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Polycrystalline copper wires are drawn in a single and multiple step for the equivalent area reduction (RA) of ∼33% The single step and multiple step drawing process was simulated using a rate independent crystal plasticity with finite strain, which is implemented as a user routine in commercial finite element package ABAQUS. The texture of the cop...
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... the symmetry of the experimental set up, an axi-symmetric analysis was carried out. A rigid conical die is used to reduce the cross sectional area of a copper wire 0.8mm in diameter and 2.5mm long by ∼ 33% using axi-symmetric nite element (FE) drawing simulations as shown in Figure 1. The FEM workpiece consisted of 2272 four noded axi-symmetric elements, with reduced integration (CAX4R) and enhanced hour glass control. ...
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Citations
... One should note that a certain fraction of texture components formed during deformation in metals with cubic lattices is determined by their symmetrical arrangement relative to the external stress state [8,15]. It is also important to emphasize that theoretically calculated deformation textures usually find experimental confirmation [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The emergence of a limited number of preferential crystalline orientations leads to the formation of local-specific misorientations between them. ...
The interest in the crystallography of structural transformations is driven by emerging capabilities in texture control and by the resulting anisotropy of the physical-mechanical properties of functional materials and products. The recrystallization texture of cold-drawn Cu and Al samples after recrystallization annealing at different temperatures was studied using EBSD. Equivalent deformation textures of Al and Cu are transformed into different recrystallization textures. The recrystallization nuclei in Al are formed at high-angle boundaries between deformed grains close to Σ3 CSL boundaries. The recrystallization nuclei in Cu are formed inside the deformed grains at twin boundaries (Σ3). The recrystallization nuclei in both Al and Cu are the crystallites whose boundaries approximately correspond to misorientation rotated about the <772> axis at an angle of 52–70° from a deformed matrix. The physical interpretation of the results will allow for the development of new models and the enhancement of existing models of texture inheritance.
... One should note that the "great" (but perfectly defined) number of formed discrete orientations in metallic materials with cubic lattices is determined by their symmetrical arrangement in relation to an external stress condition [6,8]. It is also important to stress out that theoretically calculated patterns of deformation texture formation often find significant experimental confirmation [12][13][14][15]. ...
Crystallographic features of body-centered cubic to face-centered cubic transformation were studied in an extruded brass product. X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy with electron microprobe analysis, and orientation microscopy based on diffraction of back-scattered electrons were used. A sample after treatment consisted of the β′-phase (Cu0.55Zn0.45, structural type B2) and α-phase (Cu0.65Zn0.35, structural type A1) at 30:70. Integral textures (within the product) of phases were axial with axes parallel to the elongation direction in extrusion: <110> for β’ and <100> for α. Local textures of phases are described as limited and consisting of a set of components. For β′ – {001}<110>, with scattering up to ±25° around the axis <110>; and {110}<110> consisting of three components – one {110}<110> and two {110}±24° around the axis <110>; for α – {001}<100> (strong) and two of {110}<111> (weak). It was shown that components of local textures of the β′- and α-phases were associated by orientation relationships close to Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships. A small number of limited textural components formed as a result of β(BCC)→α(FCC) transformation realized as per multi-variant orientation relationships is explained by the formation of nuclei of a new phase at special boundaries close to coincidence site lattice boundaries Σ3 and Σ33.
... Table 2 lists the proportions of the main components in the EBSD orientation imaging statistics. The statistical results showed that the Goss-oriented grain content increased after continuous extrusion and upsetting, indicating that there were more grains after grain refinement, and there were many 〈111〉, 〈110〉, and 〈100〉 fibre textures in the casting rod, continuous extrusion rod, and upsetting ball, which is consistent with the conclusion that copper wire contains a typical fibre texture [31]. figures 7(a)-(c) shows the EBSD orientation distribution function (ODF) cross-sections for the upward casting rod, continuous extrusion rod, and phosphor copper ball, respectively. ...
Microcrystalline phosphor copper balls with a diameter of 28 mm were prepared via continuous extrusion upsetting. Optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction were used to study the microstructural evolution of phosphor copper balls during the formation process. In addition, the hardness distribution and tensile properties were tested. The results show that fine dynamic recrystallisation grains and twins were formed after continuous extrusion and that the grains were further refined after upsetting. After continuous extrusion upsetting, there were typical 111, 100, and 110 fibre textures, and the proportions of these three textures in the individual samples were different. The change in microhardness was affected by the microstructure. The increase in the hardness value from casting and continuous extrusion upsetting was owing to pronounced grain refinement. The grain sizes from the centre to the edge were similar, and the grain refinement was more uniform. Notably, the grain size of the extruded rod was still fairly uniform from the centre to the edge in the radial direction. It can be concluded that the continuous extrusion-upsetting phosphor copper anode is more conducive to the formation of black film, that is, it is more suitable for electroplating anode material.
... Also in case of clear crystallographic texture of the product anisotropy of any other functional properties can change significantly, in some cases catastrophic. Texture formation and development occurs at the manufacturing stage under targeted deformation and thermal effects on material [9,[11][12][13][14][15]. Taking into account patterns of texture formation enables improvement of material production processes due to proper temperature-time and deformation intervals of the technological processes [16]. ...
... EBSD data show that the texture of α-phase consists of the 8 scattered components: two very strong close to (001) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] orientations; two weak (111) , (111)[-1-12] orientations (Fig. 2, b, d). The analysis of crystallographic relationship (OR) of the texture components of β-and α-phases demonstrate that they may all be obtained, in accordance with the orientation relations, which are intermediate between the Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) and Nishiyama-Wasserman (N-W) types (Fig. 3, a, b). ...
Structure-texture states in brass rods after hot extrusion and air-cooling have been investigated with the orientation microscopy (EBSD). In the examined samples, a significant concentration of β-phase with the lattice, close to bcc and fcc α-phase, has been detected. The β-phase texture consisted of the main components: two close to {110}<110> and {001}<110>. The α-phase texture consisted of the main components: close to {001}<100> and two close {110}<111>. The analysis of crystallographic relationship of the texture components of β-and α-phases demonstrates that they may all be obtained, in accordance with the orientation relations, which are intermediate between the Kurdjumov-Sachs and Nishiyama-Wasserman types It is assumed that β-α transformation began in β-phase at coincident site lattice Σ3 and Σ33a boundaries.
The method of orientation microscopy (EBSD) is used to study the special features of recrystallization texture in drawn copper wire. It is shown that the strict crystallographic relationships between deformation and recrystallization orientations are consequences of the dominant role in structural transformations of special misorientations, i.e. special boundaries. Mechanisms of the appearance and “growth” of annealing twins are proposed. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Evolutions of microstructure and mechanical property of Al-3.0 wt%Mg alloy in the cold-drawing process were investigated by 2D-XRD, SEM observation and tensile test. The relationship between microstructure and mechanical property was studied. The result indicated that the equiaxed grains of the alloys were elongated and the skeletal second phase particles were fragmented during the cold-drawing process. Meanwhile, the grain and dendrite boundaries aligned along the drawing direction with a lamellar structure. The texture changed as 〈101〉 + 〈001〉 + 〈111〉 → 〈 001〉 + 〈111〉→ 〈111〉 and S{123} 〈634〉 + Brass{001} 〈211〉→ Copper{112} 〈111〉 + Goss {011} 〈110〉 + Brass{001} 〈211〉 → Copper{112} 〈111〉. With the increase of strain, the strength of the alloys increased linearly, while the plasticity exhibited the three-stage characteristic decreasing. The strength of the cold-drawn alloy increased and the plasticity decreased as the texture intensity increasing and the grain/second phase size decreasing. When the deformation was low (below 51% in this paper), the mechanical property changing was mainly affected by the dislocation motion. When deformation was high (exceed 51% in this paper), the texture intensity, grain size and second phase size became the key factors to the variety of mechanical property.
The texture of the cold-drawn copper wire was investigated along the radius using electron backscatter diffraction. The complex fiber texture of the central region of the wire was considered as the rolling texture consisting of a set of preferred orientations. The texture of the periphery region was revealed to be similar to the shear texture. The orientation-dependent properties of the wire were proven to be determined by the texture of the near-surface layers. © 2017 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International
