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Neopanorpa lipingensis, sp. n. 9. Left gonostylus of male, ventral view; 10. Subgenital plate of female, ventral view; 11. Internal skeleton of female, ventral view. This figure is available in colour online at museum-dez.wiley-vch.de
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A new species of the scorpionfly, Neopanorpa lipingensis, is described and illustrated from the Micangshan Mountains, central China. The immature stages, including egg and larva, were obtained through rearing and illustrated. Its biology and behaviour are also briefly reported. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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Citations
... The males of Panorpa may secrete a salivary mass or provide a dead arthropod as a nuptial gift to attract the female during courtship and/or copulation (Byers and Thornhill, 1983; on tergum III to clamp the wings of the female during copulation (Zhong and Hua, 2013b). According to previous research, the larvae of Neopanorpa and Panorpa differ morphologically, especially the shallow furrows on the head capsule and the chaetotaxy on the larval trunk (Yie, 1951;Cai and Hua, 2009b). However, detailed morphological comparisons of the two genera are lacking so far. ...
... According to previous studies, all larvae of Neopanorpa have shallow furrows on the head capsules (Yie, 1951;Cai and Hua, 2009b). Based on dissections on larval heads, these shallow furrows are connected to internal ridges, which attach muscles internally, as in the invaginated sulci (Snodgrass, 1935). ...
The first-instar larvae of the scorpionflies Panorpa kunmingensis Fu and Hua, 2009 and Panorpa changbaishana Hua, 1998 were compared using scanning electron microscopy. The larvae of both species are eruciform and similar in gross morphology, each bearing three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of abdominal prolegs. The head is more flattened and widened in P. changbaishana than in P. kunmingensis. Cephalic setae are mostly setiform in P. kunmingensis, but are apically expanded in some setae of P. changbaishana. Annulated processes are more prominent in P. changbaishana than in P. kunmingensis. The potential value of larval characters in phylogenetic analyses is briefly discussed in the Panorpidae.
... These larvae prefer to stay in the soil all the time during the day and night. The euedaphic larvae of Neopanorpa all have shallow furrows on their head capsules 41,67 . The furrows help withstanding considerable mechanical pressure imposed on the head capsules during burrowing 46 . ...
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in the world, but how this diversity was achieved is still a disputable and unsatisfactorily resolved issue. In this paper, we investigated the correlations of habitat preferences and morphological traits in larval Panorpidae in the phylogenetic context to unravel the driving forces underlying the evolution of morphological traits. The results show that most anatomical features are shared by monophyletic groups and are synapomorphies. However, the phenotypes of body colorations are shared by paraphyletic assemblages, implying that they are adaptive characters. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa and Cerapanorpa are epedaphic and are darkish dorsally as camouflage, and possess well-developed locomotory appendages as adaptations likely to avoid potential predators. On the contrary, the larvae of Neopanorpa are euedaphic and are pale on their trunks, with shallow furrows, reduced antennae, shortened setae, flattened compound eyes on the head capsules, and short dorsal processes on the trunk. All these characters appear to be adaptations for the larvae to inhabit the soil. We suggest that habitat divergence has driven the morphological diversity between the epedaphic and euedaphic larvae, and may be partly responsible for the divergence of major clades within the Panorpidae.
... It is characterized by slender wings and a greatly developed notal organ (like a clamp to grasp the anterior edge of the female's wings during copulation) (Mickoleit 1971;Zhong & Hua 2013). Approximately 133 species are described in this genus worldwide, of which 75 species are recorded from China (Cai & Hua, 2009). ...
Neopanorpa chillcotti Byers, 1971 was originally described from Kathmandu in Nepal and is now found to be distributed in Gyirong, Tibet in China. The species is redescribed and illustrated based on new material from China and Nepal. The generic status of this species is briefly discussed.
... 节， 但胸足的朝向存在属间差异， 拟蝎蛉属 Panorpodes 幼虫 3 对胸足均伸向腹面 (Jiang 第一章 文献综述 17 et al. 2014)；而短喙拟蝎蛉属 Brachypanorpa 幼虫前胸足伸向腹面，而中、后胸足伸向 侧面 (Byers 1997)，其姿态类似于雪蝎蛉 Boreus 属的幼虫。拟蝎蛉幼虫的腹部没有成对 的腹足，但在腹中线上却具有 4 个或 7 个腹足状突起 (Byers 1997; Jiang et al. 2014)，因 此拟蝎蛉幼虫并不是典型的蛴螬型幼虫。 1.5.5 异蝎蛉科和无翅蝎蛉科 异蝎蛉科 Choristidae 和无翅蝎蛉科 Apteropanorpidae 均分布在澳洲东南部和塔斯马 尼亚岛，为澳洲特有种类 (Byers 1991; Dunford & Somma 2008)。关于异蝎蛉和无翅蝎蛉 幼虫，以往的研究缺乏详细的报道，但根据 Byers (1991) 的记述，异蝎蛉幼虫为蠋型， 身体背面没有环纹毛突。无翅蝎蛉幼虫头部也具有复眼，且形态特征非常类似于蝎蛉科 幼虫 (Evans 1942)。 1.5.6 蝎蛉科 蝎蛉科 Panorpidae 昆虫分布于北半球的大部分地区，主要生活在冷凉高湿的林下灌 木层 (Dunford & Somma 2008; Byers 2009)。蝎蛉科幼虫生活在土壤中 edaphic，腐食性 saprophagous， 主要取食节肢动物尸体和其他腐烂的有机物碎屑 (Byers & Thornhill 1983)。 关于蝎蛉科幼虫的形态学研究可以追溯到 19 世纪中叶，早在 1863 年，Brauer 就对分布 在欧洲的 Panorpa communis L. 幼虫的形态和生物学进行了描述，而随后又由几位昆虫 学家对其进行了细致的补充 (Steiner 1930; Shiperovitsch 1940)。在亚洲地区，日本的昆 虫学研究者三宅常方最早对 P. japonica 幼虫进行了形态学和生物学研究，并记录了其卵 和蛹的形态特征 (Miyaké 1912)。 易希陶曾对分布在我国台湾地区的 11 种蝎蛉科幼虫 （包 括 7 种蝎蛉属和 4 中新蝎蛉属）进行了系统的生物学研究，发现了蝎蛉属 Panorpa 和新 蝎蛉属 Neopanorpa 幼虫形态特征存在着明显的差别 (Yie 1951)。在北美洲，拜尔斯最 早对美洲优势种类 P. nuptialis 进行了生物学研究，详细地描绘了包括卵、幼虫、蛹在内 的全部虫态，并发现了蝎蛉科幼虫每次蜕皮后，其头壳宽度增加的恒定比率约为 1.46 倍 (Byers 1963)。Gassner (1963) 随后又对 P. nuptialis 的幼虫生物学习性进行了补充， 并强调了蝎蛉幼虫头部破卵器 egg burster 在孵化过程中的作用，以及气门瓣数量存在着 龄期间差别 (Gassner 1963)。随后，Mample and Neuzig (1965) 以及 Boese (1973) 等人 又分别对北美洲的 P. virginica 和 P. lugubris 和其他 13 种蝎蛉科幼虫进行了形态比较， 绘制了毛序图，并尝试建立了基于幼虫形态特征的蝎蛉科昆虫检索表，这次开拓性的尝 试证明了蝎蛉科幼虫的形态特征可以用于分类 (Mampe & Neunzig 1965; Boese 1973)。 然而，由于当时技术条件的限制，这些比较研究仅仅提供了包括整体形态和毛序在内的 少量特征，而随后的大量研究不断证明，仅仅运用光学显微技术进行幼虫比较形态学研 究是远远不够的。 进入 21 世纪以来，我国的昆虫学研究人员不断地对蝎蛉幼虫进行了超微形态学研 究，并取得了一定进展。蔡丽君和花保祯最早对分布在秦巴山区的长瓣叉蝎蛉 F.18 蝎蛉科幼虫比较形态学及系统发育分析（昆虫纲：长翅目）longihypovalva，以及黎坪新蝎蛉 N. lipingensis 进行了生物学研究，并简要描述了其幼虫 形态特征(Cai & Hua 2009b;)。随后，他们又对分布在陕西黎坪的秦岭 蝎蛉 P. qinlingensis 的生活史进行了全面的研究，并首次运用扫描电子显微技术 SEM 对 幼虫进行了超微形态学研究 (Cai & Hua 2009a)。陈红敏和花保祯对染翅华蝎蛉 S. tincta 进行了超微形态学研究，并通过与前人比较，发现了幼虫形态特征，尤其是一龄幼虫的 毛序特征存在着较大差别 (Chen & Hua 2011a)。而随后的关于刘氏蝎蛉 P. liui 和大双角 蝎蛉 D. magna 的研究， 也进一步发现了蝎蛉科幼虫的一系列同源结构的形态差别 (Jiang & Hua 2013; Ma et al. 2014b)。因此，幼虫的形态特征，尤其是超微形态特征，能够为蝎 蛉科系统发育分析提供依据。 1.6 本研究目的意义 蝎蛉科是长翅目最大的科，其种类占据长翅目物种数量的 60%以上 (Penny 2011)。 蝎蛉科现存 7 属， 包括蝎蛉属 Panorpa， 新蝎蛉属 Neopanorpa， 单角蝎蛉属 Cerapanorpa， 双角蝎蛉属 Dicerapanorpa，华蝎蛉属 Sinopanorpa，叉蝎蛉属 Furcatopanorpa，以及长 腹蝎蛉属 Leptopanorpa，其中蝎蛉属又包括无角蝎蛉种团 P. davidi group 和阿穆尔蝎蛉 种团 P. amurensis group 等 (Zhong & Hua 2013b; Hu et al. 2015)。蝎蛉科各属（种团）之 ...
Larvae are a peculiar developtmental stage of holometabolous insects, occupy a considerable part of the insect life history, and contribute significantly to the prosperity of
Holometabola. The insect larvae are important to the study of insect taxonomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology, and cause direct injury to crops and other valuable materials of humans. However, since larvae are more difficult to obtain compared with adults, the most reliable way to get larvae is to rear the identified adults. For these reasons, the knowledge of insect larvae is far from satisfactory, especially for some small groups like Mecoptera.
Mecoptera is one of the most primitive lineages of Holometabola, remarkable for bearing
a pair of compound eyes on the larval head capsule, and is considered important to the study of the evolutionary origion of holometabolous insects. The Mecoptera contains more than 600 extant speceis across the world, assigning to nine families. The larvae of these families exhibit dramatically morphological and biological diversity, including the aquatic campodeiform larvae of Nannochoristidae, the herbivorous scarabaeiform larvae of Boreidae, and the edaphic eruciform larvae of Bittacidae and Panorpidae. These larvae are even more diverse morphologically and biologically on familial or generic levels, and may provide valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis.
In this study, the larvae of 33 species in Panorpidae, two species in Bittacidae, and one species in Panorpodidae were obtained through rearing in the past six years. The larvae were examined and compared morphologically using light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of larval mouthparts in related to their feeding behaviour, and the morphological diversity associated with habitat divergence were discussed. The phylogenetic analysis of Panorpidae was conducted on the basis of these larval morphological characters.
The larval feeding habits vary among Bittacidae, Panorpidae, and Panorpodidae, and the
larval mouthparts are also diverse morphologically among these families. In Panorpidae the larvae are saprophagous, consuming both the soft tissues and chitinous cuticle of dead insects. The molar regions of panorpid larvae bear numerous tuberculate teeth for grinding solid food. In Bittacidae the larvae are also saprophagous, feeding especially on the inner semi-fluid tissues of dead insects, and discard the empty exoskeleton on the ground. The molar regions of bittacid larvae are furnished with long spines for preventing larger particles from entering the pharynx. In Panorpodidae, however, the larval feeding habits are unknown. The molar regions of panorpodid larvae are glabrous, likely unsuitable for ginding solid food. It is more likely that these edaphic larvae of Panorpodidae feed on tissue of juice of the tender roots of
some specific host plants.
The larvae of Panorpidae are usually edaphic, living in/on the soil. However, based on
our current investigations, the specific living habits of larvae are diverse significantly on the generic level. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa are epedaphic, living predominantly on the soil surface. The larvae of Cerapanorpa are semi-epedaphic, staying either on the soil surface or beneath the soil horizon. The larvae of Panorpa are nocturnally active, staying in the soil during the day and crawling on the soil surface in the night. The larvae of Neopanorpa are euedaphic, living concealedly in the soil. The larval morphological features in these genera are also diverse associated with their living habits. In order to increase their survival opportunities, the larvae of Dicerapanorpa and Cerapanorpa all have darkish dorsal integuments, simulating the coloration of the soil as camouflage. The larvae of Panorpa are even nocturnally active to decrease the predation risk from the visually hunting predators. The larvae of Dicerapanorpa, Cerapanorpa, and Panorpa, all possess well-developed visual organs (prominent compound eyes) and locomotive organs (thoracic legs and prolegs). However, the euedaphic larvae of Neopanorpa adopt no camouflage strategy, but have additional shallow furrows on their head capsules to enhance the mechanical strength during locomotion beneath the soil horizon.
The phylogenetic analysis of Panorpidae was conducted on the basis of the larval
morphological characters for the first time. The phylogeny of 33 panorpid species was
reconstructed with maximum parsimony based on 52 larval morphological chararcers,
including 27 numeric characters and 25 continuous characters, employing Panorpodes
kuandianensis (Panorpodidae) and Bittacidae as the outgroups. The result shows that the
larval morphological characters support the current taxonomical system of Panropdiae. Most of the panorpid genera, including Neopanorpa, Dicerapanorpa, Sinopanorpa, and
Cerapanorpa, were reconfirmed to be monophyly. Panorpa, however, is supposed to be a
paraphyletic group and may need further split. The topology of the phylogenetic tree shows that the Panorpidae are basally splited into two clades, Neopanorpa is the sister group of all the other species. The monotypic genus Furcatopanorpa is the basal lineage of the latter. The genus Cerapanorpa is the sister group of the monophy comprising Dicerapanorpa and Sinopanorpa.
... The huge morphological diversity combined with the modest number of extant taxa supports the view that extant Mecoptera are only the remnants of a once very diverse group (Penny, 1975). Family Panorpidae is cur- rently the most diverse and abundant, containing about 400 species belonging to six genera (Chau and Byers, 1978;Cai et al., 2008;Cai and Hua, 2009;Ma and Hua, 2011;Zhong and Hua, 2013). This family has a disjunctive holarctic distribution with some representatives in the oriental region (Archibald et al., 2013) and to date there is no fossil evidence for a wider past distribution (Ding et al., 2014). ...
Panorpodidae (short-faced scorpionflies) is a species-poor family of scorpionflies (Mecoptera). Fossils are extremely rare but indicate that this group was diverse in the past. Up to now, three species of the genus Panorpodes have been described from Eocene Baltic amber, as well as a possible panorpodid from the Lower Eocene of Patagonia. Panorpodes gedanensis sp. n. is the fourth species to be recognised in amber material. Wing markings are the most important character in the taxonomy of fossil short-faced scorpionflies. The new species described here shows a new pattern of markings – five dark spots and a terminal band. The Eocene representatives of the genus Panorpodes display different patterns of wing markings: highly transparent wings in P. brevicauda (Hagen, 1856), transparent wings with dark bands and spots in P. weitschati Soszyńska-Maj and Krzemiński, 2013, narrow transparent bands on a dark background in P. hageni Carpenter, 1954 and regular spots in P. gedanensis sp.n. This past diversity and distribution emphasises the relictual status of extant Panorpodidae. A key to fossil species of the genus Panorpodes based on characters of the forewing is provided.
... The males of Panorpa may secrete a salivary mass or provide a dead arthropod as a nuptial gift to attract the female during courtship and/or copulation (Byers and Thornhill, 1983; on tergum III to clamp the wings of the female during copulation (Zhong and Hua, 2013b). According to previous research, the larvae of Neopanorpa and Panorpa differ morphologically, especially the shallow furrows on the head capsule and the chaetotaxy on the larval trunk (Yie, 1951;Cai and Hua, 2009b). However, detailed morphological comparisons of the two genera are lacking so far. ...
... According to previous studies, all larvae of Neopanorpa have shallow furrows on the head capsules (Yie, 1951;Cai and Hua, 2009b). Based on dissections on larval heads, these shallow furrows are connected to internal ridges, which attach muscles internally, as in the invaginated sulci (Snodgrass, 1935). ...
... Mecoptera is a small order of insects, comprising about 600 extant species assigned to nine families (Cai et al. 2008, Krzemiński andSoszyńska-Maj 2012). The Panorpidae is the largest family in the order, with about 400 extant species in six genera: Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758, Leptopanorpa MacLachlan, 1875, Neopanorpa Weele, 1909, Sinopanorpa Cai, Huang & Hua, 2008, Furcatopanorpa Ma & Hua, 2011and Dicerapanorpa Zhong & Hua, 2013(Byers 1967, Cai et al. 2008, Cai and Hua 2009, Ma and Hua 2011, Zhong and Hua 2013. ...
AbstractThe early history of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) is poorly known due to sparse fossil records. Up to date, only nine fossil species have been described, all from the Paleogene, except the Early Cretaceous Solusipanorpa gibbidorsa Lin, 1980. However, we suggest S. gibbidorsa is too incompletely preserved to permit even family classification. A new genus with two new species, Jurassipanorpa impunctata
gen. et sp. n. and Jurassipanorpa sticta
sp. n., are described based on four well-preserved specimens from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. These two new species are the earliest fossil records of Panorpidae. The new genus is erected based on a combination of forewing characters: both R1 and Rs1 with two branches, 1A reaching posterior margin of wing distad of the forking of Rs from R1, and no crossveins or only one crossvein between veins of 1A and 2A. In all four specimens, long and robust setae ranging from 0.09 to 0.38 mm in length and pointing anteriorly, are present on anal veins of forewings. The function of these setae is enigmatic.
... 2692 L. Jiang and B. Hua larvae (Hinton 1946). Later, the larvae of Neopanorpa lipingensis (Cai et al. 2009b) and Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva (Hua & Cai 2009;Ma & Hua 2011a) are described. Chen and Hua (2011) describe the first instar larva of Sinopanorpa tincta (Navás), and note that the number of ommatidia in each compound eye is varied among genera. ...
... Chaetotaxy can provide significant characters for the classification of insect larvae (Hinton 1946). The amount, length and shape of setae are diverse among genera and species of Panorpidae (Yie 1951;Boese 1973;Cai & Hua 2009a, 2009bChen & Hua 2011). Most setae are clavate or setiform in P. liui, in contrast to capitate in Neopanorpa (Cai & Hua 2009b) or acicular in Furcatopanorpa (Hua & Cai 2009). ...
... The amount, length and shape of setae are diverse among genera and species of Panorpidae (Yie 1951;Boese 1973;Cai & Hua 2009a, 2009bChen & Hua 2011). Most setae are clavate or setiform in P. liui, in contrast to capitate in Neopanorpa (Cai & Hua 2009b) or acicular in Furcatopanorpa (Hua & Cai 2009). The larva of P. liui has only two microsetae (MV1 and MV2) anterior to V1 on T1, not four as on the larva of Sinopanorpa (Chen & Hua 2011). ...
The immature stages of the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua were obtained through rearing. The egg, larva, and pupa were observed using light and scanning electron microscopy with special reference to the chaetotaxy of the first instar larva and pupa. The larva is of eruciform type, with three pairs of thoracic legs and eight pairs of abdominal prolegs. The head of the larva bears a pair of compound eyes, each of which consists of 26 ommatidia. A fleshy tibial lobe is borne distally on the mesal side of the tibia of thoracic legs. The telson bears a protrusile sucker of four anal forks. The pupa is exarate and decticous with sexual dimorphism in chaetotaxy and caudal segments. This species completes two generations per year, overwintering as the prepupal stage in the soil. The duration of egg, larva and pupa is 3–4, 13–19 and 8–10 d, respectively.
... Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the largest genus of Panorpidae and is such a diverse taxon that it is often subdivided into different species groups based on external morphological characters for regional faunas (Ma and Hua 2011). The genus Neopanorpa Weele, 1909 is an Oriental group in Panorpidae with more than 130 known species in the world to date (Cai and Hua 2009). The cytogenetics of Mecoptera received a passing interest from the 1930s to the 1970s. ...
The male adults of four species of the Chinese Panorpidae in Mecoptera were cytogenetically studied using conventional squashing procedures. The results show that their sex-chromosome system belongs to the XO type, with n = 19 + X(O) in Panorpa emarginata Cheng, 1949 and Panorpa dubia Chou & Wang, 1981, n = 23 + X(O) in Panorpa sp., and n = 20 + X(O) in Neopanorpa lui Chou & Ran, 1981. X chromosomes of these species usually appear dot-shaped in late prophase I and are easily differentiated from autosomal bivalents. Meiosis in these Panorpidae lacks typical diplotene and diakinesis. In late prophase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes remain parallel in a line and show no evidence of crossing-over. Some of them even appear as a single unit because of extremely intimate association, all with a tendency of increasing condensation. The evolutionary significance of their chromosomal differences and the achiasmatic meiosis of Panorpidae are briefly discussed.
... Its relationship with Siphonaptera and Diptera in Antliophora has not been satisfactorily resolved (Beutel et al., 2011;Dallai et al., 2003;Whiting, 2002). An exceptional feature of most mecopteran larvae is that they possess a pair of prominent compound eyes (Ando and Suzuki, 1977;Byers, 1991;Cai and Hua, 2009;Hua and Cai, 2009;Li et al., 2007;Suzuki, 1985), a plesiomorphic character in the Holometabola (Tan and Hua, 2009). In this aspect, Mecoptera may represent one of the basal lineages in Holometabola, or specifically the most basal taxon in Antliophora (Kristensen, 1999). ...
The embryonic origin of the alimentary canal, especially the midgut, is a controversial problem in insects, and it has not been satisfactorily resolved to date. The organogenesis of the digestive system in the embryonic development was observed in the scorpionfly Panorpa obtusa Cheng using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. The embryonic development lasts about 150-160 h at 24°C. The stomodaeum is formed from an invagination in the medioposterior portion of the protocephalon mid-ventrally posterior to the labral segment at 76 h after oviposition. The proctodaeum arises as an invagination from the caudal end of the abdomen at 78 h. Four anal forks are formed from within the opening of proctodaeum. Three pairs of proctodaeal evaginations are formed from the anterior part of the proctodaeum, and eventually developing into Malpighian tubules, thus are of ectodermal origin. The cardiac and pyloric valves develop from stomodaeum and proctodaeum, respectively, and also of ectodermal origin. The midgut epithelium originates from anterior and posterior midgut rudiments in blind ends of the stomodaeum and proctodaeum, and it is of endodermal origin. The two cell-bands (rudiments) cover the yolk ventrally and then dorsally, elongate to each other, and eventually fuse to form the midgut. The midgut formation pattern is briefly discussed in different insects. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
