Table 4 - uploaded by Jitender Sareen
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Source publication
To investigate the association between physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) in two national samples. Data came from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 (n = 34,653) and the National Family Health Survey-3 (n = 124 385). Ever-married women between the ages of 20 and...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... = 1.21-2.26) (See Table 4 for complete model findings). The estimated PAF for STI that was associated with IPV in models controlled for AFI, sociodemographic variables and sex- ual violence was 12.7%. ...
Context 2
... sexual violence and AFI were included in the same model, the relationship between IPV and STI was no longer significant (AOR3 = 1.75, CI = 0.84-3.65) (See Table 4 for complete model findings). The estimated PAF for STI that was associated with IPV in models controlled for AFI, sociodemographic variables and sexual violence was 8.3%. ...
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Citations
... Original research behavioural mechanisms behind the elevated prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among abused women. 3 4 9 Increased STI/ HIV risk among male IPV perpetrators versus non-perpetrators has been investigated in the USA, 10 South Asia, 3 9 Guatemala, 6 Uganda 11 and Ukraine. 12 Some small-scale studies have also reported IPV and other partner-related factors as a correlate of STIs among adult women. ...
Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women can significantly impact their overall health. While numerous studies in developing nations highlight the association between IPV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the evidence available within the Indian context remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the relationship between exposure to different forms of IPV and the occurrence of STIs, using a quasi-experimental approach.
Methods
The study used a sample of 63 851 women aged 15–49 years from the latest National Family Health Survey-5. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to assess the ‘treatment effect’ from exposure to IPV (physical, emotional or sexual) in the past 12 months on STIs.
Results
About 12.2% of women (95% CI: 11.7% to 12.8%) reported symptoms of STIs at the time of the survey. Approximately 31.9% (95% CI: 31.2% to 32.7%) of women reported experiencing at least one form of IPV—either physical, emotional or sexual IPV. Of all forms of IPV, physical IPV was the most prevalent, reported by 28.6%, followed by emotional IPV (13.2%) and sexual IPV (5.7%). Women who experienced any form of IPV—whether physical, sexual or emotional—reported a higher prevalence of STIs (17.8%) as compared with those who did not experience any IPV (9.5%). The findings from the PSM analysis indicated that among the three forms of IPV, the impact of sexual IPV on STIs was the most pronounced. The average treatment effect on the treated from exposure to sexual IPV on STIs was 0.15 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.17).
Conclusion
This study provides evidence of a significant association between IPV and STIs among women in India and underscores the urgent need for intensified efforts and interventions to address both IPV and STIs, to improve the overall health and well-being of women in India.
... Also, as shown by Salam et al. abused women suffered from reproductive tract infections signi cantly more than non-abused women (51). Other studies, such as a cross-cultural study by Kishor, con rm this relationship between IPV and STIs (22,23,(52)(53)(54). While IPV cannot lead to STD in the absence of pathogen exposure, the likelihood of STD infection in the presence of such exposure may be increased by partner violence (45). ...
Background
Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) by refugee women is debatable. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are IPV’s squeals. This study aimed to examine associations between IPV and RTI/STI.
Methods
This cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted with 188 reproductive-age Afghan refugee women residing in a refugee settlement in a selected city in Iran, 2016-17. Data were collected using three self-report instruments: a Socio-demographic characteristics form, the Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence, Women’s self-reported RTI/STI-associated symptoms, and the Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. The SPSS software (v. 22) was used to analyze the data at a significance level of less than 0.05. The chi-square test and Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used. The logistic regression model evaluated associations between variables.
Results
The majority of women (79.8%) had ever experienced IPV during the last year and reported at least one symptom related to RTI/STI (70.2%). ‘Age 15–24 years’ (p = 0.037) (OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.11–2.12), ‘no condom use’ (p = 0.014) (OR 5.31; 95% CI, 1.11–25.41) and ‘having forced anal sex’ (p = 0.036) (OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.11–2.12) were found to be significantly associated with the reported symptoms. Most of the women (66.9%) neither sought help for their RTI/STI symptoms by healthcare nor received treatment. IPV was positively associated with RTI/STI -associated symptoms (p < 0.0001), having a history of RTI/STI diagnosis (p < 0.0001), and experiencing at least one of the most specific RTI/STI-associated symptoms (vaginal discharge and genital ulcers) (p < 0.0001). Women who had experienced any RTI/STI-associated symptoms experienced more sexual abuse from their spouses compared to women without any history of STI/RTI-reported symptoms (p < 0.0001) (OR 4.12; 95% CI, 1.87–9.08).
Conclusions
The prevalence of STI/RTI-associated symptoms among the Afghan refugee population is considerable. Also, the high prevalence of IPV and its strong links with the prevalence of reported RTI/STI-associated symptoms underline the urgent need for developing, testing, and implementing appropriate and timely interventions for managing RTI/STI and IPV simultaneously in refugee camps/settlements to tackle both violence and RTI/STI among refugee couples.
... Extensive unindustrialized areas still exist within China, where rural regions remain home to about 40% of its population [9]. IPV is well known to predict numerous adverse health outcomes for partnered women, including physical injuries and their sequelae, reproductive health pathologies, adverse pregnancy outcomes, psychological and emotional trauma, mental illnesses, and acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections due to diminished power in safe-sex decisions [8,[10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) in China is a largely understudied, major health risk among women living with HIV. Using structured face-to-face interviews, this research examined partner and couple relationship characteristics associated with physical and sexual IPV among 219 HIV-positive women living with a male partner in Ruili, China. Twenty-nine women (13%) reported past-year occurrences of physical IPV, and 24 (11%) reported sexual IPV. Physical IPV was more common when the woman’s partner was of Jingpo ethnicity, drank weekly, or learned of her HIV status indirectly from a third person. Reduced risk of physical IPV was associated with a woman’s perceived confidant support that was available through either her partner or a minimum of 2 non-partner confidants. Sexual IPV was more often reported among women with a partner who drank frequently or was concurrently HIV-positive, or in situations where the woman was employed and the partner was not. Sexual IPV was less likely with a partner of Dai ethnicity than Han, the major ethnicity in China. Identifying determinants of IPV vulnerability among women living with HIV may help future interventions to achieve greater impact in similar settings.
... On the other hand, Silverman et al., found that married women who had experienced both sexual and physical forms of IPV had a higher chances of testing positive for HIV compared to those who did not experience any forms of IPV [13]. However, in some studies, no difference in HIV positive status was observed among those who experienced physical without sexual IPV compared with those who experienced no IPV [49,50]. furthermore, in parallel to current findings, a previous study suggests that people who experience IPV may have increased risk for having tested positive for HIV by voluntarily engaging in risky sexual behaviors that includes having multiple partners, unprotected sex, and using substances [20]. ...
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important public health concern in many countries. It is fuelled by gender inequality and disparity, which has resulted in a fundamental violation of women’s human rights. This study aims to find out the association of intimate partner violence (IPV) and other risk factors with the prevalence of HIV infection among married women in India.
Methods
This study is based on data from the India National Family Health Survey (2015–16). Bivariate analysis has been performed to estimate the prevalence of HIV. Logistic regression analysis is conducted to find out the association between IPV, factors such as having alcoholic husband and lifetime partner, and HIV infection among currently married women.
Results
Married women who had faced physical, sexual, and emotional violence from their husbands/partners were almost twice more likely to have tested HIV positive compared to married women who did not face violence [OR: 2.14, CI: 1.08–4.50]. The odds of testing for HIV positive was significantly higher among the married women experiencing IPV and having alcoholic husband [OR: 4.48, CI: 1.87–10.70] than those who did not experience IPV and had non-alcoholic husband. The use of condom did not show any significant association with HIV infection. Again, having more than one lifetime partner had a positive association with HIV infection compared to those with one partner [OR: 2.45, CI: 1.21–4.16].
Conclusions
The study revealed that factors such as experiencing all types of IPV, having an alcoholic husband, increased number of lifetime partners, being sexually inactive, belonging to vulnerable social groups, and urban place of residence are important risk factors of HIV infection among married women in India. The results also suggest that gender-based violence and an alcoholic husband may represent a significant factor of HIV infection among married women and interventions should on focus such vulnerable populations.
... On the other hand, Silverman et al., found that married women who had experienced both sexual and physical forms of IPV had a higher chances of testing positive for HIV compared to those who did not experience any forms of IPV [13]. However, in some studies, no difference in HIV positive status was observed among those who experienced physical without sexual IPV compared with those who experienced no IPV [49,50]. furthermore, in parallel to current findings, a previous study suggests that people who experience IPV may have increased risk for having tested positive for HIV by voluntarily engaging in risky sexual behaviors that includes having multiple partners, unprotected sex, and using substances [20]. ...
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is fuelled by gender inequality and disparity, which has resulted in a fundamental violation of women’s human rights. This study tries to find the association of intimate partner violence and other risk factors with the occurrence of HIV infection among married women in India.
Data and Methods: This study is based on nationally representative data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (2015–16). Bivariate analysis and Multivariate analysis has been performed to determine the prevalence of HIV and Intimate Partner Violence. Logistic regression analysis is performed to find out the association of lifetime intimate partner violence and other factors with HIV infection among currently married women.
Results: Married women who had faced physical, sexual, and emotional violence from their husbands/partners were almost twice more likely to have tested HIV positive compared to married women who did not suffer from violence [OR: 1.90, CI: 1.91-1.97]. The likelihood of testing for HIV positive was significantly higher among the married women whose husbands drink alcohol [OR: 2.49, CI: 1.69-3.66]. Interestingly, the use of condoms did not show any significant association with positive HIV status. Again, having more than one partner had a significant positive association with testing positive for HIV among married women [OR: 2.40, CI: 1.30-4.42].
Conclusion: The findings of the study have shown that factors such as violence, having an alcoholic husband, increased number of lifetime sexual partners, having no financial autonomy, being sexually inactive for weeks, belonging to vulnerable social groups, and urban place of residence are important risk factors of HIV infection among married women in India.
... A further four studies assessed the connection between STIs and IPV (Decker et al., 2014;Hess et al., 2012;Spiwak et al., 2013;Taft et al., 2015). All the studies found that STI rates were higher in IPVþ women. ...
... All the studies found that STI rates were higher in IPVþ women. Spiwak et al. (2013) assessed this correlation in a population from India, and one from the United States, with the results from the Indian population failing to reach statistical significance. Winter and Stephenson (2013) conducted a large study in a population of Indian women which found that IPV was associated with a greater incidence of selfreported symptoms of reproductive tract infections, including genital sores and abnormal vaginal discharge. ...
Aim:
The long-term effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on physical health outcomes and health-related behaviors are underresearched in comparison to the effects on mental health and pregnancy. This systematic review examines the recent research in this area from 2012 through 2019.
Methods:
SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and gray literature were searched using the key words “intimate partner violence” and “health.” To meet inclusion criteria, studies needed to be original research and focus on IPV during adulthood and its effects on the physical health or health-related behaviors of women. Fifty-two studies were qualitatively analyzed, with results grouped into broad categories of effects, including cardiovascular, endocrine, infectious diseases, and health screening.
Results:
IPV was shown to have negative effects on physical health outcomes for women, including worsening the symptoms of menopause and increasing the risk of developing diabetes, contracting sexually transmitted infections, engaging in risk-taking behaviors including the abuse of drugs and alcohol, and developing chronic diseases and pain. It also has significant effects on human immunodeficiency virus outcomes, worsening CD4+ cell depletion. Results varied regarding the effects of IPV on cardiovascular health outcomes.
Conclusion:
The result of this review demonstrates that women who have experienced violence and abuse are at significantly increased risk of poor health outcomes in a variety of areas and so require specialized and tailored primary care. This review highlights significant gaps in this field of research, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease, endocrine dysfunction, and neurological symptoms and conditions. It demonstrates a need for additional long-term studies in this field to better inform the health care of women who have experienced IPV and to establish the physiological mediators of these outcomes.
... Poor health may often result from injuries (Wuest et al., 2010), but some physical health consequences and health risk behaviors may result for physiological stress reactions or attempts to cope with abuse (Breiding et al., 2008). Partner violence victimization can also increase one's risk for contracting a STIs, including HIV/AIDS (Bonomi et al., 2009;Spiwak, Afifi, Halli, Gracia-Moreno, & Sareen, 2013). This is often the result of forced sex by a partner who does not use a condom (Lee & Hadeed, 2009) but is also attributable to victims' risky sexual practices (Breiding et al., 2008). ...
Family violence encompasses a broad range of maltreatment types between family members including physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and financial exploitation. Such violence includes child maltreatment, sibling abuse, intimate partner violence, and elder mistreatment. Family violence is relatively common and represents a significant social, legal, and public health problem. Specifically, research shows that rates of family violence range from 10% to 45% across family relationships in the United States. Moreover, family violence tends to occur in a socioecological context characterized by risk and vulnerability and is related to various negative consequences including psychological distress, health risks, injury, and even death. Despite overlap in the causes and consequences of family violence, work on each type has largely developed independently. However, several theoretical perspectives have been offered that apply broadly to this important social issue. Additionally, existing criminological theories can be utilized to understand the nature and consequences of family violence.
... Having ever experienced intimate partner violence has been associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases [6], such as asthma [7,8], type 2 diabetes [9], cancer [8,10], anaemia [11], and other physical illnesses, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) [12][13][14] and reproductive tract infections (genital sores, abnormal genital discharge, etc.) [8,13,15]. According to a systematic review, intimate partner violence perpetration may be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular risk and disease (including greater systolic blood pressure, incident hypertension, and self-report cardiac disease) [16]. ...
... Furthermore, confirming results from a number of studies [8,[12][13][14][15], this study found that lifetime spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal violence perpetration were significantly positively correlated with genital discharge, genital sores or ulcers, and STIs. Consistent with several previous studies [7,13,[21][22][23][24], this study found that lifetime spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal violence perpetration were associated with tobacco and alcohol use. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the association between lifetime spousal violence victimization, spousal violence perpetration, and physical health outcomes and behaviours among women in India. In the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey, a sample of ever-married women (15–49 years) (N = 66,013) were interviewed about spousal violence. Results indicate that 29.9% of women reported lifetime spousal physical violence victimization and 7.1% lifetime spousal sexual violence victimization (31.1% physical and/or sexual violence victimization), and 3.5% lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration. Lifetime spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal violence perpetration were significantly positively correlated with asthma, genital discharge, genital sores or ulcers, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), tobacco use, alcohol use, and termination of pregnancy, and negatively associated with daily consumption of dark vegetables. In addition, lifetime spousal violence victimization was positively associated with being underweight, high random blood glucose levels, and anaemia, and negatively correlated with being overweight or obese. Lifetime spousal violence perpetration was marginally significantly associated with hypertension. The study found in a national sample of women in India a decrease of lifetime physical and/or sexual spousal violence victimization and an increase of lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration from 2005/5 to 2015/6. The results support other studies that found that, among women, lifetime spousal physical and/or sexual spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration increase the odds of chronic conditions, physical illnesses, and health risk behaviours.
... Las mujeres son biológicamente más vulnerables a contraer infecciones de transmisión sexual incluido el VIH, debido a posibles lesiones genitales que pueden derivarse de las relaciones sexuales forzadas, las cuales pueden facilitar la transmisión de microorganismos ya que la mujer tiene una mayor superficie de mucosa expuesta a las secreciones sexuales de su pareja (Phillips, 2014;Seth, Raiford, Robinson, Wingood, & Diclemente, 2010). Además, los altos niveles de estrés y depresión debido a las relaciones sexuales forzadas y no deseadas, pueden causar la descompensación del sistema inmune permitiendo que las mujeres sean más susceptibles al VIH (Campbell, Baty, Ghandour, & Stockman, 2008;Spiwak, Afifi, Halli, Garcia-Moreno, & Sareen, 2013). ...
El libro es producto del trabajo colaborativo de investigadores especialistas en el análisis y abordaje de diversas problemáticas sociales, así como del estudio y evaluación de políticas sociales.
... Women's age at first sexual intercourse has also been found to be associated with STI. The younger the age at sexual initiation the greater the risk of STI, because younger age is a marker for more lifetime sexual partners and because of women's longer exposure to STI [9,12,13]. ...
... While it is documented that sexual violence against women is the type of violence most closely associated with women's acquisition of STI, studies have highlighted that physical partner violence also bears a risk [1,7,13]. This study suggests that partner violence against women in Egypt (that includes physical partner violence) is an independent risk factor for STI. ...
... Moreover, there was no statistical difference in risk of STI among women reporting their age at first sex was 18 years or higher when compared with the reference group. Spiwak et al. [13] explored the role of age at first intercourse on STI risk in India and the United States and found it to have different implications in different settings. For example, while younger age at first sex is a marker for promiscuity in some settings, it may be a market for marriage at an early age in other settings. ...
To explore the relationship between past year physical or sexual partner violence against women and women's self-report of sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms in post-revolution Egypt; and to examine the effects of men's and women's risky sexual behavioural characteristics and structural dimensions of poverty and gender inequality on this relationship. This study uses the nationally representative cross-sectional demographic and health survey data conducted in 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between past year partner violence and self-report of STI symptoms among currently married women. women's self-report of STI was based on their responses to three questions; whether in the past year they had: got a disease through sexual contact?, a genital sore or ulcer?, or a bad smelling abnormal genital discharge? Women who gave an affirmative response to one or more of these questions were assumed to self-report STI. Almost one-third of women self-reported symptoms of STI. Fourteen percent of women reported they had experienced physical or sexual violence by a male partner in the past 12months. Abused women had a 2.76 times higher odds of self-reported STI symptoms (95% CI 2.25-3.38). The significant relationship between self-reported STI and past year partner violence against women did not alter when adjusting for men's and women's behavioural characteristics and factors related to poverty and gender inequality. Public health interventions that address women's sexual and reproductive health need to consider violence response and prevention strategies.
