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First prototype - The SACLAY sphere: R = 1 . 3 m , 3 V = 1 m , spherical vessel of Cu 6 mm thick, pressure up to
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Supernova neutrinos can easily be detected by a spherical gaseous TPC detector measuring very low energy nuclear recoils.
The expected rates are quite large for a neutron-rich target since the neutrino-nucleus neutral current interaction yields
a coherent contribution of all neutrons. As a matter of fact, for a typical supernova at 10 kpc, about 10...
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... involving the event rates for supernova neutrino detection of a gaseous TPC detector we like to spend a little time in discussing the detector. A description of the NOSTOS project and details of the spherical TPC detector are given in [10] and is shown in 1. We have built a spherical prototype 1.3 m in diameter which is described in [29] (see Fig. 2) . The outer vessel is made of pure Cu (6 mm thick) allowing to sustain pressures up to 5 bar. The inner de- tector is just a small sphere, 10 mm in diameter, made of stainless steel as a proportional counter located at the center of curvature of the TPC. We intend to use as am- plifying structure a spherical TPC [30] and developments ...
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... However, the characteristics of the DarkSPHERE detector provide for a multiphysics platform: the spherical proportional counter's single-electron threshold enables excellent sensitivity to the DM-electron interaction in the 10 MeV to GeV mass range [43]; and the large diameter of the spherical proportional counter enables sensitivity to ultra-heavy DM with masses close to the Planck mass [44]. Furthermore, in addition to DM searches, the energy resolution and light-readout capabilities of a large spherical proportional counter filled with 136 Xe gas lends itself to a neutrinoless double β-decay search, which is being explored by the Rare Decays with Radial Detector (R2D2) R&D effort [45,46], and as a potential tool for supernova neutrino searches [47,48]. ...
... Recent effort has been made toward demonstrating the energy resolution [45] and light-readout capabilities [46] that are required for R2D2. The low background and good energy resolution of a spherical proportional counter filled with 136 Xe gas also make it a potential tool for supernova neutrino searches [47,48]. For example, 136 Xe at 5 bar in the DarkSPHERE detector would detect approximately 5 × ð10 kpc=d SN Þ 2 events for a supernova explosion at a distance d SN , assuming a 27M ⊙ progenitor [153], while a negligible environmental background (≲10 −3 events) would be expected during the short duration of the supernova burst. ...
We present the conceptual design and the physics potential of darksphere, a proposed 3 m in diameter spherical proportional counter electroformed underground at the Boulby Underground Laboratory. This effort builds on the R&D performed and experience acquired by the NEWS-G Collaboration. darksphere is primarily designed to search for nuclear recoils from light dark matter in the 0.05–10 GeV mass range. Electroforming the spherical shell and the implementation of a shield based on pure water ensures a background level below 0.01 dru. These, combined with the proposed helium-isobutane gas mixture, will provide sensitivity to the spin-independent nucleon cross section of 2×10−41 (2×10−43) cm2 for a dark matter mass of 0.1(1) GeV. The use of a hydrogen-rich gas mixture with a natural abundance of C13 provides sensitivity to spin-dependent nucleon cross sections more than two orders of magnitude below existing constraints for dark matter lighter than 1 GeV. The characteristics of the detector also make it suitable for searches of other dark matter signatures, including scattering of MeV-scale dark matter with electrons, and superheavy dark matter with masses around the Planck scale that leave extended ionization tracks in the detector.
... Helium, neon, and molecules with hydrogen and carbon atoms have been proposed because the light nucleus of these atoms enhances the sensitivity to light DM nuclear-recoil interactions. Meanwhile, xenon has been proposed as a target for supernova-neutrino detection and neutrinoless double beta decay SPC searches [72,73]. For the noble gases, Oð10%Þ of methane or isobutane will in general be added to the mixture as a "quench gas." ...
Dark matter (DM) detectors employing a spherical proportional counter (SPC) have demonstrated a single-electron detection threshold and are projected to have small background rates. We explore the sensitivity to DM-electron scattering with SPC detectors in the context of darksphere, a proposal for a 300 cm diameter fully electroformed SPC. SPCs can run with different gases, so we investigate the sensitivity for five targets: helium, neon, xenon, methane, and isobutane. We use tools from quantum chemistry to model the atomic and molecular systems and calculate the expected DM induced event rates. We find that darksphere has the potential to improve current exclusion limits on DM masses above 4 MeV by up to 5 orders of magnitude. Neon is the best all-round gas target and provides good sensitivity to scenarios with both light and heavy mediators. Gas mixtures, where methane or isobutane is added to a noble gas, can extend the sensitivity at lower masses. Our study highlights the currently untapped potential of SPCs to search for DM-electron scattering in the MeV-to-GeV DM mass range.
... In fact, the difference in the energy deposited by the two sides is most likely due to a misalignment of the optical fiber with respect to the vertex of the germanium prism, this mismatch is probably caused by the glue used to fix the optical fiber in place which cracked when cooled at sub-kelvin temperatures. Moreover, this was the first test performed on the first prototype of such a device and it served as proof of concept of the usage of a mirror wafer to double the amount of cryodetector modules 4.4 Germanium Mirror Wafer : first prototype characterization 40 that can be shined with optical fibers. Further testing of the next generation of mirror wafer prototypes will follow in the end of 2021 and beginning of 2022. ...
... In the previous equation particular care must be taken when discussing the integration interval, in particular the lower limit. For a given recoil energy T there is a minimum neutrino energy under which the neutrino does not have enough energy to induce the desired nuclear recoil, the kinematics relations give (see [40]): ...
Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) opens new approaches for the search of new physics beyond the Standard Model. The NUCLEUS experiment aims to use the intense antineutrino flux produced from nuclear reactor cores to perform measurements of the CEvNS cross-section via gram-scale ultra-low threshold cryogenic detectors. A common problem with low threshold detectors is the calibration, since most radioactive sources tend to saturate the dynamical range of the sensors. In this dissertation, a photon-statistic based optical calibration setup has been developed and tested using detectors from the BULLKID R&D project. Both the developed hardware setup and the relative control software allow to automatically perform a full calibration of an array of detectors. During the development of this work, the DIANA analysis framework, developed for the CUORE experiment, has been compatibilized with the NUCLEUS DAQ and a new automatic analysis protocol was developed using the data from the NUCLEUS prototype runs. This protocol proved to be accurate at reproducing the results obtained via a model dependent study performed with an almost event by event inspection that was carried out in the early stages of NUCLEUS. Particular focus was given to the development of an event reconstruction procedure used to measure the energy of events that lie outside the linear response region of the detector. The last activity done for the NUCLEUS experiment was to develop a python based toolkit for the study of the discovery potential of the experiment. This toolkit was originally developed in the early stages of NUCLEUS by J.Rothe and has been intensely upgraded during the work presented in this thesis, in order to deal with different types of statistical checks and procedures.
... In fact, the difference in the energy deposited by the two sides is most likely due to a misalignment of the optical fiber with respect to the vertex of the germanium prism, this mismatch is probably caused by the glue used to fix the optical fiber in place which cracked when cooled at sub-kelvin temperatures. Moreover, this was the first test performed on the first prototype of such a device and it served as proof of concept of the usage of a mirror wafer to double the amount of cryodetector modules 4.4 Germanium Mirror Wafer : first prototype characterization 40 that can be shined with optical fibers. Further testing of the next generation of mirror wafer prototypes will follow in the end of 2021 and beginning of 2022. ...
... In the previous equation particular care must be taken when discussing the integration interval, in particular the lower limit. For a given recoil energy T there is a minimum neutrino energy under which the neutrino does not have enough energy to induce the desired nuclear recoil, the kinematics relations give (see [40]): ...
... From an experimental point of view, and particularly for the neutrino facilities near spallation sources [45,58], it is also interesting the expression of the coherent differential cross section as a function of the nuclear recoil energy T A . This is approximately written as [58][59][60][61] ...
... Refs. [9,10,[58][59][60]. The contribution, however, of these therms is negligible and thus, higher order terms in Eq. (9) does not influence essentially the calculations. ...
Neutrino-nucleus reactions cross sections, obtained for neutrino energies in the range $\varepsilon_{\nu}\leq 100-120$ MeV (low- and intermediate-energy range), which refer to promising neutrino detection targets of current terrestrial neutrino experiments, are presented and discussed. At first, we evaluated original cross sections for elastic scattering of neutrinos produced from various astrophysical and laboratory neutrino sources with the most abundant Cd isotopes $^{112}$Cd, $^{114}$Cd and $^{116}$Cd. These isotopes constitute the main material of the COBRA detector aiming to search for neutrinoless double beta decay events and neutrino-nucleus scattering events at the Gran Sasso laboratory (LNGS). The coherent $\nu$-nucleus reaction channel addressed with emphasis here, dominates the neutral current $\nu$-nucleus scattering, events of which have only recently been observed for a first time in the COHERENT experiment at Oak Ridge. Subsequently, simulated $\nu$-signals expected to be recorded at Cd detectors are derived through the application of modern simulation techniques and employment of reliable neutrino distributions of astrophysical $\nu$-sources (as the solar, supernova and Earth neutrinos), as well as laboratory neutrinos (like the reactor neutrinos, the neutrinos produced from pion-muon decay at rest and the $\beta$-beam neutrinos produced from the acceleration of radioactive isotopes at storage rings as e.g. at CERN).
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... As it is well known, in NC ]-nucleus scattering the → transitions represent the dominant reaction channel [6,30]. In terrestrial experiments the detection of this channel may be achieved through a measurement of the nuclear recoil signal [31][32][33] which is a rather different signature compared to that of the incoherent channel [1,3,6,8,34]. Inelastic scattering of neutrinos on nuclei creates different signal and could be studied through the outgoing charged-lepton and extracted nucleons and/or -ray emission. ...
... From an experimental point of view and particularly for the neutrino facilities near spallation sources [18,33] the expression of the coherent differential cross section with respect to the nuclear recoil energy is also interesting. This is written as [31][32][33]49] ...
... where is the nuclear mass and denotes the ground state elastic form factor. More accurate expressions, including higher order terms with respect to , can be found in [31][32][33]50]. It should be noted that the signal on the coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments is significantly different to that of the incoherent scattering where the signal could be an outgoing particle. ...
At first, we evaluate scattering cross sections of low, and intermediate-energy neutrinos scattered off the 114 Cd isotope, the most abundant Cd isotope present also in the COBRA detector (CdTe and CdZnTe materials) which aims to search for double beta decay events and neutrino observations at Gran Sasso laboratory (LNGS). The coherent -nucleus channel addressed here is the dominant reaction channel of the neutral current -nucleus scattering. Our -nucleus cross sections (calculated with a refinement of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation, QRPA) refer to the transitions for -energies MeV. Subsequently, simulated -signals on 114 Cd isotope are derived. Towards this purpose, the required folded cross section comes out of simulation techniques by employing several low, and intermediate-energy neutrino distributions of the astrophysical -sources, like the solar, supernova, and Earth neutrinos, as well as the laboratory neutrinos, the reactor neutrinos, the pion-muon stopped neutrinos, and the β-beam neutrinos.
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Differential, total, and cumulative cross section calculations for neutral current neutrino scattering on Te128,130 isotopes are performed in the context of the quasiparticle random phase approximation by utilizing realistic two-nucleon forces. These isotopes are the main contents of detectors of ongoing experiments with multiple neutrino physics goals (COBRA and CUORE at Gran Sasso), including potential low-energy astrophysical neutrino (solar, supernova, geoneutrinos) detection. The incoming neutrino energy range adopted in our calculations (εnu
A systematic study of the cross sections of neutral-current neutrino scattering off the stable even Mo isotopes (mass number A=92,94,96,98,100), at low and intermediate neutrino energies (Eν≤130 MeV), is presented and discussed. The required wave functions for the initial (ground state) and all accessible final nuclear states are constructed in the context of the quasi-particle random-phase approximation (QRPA) and tested against data on the low-lying energy spectra of the isotopes in question. The individual contributions coming from the polar-vector and axial-vector components of the hadronic current for the coherent and incoherent channels of each isotope are investigated. The studied Mo isotopes are contents of the detector of the MOON experiment operating at Japan with a hybrid aim to search for neutrinoless double beta decay events and to detect low- and intermediate-energy astrophysical neutrinos (solar, supernova, geo-neutrinos), and also of the NEMO neutrinoless double beta decay detector in Modane at France. For such purposes our cross section calculations are of significant importance.
