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Cataclysta lemnata female genitalia. 20. Lateral view; 21. Last segments of the abdomen. Buc – bursa copulatrix; Du. Bc – ductus bursae; Apo – apophyses; Pap – papillae.
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Water ferns (Azolla spp., Azollaceae) are reported for the first time as host plants for the larvae of the small China-mark moth Cataclysta lemnata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Acentropinae) in rice fields and waterways of northern Iran. Cataclysta lemnata is a semi-aquatic species that has been recorded to feed on Lemnaceae and a few other...
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Citations
... (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Acentropinae) feeds on duckweed (Lemna minuta) reported by Mariani et al. (2020a,b). Haghani et al. (2017) observed that C. lemnata mainly infested Azolla sp. of duckweed. C. lemnata used duckweed as material for construction of protective cases at larval stages (Mariani et al. 2021). ...
... Mating, oviposition behaviuor and association were observed around one hour and recorded at 24 hours of interval. Incubation was observed under a SKT microscope (Fig.1l) following the methods described by Mariani et al. (2021), Hu et al. (2018) and Haghani et al. (2017). Finally, the effectiveness of emergent traps as a control measure (effects of mass adult trapping) was clarified by comparing the seasonal abundance of larval cases between the ponds (with trap and without emergent traps). ...
A one-year (May to April) study was done about the seasonal abundance of pyralid insect (Synclita occidentalis: Pyralidae), its association with the duckweed (Spirodela sp.), and the effectiveness of emergent trap as a control measure of pyralid insect in mini ponds ecosystem. The adult insects were non-feeding and selected duckweeds for oviposition and larval development. The larvae of different instars were used duckweed fronds as a trophic source (food). For this, the insect attains pest status in its larval stage. The duckweed production is highly hampered due to the attack of this pyralid insect in pond ecosystem. During experiment, two seasonal peaks were noted, one in summer and another in autumn (larvae and adults). The highest relative seasonal abundance of the adults was recorded in June (0.2) and larvae was in August (0.23). The lowest abundance of the adults and larvae was found 0.001 and 0.01, respectively during winter season. In this experiment, it was found that larvae used duckweed fronds as food in maximum 18.86 ± 0.86 and minimum 13.33 ± 0.70. The larva also built protective cases in duckweed fronds. The highest length of the larval cases was 27.07 ± 1.7 mm and width was 14.8 ± 1.75 mm. The larval feeding habit and case-making adaptability give this insect pest status. From the experiment, it was also found that the length and width of the larval cases greatly varied in different seasons and not positively correlated (P > 0.005). The total seasonal abundance of larval cases was lower in treatment ponds (54) than control (103); and not varied significantly (P > 0.005) between the experimental ponds. In addition, the net trap of adult’s emergent had an important role in suppressing pyralid pest population especially in summer. This situation indicated that it might be a key contribution as a control planning during the peak season of pyralid pest outbreak for the management of duckweed in aquatic ecosystems. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2023, 9(2): 99-108
... Adding phosphorus to the field once or twice every two weeks for two weeks after inoculation boosted the Azolla's biomass production. A. pinnata may also be utilized as a biofertilizer on acidic soils in Kerala (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2017). Table 01 shows the comparative assessment of organic carbon, N, and P in soil, yield, and harvest index percentages from rice field under different treatments of Azolla. ...
Azolla species are the world's smallest but most commercially significant, macrophytes, which float on the water surface and are found in freshwater and brackish waters. Azolla is one of the fastest growing plants on the globe, and it can double its surface area every 5 to 10 days, making it an extremely valuable resource. Anabaena azollae, a cyanobacteria, which is harboured in the leaf lobe of Azolla, is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen while making it accessible to crop plants. Therefore, the Azolla Anabaena relationship is significant in agronomy. The presence of a symbiotic cyanobacterium, A. azollae, which occupies the dorsal lobe of the leaves, contributes to the system's nitrogen fixing capabilities. As a result of this characteristic, it has been widely used as a biofertilizer for rice plants. Apart from that, it may be used for a variety of other things, such as food and feed, biofuel production, and heavy metal accumulation. Because it has so many uses, promoting and using the Azolla Anabaena system in sustainable agriculture would be helpful and good for the environment.
... Aquatic fern, or Azolla, is a water-floating weed that belongs to the Azollaceae family and exists in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2017;Maity and Patra, 2008;Prabina and Kumar, 2010). Azolla is composed of eight species, one of which, Azolla caroliniana, has a high nutritional value. ...
The present study was performed to examine the effects of aquatic fern (Azolla caroliniana) (AQF) on growth performance, skin mucus and serum immunities, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia reared in a biofloc system. Three hundred Nile tilapia fingerlings (average 10.48 ± 0.56 g fish-1) were distributed into 15 glass tanks (150 liters tank − 1) at a concentration of 20 fish tank − 1. A completely randomized design was used in triplicates, where the control group was fed 0 g kg − 1 AQF (AQF1), while AQF2, AQF3, AQF4, and AQF5 were fed 25, 50, 100, and 200 g kg − 1 AQF, respectively. Growth and immunological specimens were collected every 4 weeks, while disease resistance was conducted after 8 weeks post-feeding. The results showed that dietary administration of AQF significantly promoted the growth rate and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia, with the maximum level noticed in fish fed 100 g kg − 1 AQF. However, no significant differences were observed between the AQF1 and AQF5 diets. Similarly, incorporation of AQF resulted in significantly higher skin mucus and serum immunities than the control, except for AQF5. The highest values were observed in fish fed the AQF5 diet. The challenge test showed that in contrast to the control (26.67%), the AQF administrated diets led to significantly higher sur-vivability by 60% (AQF2), 66.67% (AQF3), 83.33% (AQF4), and 53.33 for AQF5. The relative percent survival (RPS) was 45.45%, 54.55%, 77.27%, and 36.36% in AQF2, AQF3, AQF4, and AQF5, respectively. The highest RPS against S. agalactiae was noted in the AQF4 diet. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 100 g kg − 1 AQF can be potentially used as a growth promoter and immunostimulant in Nile tilapia aquaculture.
... More work is needed to verify whether these South American strains represent a new species of Azolla. The phylogenetic position of the Anzali accession analyzed here was consistent with the observations of several distinct-looking Azolla in the Anzali lagoon (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2017), and suggested that not only A. filiculoides may have been released as nitrogen biofertilizer. ...
Water ferns of the genus Azolla and the filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc azollae constitute a model symbiosis that enabled the colonization of the water surface with traits highly desirable for the development of more sustainable crops: their floating mats capture CO2 and fix N2 at high rates using light energy. Their mode of sexual reproduction is heterosporous. The regulation of the transition from the vegetative phase to the spore forming phase in ferns is largely unknown, yet a prerequisite for Azolla domestication, and of particular interest as ferns represent the sister lineage of seed plants. Sporocarps induced with far red light could be crossed so as to verify species attribution of strains from the Netherlands but not of the strain from the Anzali lagoon in Iran; the latter strain was assigned to a novel species cluster from South America. Red-dominated light suppresses the formation of dissemination stages in both gametophyte- and sporophyte-dominated lineages of plants, the response likely is a convergent ecological strategy to open fields. FR-responsive transcripts included those from MIKCC homologues of CMADS1 and miR319-controlled GAMYB transcription factors in the fern, transporters in N. azollae, and ycf2 in chloroplasts. Loci of conserved microRNA (miRNA) in the fern lineage included miR172, yet FR only induced miR529 and miR535, and reduced miR319 and miR159. Phylogenomic analyses of MIKCC TFs suggested that the control of flowering and flower organ specification may have originated from the diploid to haploid phase transition in the homosporous common ancestor of ferns and seed plants.
... Azolla is a genus of 5 to 8 varieties of suspended marine plants that previously belongs to family Saliviniaceae [7], while modern researches put Azolla in family Azollaceae [8] which is a family of heterosporous ferns in the order Salviniales [9]. Azolla also was known as Mosquito ferns or Duckweed that create a mutual partnership with cyanobacteria with the ability to fix Nitrogen [10,11,12]. ...
Well-known commercial Tomato seeds (Alisa) were obtained from a famous local store. All seeds were grouped into 7 groups (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and Control), which were equivalent to different Azolla biofertilizers extract. Seeds of each group were left immersed in the equivalent concentration 24 hours before sown in pots with growing media of 1 peat: 1Vermeculite at the beginning of summer season (First week of May). At the time of transplantation to the field, three pots of each group were used for seed germination test; Seeds were transplanted into the field after 6 weeks. After three days of transplantation, control solution (without Azolla biofertilizer) and different Azolla biofertilizers were foliar applied, the process was repeated every 15 days till 45 days after transplanting. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was adapted. Each block consisted of two rows of 1.5m in wide and 5 m long (15 m2/plot), plant spacing was 50 cm, and each replicate has 20 plants. The suggested development approaches for the summer season were conducted all through the developing season. Vegetative growth of the tomatoes was expressed as plant height, plant length, branch flower clusters, and fruits were estimated in five plants/plot after 50 days from the date of transplanting. Tomatoes of control group and Tomatoes that showed a strong vegetative growth were used for feeding Winstar rats. All Biochemical parameters showed a highly significant difference compared to the control group.
... We also do not know about the caterpillar development time and survival rates on different plant species. On the other hand some oligophagous species, like Cataclysta lemnata, a crambid that was generally found to be associated with Lemnaceae, may occasionally consume other macrophytes including Stratiotes aloides, or even Typha latifolia and Glyceria maxima (van der Velde, 1988), as well as water ferns of the genus Azolla (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2017). Stoops et al. (1998) suggested, based on their own results and literature data that most of the aquatic crambids are polyphagous since they feed on more than four species of plants from a minimum of three plant families. ...
This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of aquatic and semi aquatic moths, and discusses possible pre-adaptations of the moths to the aquatic environment. It also highlights major gaps in our understanding of this group of aquatic insects. Aquatic and semi-aquatic moths represent only a tiny fraction of the total lepidopteran diversity. Only about 0.5 % of 165 000 known lepidopterans are aquatic; mostly in the preimaginal stages. Truly aquatic species can be found only among the Crambidae, Cosmopterigidae and Erebidae, while semi-aquatic forms associated with
amphibious or marsh plants are known in thirteen other families. These lepidopterans have developed various strategies and adaptations that have allowed them to stay under water or in close proximity to water. Problems of respiratory adaptations, locomotor abilities, influence of predators and parasitoids, as well as feeding preferences are discussed. Nevertheless, the poor knowledge on their biology, life cycles, genomics and phylogenetic relationships preclude the generation of fully comprehensive evolutionary scenarios.
... Due to poor management, Azolla spp. invaded important aquatic natural habitats, such as the Anzali and Amir-Kalayeh lagoons in northern regions of Iran, and have become problematic in some of the rice fields as well (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2016a). Stenopelmus rufinasus is known as a great biological control agent for water fern, A. filiculoides, worldwide. ...
... In addition, it has been demonstrated that this weevil can feed on mosquito fern, A. pinnata, and Carolina mosquito-fern, Azolla cristata Kaulf (previously known as Azolla caroliniana) as well (Winston et al., 2014;Parys et al., 2015). Stenopelmus rufinasus has not been reported from Iran and so far, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera.: Aphididae), Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Farahpour-Haghani et al., 2015;2016a;2016b;. This is the first record of S. rufinasus from Iran. ...
The water fern weevil, Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is considered as the most important biological control agent of Azolla spp. in the world. Azolla spp. was introduced in Iran in 1986. In August 2017, two specimens of S. rufinasus were collected on Azolla spp. in waterways near Anzali lagoon and Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Guilan province for the first time. Identification was based on molecular sequencing. This is the first record of S. rufinasus from Iran.
... Azolla is a genus of 5 to 8 varieties of suspended marine plants that previously belongs to family Saliviniaceae [7], while modern researches put Azolla in family Azollaceae [8] which is a family of heterosporous ferns in the order Salviniales [9]. Azolla also was known as Mosquito ferns or Duckweed that create a mutual partnership with cyanobacteria with the ability to fix Nitrogen [10,11,12]. ...
Well-known commercial Tomato seeds (Alisa) were obtained from a famous local store. All seeds were grouped into 7 groups (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and Control), which were equivalent to different Azolla biofertilizers extract. Seeds of each group were left immersed in the equivalent concentration 24 hours before sown in pots with growing media of 1 peat: 1Vermeculite at the beginning of summer season (First week of May). At the time of transplantation to the field, three pots of each group were used for seed germination test; Seeds were transplanted into the field after 6 weeks. After three days of transplantation, control solution (without Azolla biofertilizer) and different Azolla biofertilizers were foliar applied, the process was repeated every 15 days till 45 days after transplanting. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was adapted. Each block consisted of two rows of 1.5m in wide and 5 m long (15 m2/plot), plant spacing was 50 cm, and each replicate has 20 plants. The suggested development approaches for the summer season were conducted all through the developing season. Vegetative growth of the tomatoes was expressed as plant height, plant length, branch flower clusters, and fruits were estimated in five plants/plot after 50 days from the date of transplanting. Tomatoes of control group and Tomatoes that showed a strong vegetative growth were used for feeding Winstar rats. All Biochemical parameters showed a highly significant difference compared to the control group.
Subfossil remains of aquatic invertebrates found in lacustrine sediments are useful paleoenvironmental indicators. Strongly scleroticized chitinous body parts from the exoskeleton or exuviae from invertebrates are often the most resistant to degradation during syn- and post-depositional processes. Invertebrate mandibles and body parts that superficially resemble mandibles, such as claw-like appendages and pygopodia, are frequently found in sieved Quaternary lacustrine, palustrine, and deltaic sediments. Guides, catalogs and atlases have been published that are well suited for the identification of subfossil remains for several invertebrate groups, such as chironomids, cladocerans, and ostracods, among others. However, aquatic invertebrate remains of several ecologically important invertebrate groups continue to be underused in paleoenvironmental studies, in part, because there are few visual keys or other documentation sources (e.g. descriptions, catalogs or atlases) that increase awareness and facilitate identification. Here we present sets of digital photomicrographs of pre-identified aquatic invertebrate specimens collected from streams, lakes and ponds that have been chemically cleared to preserve structures that are observed in subfossil remains in sieved sediment samples, commonly the > 100 μm size fractions. In addition, we present examples of these structures from Quaternary lake-sediment samples and cite the dispersed literature that demonstrate that these remains are preserved and remain identifiable in the fossil record. We document mandibles from several taxonomic groups that include Crustacea: Amphipoda, Isopoda, Ostracoda, and Notostraca; and Insecta orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. The compilation of microphotographs also includes pygopodia and claw appendages of Plecoptera and Trichoptera, with additional images of other common invertebrate mouthpart and head remains. We describe several types of fossilizing structures that are, to our knowledge, not previously described in the paleoecological literature (e.g. mandibles of amphipods or plecopterans) but also show that some structures are considerably more variable than expected based on available descriptions, such as the mandibles of Ephemeroptera or Trichoptera, and that these can potentially be separated into different morphotypes useful for identification of subfossil material. We also discuss the potential of analyzing and interpreting the additional remains together with the remains of more commonly analyzed invertebrate groups (e.g. Chironomidae) to contribute to paleoenvironmental interpretations, which will allow assessments of functional groups (e.g. predators, shredders, grazers) or habitat types (e.g. littoral, profundal or lotic environments) that aquatic invertebrate remains originate from.
