification of areas of greater and lesser thermal comfort. Thereunto, it was used the method of rhythmic analysis, quantile calculations and the Temperat...
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... The sea-breezes response to the synoptic-scale wind pattern have been studied worldwide by employing observational, theoretical, empirical, and modelling methods [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, there have been very few studies for the north/north-east coast of Brazil [14,[28][29][30][31]. Research related to our study area, conducted by Medeiros et al. [31], showed that during the early morning, when the stable boundary layer thickens, the flow patterns are influenced by the south-north propagation of an atmospheric circulation similar to a helix, with rotational axes parallel to the coastline. ...
his research focuses on understanding a meteorological phenomenon that is related to operational disruptions in a wind power plant on the North-East coast of Brazil. The study employed enhanced weather observations based on SODAR and LIDAR wind profilers, micrometeorological masts, ERA-5 reanalysis data, wind power production data from Brazilian power grid operators, and GOES-16 thermal and visible imagery. On August 15, 2023, Brazil experienced a widespread blackout, which was largely caused by down-ramp events that affected several wind farms at the same time. The factors leading to the phenomenon were categorized into three driven-dependent categories: i) a sharp fall in dew-point temperature, ii) the presence of a cumulus cloud line just above the coastline in the early morning, and/or iii) rainfall over the adjoining sea, providing the feasibility to nowcasting this severe wind ramp. The results derived from the conceptual model suggest that sea-breezes play a significant role in the net wind at the turbine hub-height, and often exceed the influence of large-scale flow. The net wind is considered to be caused by the interplay between trade winds and consistent breezes. It is hoped this research can provide a valuable insight into the complex interactions between local meteorological phenomena and wind energy production on the North-East coast of Brazil, and that its application has the potential to improve the operational forecasting of wind power plants.
... Angin di wilayah pesisir utara Pulau Jawa dengan rentang waktu satu dekade bisa jadi ada pengaruh angin laut dari Laut Jawa, meskipun di masingmasing titik angin dari utara kurang dari 10%. Salah satu sirkulasi angin laut disebut dengan sea breeze front (SBF), yang dianggap sebagai fenomena atmosfer mendasar di banyak wilayah pesisir karena pengaruhnya terhadap cuaca dan iklim setempat (Anjos & Lopes, 2019;Purba et al., 2021). ...
The characteristics of near-surface winds correlated with global phenomena such as monsoons have previously been extensively investigated. However, limited wind data investigations have been conducted in the northern coastal region of Java Island. This research aims to analyze the wind characteristics in this region, focusing on monsoon variability. Statistical analysis and wind rose diagrams analysis were conducted using wind direction and speed data spanning from 2013 to 2022 at three Meteorological Station by the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG): Tanjung Priok-North Jakarta, Tanjung Mas-Semarang, and Perak II-Surabaya. The analysis results indicate that North Jakarta has experienced an increasing trend in annual average wind speed over a decade, whereas Semarang and Surabaya have seen a decrease. When influenced by the east and west monsoons, wind speeds in North Jakarta and Semarang are higher than during transition periods I and II. Conversely, in Surabaya, the average value was highest during transition period II compared to the west monsoon, east monsoon, and transition period I. Surabaya's average daily wind speed surpassed that of North Jakarta and Semarang. However, Semarang exhibited the highest maximum wind speed among the three regions. The dominant wind direction aligns with the monsoon wind pattern, whether the west or the east. During the transition season, wind direction tends to be more variable, with the frequency of wind events from the south and southwest occurring least frequently compared to other directions. This preliminary study provides the foundation for advancing the knowledge of meteorological studies, particularly wind, as they relate to hydrometeorological disasters. Abstrak Karakteristik angin dekat permukaan yang dikaitkan dengan fenomena global seperti monsun telah banyak dilakukan riset sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, kajian data angin masih sedikit ditemukan di wilayah pesisir utara Pulau Jawa. Riset ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik angin wilayah tersebut berdasarkan variabilitas monsun. Analisis statistik dan analisis diagram wind rose dilakukan untuk data arah dan kecepatan angin tahun 2013–2022 di tiga Stasiun Meteorologi milik Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG) yaitu di Tanjung Priok-Jakarta Utara, Tanjung Mas-Semarang, dan Perak II-Surabaya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa selama sepuluh tahun tersebut di Jakarta Utara telah terjadi peningkatan tren kecepatan angin rata-rata tahunan, sedangkan di Semarang dan Surabaya terjadi penurunan. Saat dipengaruhi monsun timur maupun barat, kecepatan angin di Jakarta Utara dan Semarang lebih tinggi dibanding saat masa peralihan I maupun peralihan II. Akan tetapi, kecepatan angin di Surabaya saat masa peralihan II memiliki nilai rata-rata tertinggi dibandingkan saat periode monsun barat, monsun timur, maupun saat masa peralihan I. Rata-rata kecepatan angin harian di Surabaya lebih tinggi dibanding Jakarta Utara dan Semarang, namun Semarang memiliki nilai maksimum kecepatan angin yang paling tinggi di antara kedua wilayah lainnya. Dominasi arah angin terlihat mengikuti pola angin monsun baik saat terjadi monsun barat, ataupun saat terjadi monsun timur. Arah angin akan cenderung lebih beragam pada saat musim peralihan dengan frekuensi kejadian angin dari selatan maupun barat daya paling sedikit terjadi daripada arah angin lainnya. Studi awal ini sebagai dasar untuk pengayaan ilmu kajian meteorologi terutama angin untuk dikaitkan dengan bencana hidrometeorologi.
... This can be attributed to the region's majority non-forest cover (as shown in Fig. 1), leading to lower evapotranspiration rates (Loarie et al., 2011;Rodrigues et al., 2022), and resulting in less moisture in the atmosphere (Liu et al., 2022). The reduced moisture content can limit cloud formation, especially since this region is more inland from the continent, and experiences fewer cold fronts and no sea breeze compared to the southern and southeastern regions of the country (Anjos and Lopes, 2019;Satyamurty et al., 1998). ...
Brazil experiences significant aerosol loads throughout the year, particularly during the biomass-burning season in the Amazon. Thus, given the importance of aerosols for climate and health, this research aimed to validate and compare Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products over Brazil. This evaluation considers three algorithms that retrieve AOD by using data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor: Dark Target (DT) at 3 and 10 km resolution, Deep Blue (DB), and Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC). To validate the satellite data, 17 sunphotometers from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) were utilized. The results show a high correlation (R > 0.9) between the MODIS-AOD products and ground-based data. However, MODIS-AOD products tend to overestimate or underestimate AOD values, depending on the specific AOD value and algorithm evaluated. Additionally, it was observed that the performance of the algorithms is influenced by factors such as land cover type, view geometry, and the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols. In particular, challenges were encountered when retrieving robust AOD data for Savanna and Urban cover classes. In conclusion, the results indicate that MAIAC and DB algorithms demonstrate greater stability in retrieving AOD values. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when applying these products to map aerosols on specific surfaces, such as urban areas.
... In Chennai, India, the SBF was observed to extend inland as far as 100 km (Suresh, 2007). In the Sergipe Region of Brazil, the SBF extended inland up to nearly 100 km (Anjos and Lopes, 2019). Hu and Xue (2016) reported that the SBF can extend up to 400 km inland in Texas, U.S.A. ...
A number of simulation studies show that the sea-breeze fronts (SBFs) that form at the Bohai Bay coast can penetrate far inland through the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH). However, there has been little observational evidence for this claim. Based on dense surface observation networks, we observed a SBF that penetrated 170 km inland from Bohai Bay, interacting with cities in the BTH. The SBF was retarded in urban areas compared to surrounding areas, leading to the front line bending in urban areas. The nocturnal surface air temperature of both urban and rural stations increased temporarily as the SBF passed. Urban roughness effects caused strong updrafts during the passage. Ceilometers observed that the strong updraft of the SBF lifted near-surface aerosols to form sea-breeze heads (SBHs), leading to higher SBHs in urban areas than in rural areas. The uplifted aerosols gradually formed thin aerosol plumes, and produced clouds about four hours after the SBF passed. Our observations will help to improve understanding of the interactions between inland SBFs and cities, and provide a basis for further research on the physical mechanisms of how the inland SBF affects aerosols, clouds, and precipitation in the BTH and elsewhere.
... Satellite data in the visible spectrum (RGB) is often used to study cloud formation processes, as they allow observation and analysis of cloud shape, extent, and boundaries as well as the landward boundary of the sea-breeze front. The cumulus line of convective clouds that runs parallel to the seashore on the mainland helps to calculate how far the front line of the sea influence has shifted to the mainland [15][16][17][18]. The infrared (IR) channel of the satellite sensor helps to trace the front line of the breeze circulation. ...
... Most of the conducted scientific studies [18,19,21] show that the location of the seabreeze front coincides with the line of cumulus-type convergent clouds. Therefore, similar remote-sensing methods have been applied to study the limits of the distribution of breezes on the continent based on the bands of cumulus clouds visible in satellite images [1,22]. ...
... Therefore, similar remote-sensing methods have been applied to study the limits of the distribution of breezes on the continent based on the bands of cumulus clouds visible in satellite images [1,22]. Remote-sensing methods have been applied to breeze circulation studies in Western Europe [21] and along the northeast coast of Brazil [18,19]. Corpetti and Planchon [17] analyzed the formation and movement of breeze fronts along the coasts of Brazil and southern England by comparing the coastline with the cumulus cloud line. ...
Sea breezes, as one of the most important local varieties of daily wind dynamics, are responsible for the formation of the climate by coasts of large bodies of water. In recent decades, due to climate change, the air temperature is rising, causing larger temperature gradients to form and the dynamics of the atmosphere to change globally and locally. This research investigated the spread of sea breezes in the years 2018–2019 during the warm period of the year (June, July, and August) to the mainland territory of the southeastern Baltic and coastal Lithuania by applying in situ and remote methods. The results of the study showed that sea-breeze fronts are better identified by the formation line of convective clouds in the continental part seen in remote images. During the first half of the day (until noon), the effect of sea breezes extends on average about 20–30 km from the coast of the sea. However, maximum extension of the breeze fronts can penetrate the continent much further than previously thought. During the summer, when the westward movement of air masses prevails, the band of cumulus (Cu) clouds formed by the sea breeze marks the front of the sea breeze, and at the time of the most extended spread (around 5 pm) in the continental part of Lithuania, the sea-breeze front is an average of around 60 km away from the seacoast. Until noon, the area covered by sea breezes in the western part of Lithuania extends over 1886.2 km2. During the second half of the day, the spatial spread of the breeze impacts an average area of about 6445.2 km2 by around 5 pm. Hence, the sea breeze affects not only the coastal climate region of Lithuania, as previously recognized, but it also affects the climate of part of the region of the Samogitian (Žemaitijos) Uplands of Lithuania. Remote-sensing methods helped to identify sea-breeze fronts and evaluate the limits of marine climate expansion along the seashore. The methods used in this work can play a role in answering the question of how climate change can affect the coastal climate.
... Therefore, the spatial distribution of the characteristics of the sea breeze is essential [ref alvin and anis]. This spatial information can be obtained by remote sensing techniques such as the Himawari-8 satellite observation [3][4][5]. ...
... When the sea breeze propagates inland, under certain conditions, a cumulus cloud-line (here in after, cloudline) is formed in the vicinity of the sea breeze front [6]. This cloud-line is a cloudiness feature that can be detected on satellite imagery and can be used as a proxy for the location of the sea breeze front (SBF) [3,4,7]. Hence, the SBF propagation can be traced from the cloud-line movement. ...
p> The sea breeze is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs due to the contrast temperature between land and oceans. The propagation velocity of sea breeze are influenced strongly by e.g., synoptic wind and geographical conditions. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between the spatial distribution of sea breeze velocity and the surface characteristic, for instance over urbanized and less-urbanized coastal areas. When the sea breeze propagates inland, a cumulus cloudline will form in the vicinity of the sea breeze front (SBF). Previous studies have successfully detected the cloudline automatically using the morphological-snake algorithm. In this paper, we estimate the SBF velocity using Himawari-8 satellite images. The proposed method segmented the cloudline data points using a clustering approach, named machine learning-based k-means++, on the level-set obtained from snake algorithm. We then estimate the SBF velocity by calculating the haversine distance of the segmented cloudline points that propagate over time. The comparison of estimated cloudline speed with SBF speed measured at two observation sites, namely KKP and BPL, reveals the root mean square errors 1.39 m/s and 1.41 m/s, respectively. And the propagation direction was mainly southward. </p
... The main rain-causing system consists of the easterly wave disturbances, which are large masses of clouds that move through the Atlantic Ocean and over the continent up to 200 km inland, causing intense rains on the coast, with gradually lower volumes as they advance towards the interior [56,57]. Breeze circulation is one of the main regulating mechanisms of the precipitation regime in eastern NEB, whose intensity is modulated by large-scale circulation and topography and land use effects [58][59][60][61]. Other important atmospheric systems for precipitation in SEALBA are upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices, frontal systems, and mesoscale convective complexes [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. ...
Abstract: Since the early 2000s, Brazil has been one of the world’s leading grain producers, with agribusiness accounting for around 28% of the Brazilian GDP in 2021. Substantial investments in research, coupled with the expansion of arable areas, owed to the advent of new agriculture frontiers, led the country to become the world’s greatest producer of soybean. One of the newest agricultural frontiers to be emerging in Brazil is the one known as SEALBA, an acronym that refers to the three Brazilian states whose areas it is comprised of—Sergipe, Alagoas, and Bahia—all located in the Northeast region of the country. It is an extensive area with a favorable climate for the production of grains, including soybeans, with a rainy season that takes place in autumn/winter, unlike the
Brazilian regions that are currently the main producers of these kinds of crops, in which the rainfall regime has the wet period concentrated in spring/summer. Considering that precipitation is the main determinant climatic factor for crops, the scarcity of weather stations in the SEALBA region poses an obstacle to an accurate evaluation of the actual feasibility of the region to a given crop. Therefore, the aim of this work was to carry out an assessment of the performance of four different precipitation databases of alternative sources to observations: two from gridded analyses, MERGE and CHIRPS, and the other two from ECMWF reanalyses, ERA5, and ERA5Land, and by comparing them to observational records from stations along the region. The analysis was based on a comparison with data from seven weather stations located in SEALBA, in the period 2001–2020, through three dexterity indices: the mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean squared errors (RMSE), and the coefficient of Pearson’s correlation (r), showing that the gridded analyzes performed better than the reanalyses, with MERGE showing the highest correlations and the lowest errors (global average r between stations of 0.96, followed by CHIRPS with 0.85, ERA5Land with 0.83, and ERA5 with 0.70; average MAE 14.3 mm, followed by CHIRPS with 21.3 mm, ERA5Land with 42.1 mm and ERA5 with 50.1 mm; average RMSE between stations of 24.6 mm, followed by CHIRPS with 50.8 mm, ERA5Land with 62.3 mm and ERA5 with 71.4 mm). Since all databases provide up-to-date data, our findings indicate that, for any research that needs a complete daily precipitation dataset for the SEALBA region, preference should be given to use the data in the following order of priority: MERGE, CHIRPS, ERA5Land, and ERA5.
... F1=(2* (Precision *Recall))/((Precision + Recall)) [3] Accuracy. Calculated using Eq [4] (10). Accuracy = (True Positive + True Negative)/(True Positive +True Negative +False Positive + False NSegative) [4] Results ...
... Calculated using Eq [4] (10). Accuracy = (True Positive + True Negative)/(True Positive +True Negative +False Positive + False NSegative) [4] Results ...
Sea breezes are the most common winds experienced by people living in coastal regions. In general, the sea breeze is a flow of winds that particularly takes place in coastal areas. Sea breezes cause irregular climatic conditions. The salty air coming from the sea breeze has got many adverse effects like deterioration. The collision of two powerful sea breezes fronts can cause severe thunderstorms across the coastal regions. Therefore, it is important to know the location of the sea breeze front to define the regions affected by sea breezes. In order to detect the sea breeze front from satellite images, it is important to segment the satellite images. Image segmentation which helps in extracting the objects of interest and make the image more meaningful for further processing. Then using contour detection, the outline of sea breeze, which is sea breeze front can easily be extracted. A proper methodology with user interface is proposed in this paper for detecting the sea breeze front from the satellite images.
... During sunny days, the CABL height over continents generally attains its peak altitude of 1-3 km in the afternoon (Von and Teixeira 2013;Wang and Wang 2016). Observations carried out at various geographical locations and numerical atmospheric modelling studies have shown the influence of land-surface conditions (soil moisture, soil temperature) and energy balance terms (shortwave, longwave, and net radiative fluxes; sensible and latent heat fluxes) on atmospheric temperature, instability, and ABL height (Driedonks 1982;Garratt 1992;Kuwagata et al. 1994;Svensson et al. 2011;Pal and Haeffelin 2015;Dang et al. 2016;Davy 2018;Anjos and Lopes 2019;Fan et al. 2019;Liu and Pu 2019;Pal and Lee, 2019;Davis et al. 2020). Discerning the effects of these parameters in the time evolution of the ABL height is essential for understanding the physical processes and the modelling of ABL development (Svensson et al. 2011;Pal and Haeffelin 2015;Davis et al. 2020), but is complex since a majority of these parameters are nonlinearly coupled. ...
... Most of such studies were carried out over the mid-latitude continental regions. The effect of these soil and atmospheric parameters on the development of the coastal CABL is different from that on the continental CABL as the near-surface air temperature, humidity, and atmospheric thermal structure are strongly influenced by the sea-breeze circulation (Simpson et al. 1977;Stull 1988;Garratt 1992;Kuwagata et al. 1994;Kunhikrishnan et al. 1993;Ramachandran et al. 1994;Miller et al. 2003;De Tomasi et al. 2011;Anurose et al. 2016;Anjos and Lopes 2019;Pal and Lee 2019;Davis et al. 2020). ...
... The results presented here are in agreement with the observations carried out at several coastal regions in the world, though the magnitude of the impacts vary (Kuwagata et al. 1994;Wang et al. 2017;Wu et al. 2018;Anjos and Lopes 2019). Over the south-east coast of the Indian Peninsula, observations suggest that T air continues to increase till about 1400-1500 LT (in phase with soil temperature) when the sea breeze onset is late (post-noon), while it shows a broad peak during 1200-1400 LT when sea-breeze onset occurs by 0900 LT (Reddy et al. 2020). ...
The height of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) plays a crucial role in the vertical transport of energy, moisture, and pollutants from the surface. We investigate the development of the convective ABL (CABL) height over a tropical coastal station and quantify its variations with the shortwave radiative flux, near-surface air temperature (Tair), soil skin temperature, soil moisture content, lower tropospheric thermal structure, and virtual potential temperature lapse rate (VPLR) during onshore and offshore flows, based on multi-year (2012–2017) observations carried out using a microwave radiometer profiler and in situ probes at Thumba (8.5° N, 77° E), located in the south-west of Indian Peninsula. The maximum CABL height increases linearly with the VPLR at the rate of 140 to 200 m per °C km⁻¹ (correlation coefficient of 0.82 to 0.92) during different seasons. The delayed onset of daytime onshore flow results in a greater CABL height as continental conditions persist longer, allowing more CABL growth, whereas the earlier arrival of the onshore flow leads to early development of a thermal internal boundary layer with a lower CABL height. When offshore flow prevails, the CABL develops like the continental CABL, with a peak CABL height greater than that during onshore flow by about 300 m. The onset of onshore flow lowers the daytime increase in Tair by about 2 °C. Such quantifications for distinct flow conditions are very sparse over tropical coastal regions and would be useful for understanding coastal air-pollution dispersal as well as validation and improvements in numerical modelling of the CABL under different wind conditions.
... The DJF period was the active period of the north-western monsoon, where the wind blows from Asia towards Australia, following the direction of movement of the SBF on the north coast of Banten-Jakarta. The result was the sea breeze bringing a lot of water vapour supply so that it will more likely to have a convective process than during the dry season [8] The SBF events affect the weather conditions around the area where the SBF was formed [15]. In general, the SBF penetration is characterized by the decreased temperature, especially when the SBF location is observed on radar around Soekarno-Hatta Meteorological Station, which is accompanied by the increased humidity, as shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14 above. ...
One of the important factors in weather and climate dynamics that can trigger precipitation on the coast and the surrounding area is a sea breeze. Sea breeze occurs because of differences in the surface temperature between land and sea due to solar heating which then forms a pressure gradient that leads to a land called the sea breeze circulation. An important part of sea breeze circulation is the Sea Breeze Front (SBF). SBF is a boundary area where wind from the sea direction meets the wind from the land direction, which is marked by significant changes in temperature, humidity, wind and can trigger convective activity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the SBF on the north coast of Banten-Jakarta in 2018 which were identified using a Doppler weather radar Plan Position Indicator (PPI) product and convective activity using the Coloumn Maximum (CMAX) product. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to determine the SBF parameters such as frequency of occurrence, onset time, duration, length, column depth, and SBF penetration, and convective activity during the occurrence of SBF. The results showed that SBF was detected more in the rainy season January, February, and December 2018, and occur between 08:08 LT and 15:20 LT. SBF can trigger the occurrence of convective clouds and affect the temperature and humidity conditions around the SBF.
