Figures 8-11 - uploaded by Marcus Rodrigues Costa
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Relationship between batch fecundity and gonad weight (8), total weight (9), total length (10), and age (11) of Cynoscion leiarchus in Sepetiba Bay.
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Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830) is a coastal fish species that is widely distributed along the Western Atlantic coast, from Belize to Southern Brazil. In Brazil, C. leiarchus It is an important resource for commercial and artisanal fisheries. Our objective was to describe the oogenesis and spermatogenesis stages of the species and to estimate ba...
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... An estimation of the first maturation of fish (Lm 50 ) is essential to apply for assessing a minimum permissible mesh size and avoid over exploitation of juveniles for fisheries management [54,60,71]. Environmental conditions can lead to changes of growth and onset of gonadal maturation [63,64,72]. Stock density and food availability can also influence sexual maturity of marine fish species [58]. ...
This study investigated the reproductive traits of the hermaphroditic four-finger threadfin, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, along the coasts of Thailand during January to December 2021. Fish samples were collected from Pattani Bay, Thailand to assess the sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), maturity stage and fecundity. Additional fish samples were also collected from other areas to evaluate the length and weight at first sex change (Ls50 and Ws50) and length at first maturity (Lm50). The overall sex ratio for male and female was 1:0.69 with male being predominant throughout the year. Threadfin fish spawn the whole year round with peaks during moderate rainy and heavy rainy seasons. Histological examination confirmed its protandrous hermaphrodite posing multiple spawning habits. The average fecundity was 1.85 × 10⁵ ± 1.05 × 10⁵ eggs and positively related with standard length, body weight, gonad weight, and egg diameter (p < 0.05). The Ls50 and Ws50 were 27.58 cm and 419.39 g, and 29.71 cm and 457.28 g, for fish from Pattani Bay and Samut Prakan province, respectively. The Lm50 of male from Pattani Bay and Samut Prakan province were 25.78 cm and 25.56 cm, respectively, which were larger than those from Satun and Nakhon Sri Thammarat provinces. The Lm50 of females from Pattani Bay was smaller than that from Samut Prakan province. This study provided fundamental information on the reproductive characteristics of E. tetradactylum, which can be implemented to support management of natural fish stock and aquaculture development.
... For histological examination, 95 gonad samples, accounted for 22% of total sh sample, were wiped with tissue paper and weighed to the nearest 0.01g. They were xed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in bottle jars [9,15,33]. Immature individuals for which sex could not be identi ed with naked eye, were excluded for histological analysis. In histological process, three sub-samples from gonad tissues were taken from three parts of gonad; the anterior, middle, and posterior, respectively and followed the methods described by Simon et al. [34,35], Oliveira et al. (2015) [36], Silva et al. [33] and Shihab et al. [15]. ...
... Immature individuals for which sex could not be identi ed with naked eye, were excluded for histological analysis. In histological process, three sub-samples from gonad tissues were taken from three parts of gonad; the anterior, middle, and posterior, respectively and followed the methods described by Simon et al. [34,35], Oliveira et al. (2015) [36], Silva et al. [33] and Shihab et al. [15]. Gonad tissues were loaded in an automatic tissue processor (LEICA JUNG HISTOKINETTE 2000) with the process of 12 solutions comprising of propanol, chloroform and paraplast for 24 hours. ...
... Nesarul et al. [9]. However, Thorsen [33,36,41,44,49,59]. Stock density and food availability can in uence sexual maturity of marine sh species [53]. ...
This study investigates reproductive traits of the hermaphroditic four-finger threadfin, Eleutheronema tetradactylum , along the coasts of Thailand during January 2021 and January 2022. Fish sample from Pattani Bay, Thailand was collected to assess sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), maturity stage and fecundity. Additional samples from other provinces were used to investigate length and weight at first sex change (Ls 50 and Ws 50 ) and length at first maturity (Lm 50 ). It was found that the overall sex ratio for male and female was 1:0.69 with male predominated throughout the year. This fish spawned the whole year round with peak during moderate rainy season. Results from histological examination confirmed its protandrous hermaphrodite posing multiple spawning behavior. The average fecundity was 1.85 x 10 ⁵ ± 1.05 x 10 ⁵ eggs and positively related with standard length, body weight, gonad weight and egg diameter (P < 0.05). The Ls 50 and Ws 50 for fishes from Pattani Bay and Samut Prakan province were 27.58 cm, 419.39 g and 29.71 cm, 457.28 g, respectively. The Lm 50 of male from Pattani Bay and Samut Prakan were 25.78 cm and 25.56 cm, respectively, considered larger than those from Satun and Nakhon Sri Thammarat provinces. The Lm 50 of female from Pattani Bay was slightly smaller than that of Samut Prakan province. This study provides fundamental information on the reproductive characteristics of E. tetradactylum and can be implemented for both management of natural fish stock and future aquaculture development.
... Baseline information on the size relationships involving length and weight variables are important predictive indices i. e., weight-length ratio, length-length, fertility-length, and fertility-weight (Silva et al., 2016), with several applications in the science of fishing. Length measurements of a fish population are an important factor to investigate the ecological processes of a species, particularly due to the ease of obtaining this variable. ...
... As G. altifrons is not endemic to the study area, but ranges over much of the Amazon basin, is a generalist and may be capable of adapting to a wide range of habitats through its phenotypic plasticity, with the males, in particular, being able to adjust to the novel conditions encountered in the study area on the Xingu River. The description of the gonadal stages is considered to be essential for the understanding of fish reproductive biology, given that it provides precise data on the breeding patterns of a species (Costa et al., 2015;Silva et al., 2016). In the present study, G. argyrostictus had a single spawning phase during the low water season, with synchronized reproduction. ...
The natural flood pulse of the Amazon basin has been altered progressively by the installation of hydroelectric dams, which have had a potentially adverse impact on the local fauna. Fish are sensitive to environmental changes, and one the way to assess how they respond is through the analysis of life history traits, such as growth patterns and reproduction. Here, we evaluated the life history traits of two sedentary cichlids, Geophagus argyrostictus and Geophagus altifrons, in the middle Xingu River (upstream and downstream sectors) pre- and post-impoundment including the flood and low water hydrological seasons. The mass-length relationship, condition factor (K), gonadossomatic index (GSI), breeding season, gonadal stages, and the length at 50% sexual maturity (L50) were analyzed. Data on river flow rates and the characteristics of the fish were collected during the pre- and post-impoundment periods. Post-impoundment, the discharge of the Xingu decreased in downstream sector. During the pre-impoundment period, the K of G. argyrostictus and female G. altifrons was lower in the upstream sector in both seasons, but higher in the downstream sector to G. argyrostictus. The GSI was lower in the post-impoundment period in both sectors and seasons in G. argyrostictus, whereas in the G. altifrons females, it was higher in the downstream sector in the low water season, but lower in the upstream sector in both seasons. In G. argyrostictus, spawning occurred in a single phase and was restricted to the low water season in both periods, whereas in G. altifrons, spawning was multiple. There was a reduction in the frequency of immature individuals in the upstream sector post-impoundment. The L50 was lower, principally in the upstream sector, in both species. Our results indicate that the growth patterns and reproduction of the two populations has been impacted, especially in the endemic G. argyrostictus. The construction of dams thus appears to place endemic species under a greatest risk of extirpation. These results provide important insights for the improvement of fish resource monitoring and the development of adequate management techniques.
... As G. altifrons is not endemic to the study area, but ranges over much of the Amazon basin, is a generalist and may be capable of adapting to a wide range of habitats through its phenotypic plasticity, with the males, in particular, being able to adjust to the novel conditions encountered in the study area on the Xingu River. The description of the gonadal stages is considered to be essential for the understanding of fish reproductive biology, given that it provides precise data on the breeding patterns of a species (Costa et al., 2015;Silva et al., 2016). In the present study, G. argyrostictus had a single spawning phase during the low water season, with synchronized reproduction. ...
In this study, we investigated which strategy Macrobrachium amazonicum populations use to survive in river and estuary environments. In each environment, abiotic factors were analyzed in situ, and ovigerous females and males of M. amazonicum specimens were captured. To determine ovarian maturity and morphotypes, gonads were removed and processed histologically, and the gonadosomatic index and condition factor (K) were determined. Ovigerous females were analyzed to determine the relationship between ovarian maturation and the embryonic phases of eggs in the brood pouch. Precipitation, turbidity and dissolved oxygen showed differences between the estuary and river. The population of ovigerous females showed that ovarian maturation was simultaneous with embryonic development. However, the freshwater prawn populations in the river were smaller and consisted of a greater number of ovigerous females with maturing and mature ovaries. In the estuary, ovigerous females with spawned and reorganized ovaries were observed more frequently. In males, the GC morphotype was absent in the river, where the TC morphotype predominated and showed similar reproductive conditions as the GC morphotype in the estuary. Macrobrachium amazonicum has strategies for allocating energy for reproduction or growth in different environments. This description established the trade-off as a strategy used by M. amazonicum to maintain the population in adverse environments.
... La descripción histológica de las fases (en desarrollo y capaz de desove) y las etapas de desarrollo (oocitos vitelogénicos, alvéolos corticales y crecimiento primario) coinciden con las características mencionadas por Silva et al. (2016) para la especie Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830). Estos autores especifican cinco etapas de desarrollo de ovocitos y un desarrollo ovocitario de tipo asincrónico con fecundidad parcial. ...
... Se confirma este tipo de reproducción para P. acuminatus, en la que se pueden encontrar en los ovarios diferentes etapas de desarrollo antes y después del desove (Holden y Raitt, 1974). Estas características se han observado en las especies de la familia Sciaenidae mencionadas anteriormente; para M. furnieri, S. venezuelae, C. leiarchus y M. ancylodon, Escobar (1994), Silva et al. (2016) y Cardoso et al. (2018 describen una reproducción parcial y un desarrollo completamente asincrónico. Winemiller y Layman (2005) indican que este patrón de comportamiento puede considerarse como una respuesta adaptativa a las condiciones ambientales. ...
... Finalmente, el peso gonadal indicó una correlación importante con respecto a la fecundidad parcial (R 2 = 0,83). Silva et al. (2016) encontraron en el esciénido Cynoscion leiarchus un R 2 de 0,67 para esta variable y mencionan que el peso de la gónada es el mejor predictor de la fecundidad, comparado con otras medidas como la LT, el peso del individuo o la edad. La relación entre el peso total y la LT mostró un mejor ajuste positivo para las hembras maduras. ...
Pareques acuminatus (familia Sciaenidae) es una especie carnívora de tamaño pequeño, que se distribuye en el Atlántico occidental: Carolina del Norte y Bermudas hasta Brasil. Los estudios sobre la biología y ecología de P. acuminatus son escasos y en Colombia no se han realizados trabajos concernientes a la especie. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la biología de la especie y determinar aspectos ecológicos con el fin de ampliar su conocimiento en el Caribe colombiano. Se hicieron capturas de la especie por medio de buceo libre y se realizaron censos visuales del hábitat donde fue observada. La morfometría y merística fue evaluada, se identificaron las fases reproductivas y se estimó la fecundidad parcial mediante el método gravimétrico. Un total de 85 individuos fueron recolectados con una LT entre 33 y 185 mm (123,7±36,3 mm) siendo más frecuentes aquellos entre 121-142 mm (42%) seguidos de los de 143-164 mm (20%). Se distinguieron 39 hembras, 34 machos y 12 fueron indeterminados debido a su pequeño tamaño. La talla de las hembras maduras fue a partir de una LT de 118 mm, siendo una especie asincrónica con dos fases reproductivas (en desarrollo y capaz de desove). La fecundidad parcial estimada fue de 8744 ± 3900 oocitos y la fecundidad relativa con relación a la talla fue de 64,15 ± 25,51 oocitos/mm con un diámetro de 0,53 ± 0,04 mm. Pareques acuminatus es una especie típica de hábitats arrecifales someros y se encontró acompañada principalmente de Myripristis jacobus, Canthigaster rostrata, Haemulon steindachneri, H. flavolineatum, Stegastes partitus y Chromis multilineata.
... According to Langroudi & Sabet (2018), differences in egg numbers between species and/or populations can be related either to the effects of different environmental conditions or to differences of studied species. The fecundity may vary between different species, whereas it is generally dependent on various factors, such as condition and age of the fish, space and the food availability (Soetignya et al 2016;do Carmo Silva et al 2016). In addition, the potential fecundity is strongly affected by female size, trade-off between egg size and egg numbers, reproductive strategy and spawning pattern of the species (Lambert 2008). ...
This study refers to the general reproductive biology of Osteochillus waandersii, and provides information about the sex ratio, gonad development stages, gonado-somatic index (GSI), length at maturity, fecundity, and growth pattern. The fish samples were collected monthly, between March and August 2018, from the Landak River, Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 234 specimens were collected using gillnets and dipnets, 136 males and 98 females, resulting in a 1.39:1 sex ratio, which is significantly different from the expected ratio of 1:1 (P<0.05). Males reached sexual maturity at a lower size than females, with a length at first maturity estimated at 137.9 mm for males and 140.3 mm for females. Analysis of the macroscopic and histological observations showed that testicles could be classified into four stages: immature, maturing, mature and spent. The GSI ranged between 1% and 9.54% and 1% and 11.67% for males and females, respectively. The ovaries were classified into five stages: immature or resting, maturing, mature, ripe, and spawned-recovering. The absolute fecundity varied from a minimum of 2130 to a maximum of 13640 eggs and a mean of 7165 eggs, corresponding to fish with total length between 145 to 177 mm and a weight between 30 to 67 g.
... There is no available information on reproductive migration but juveniles of this species were recorded in small numbers in the Sepetiba Bay (Pessanha and Araújo 2003; Pereira et al. 2015). Spawnings occur in the inner platform near estuarine semienclosed systems, but individuals with post-ovulatory follicles were recorded in the outer zone of the bay (Silva et al. 2016). This species is an important fishery resource, with catches showing a trend towards stability in 2008 and 2010 (910-948 t) (MPA, 2012). ...
... The decrease in the condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) during the peaks of GSI, evidencing the use stored body energy reserves during the spawning period concomitantly with a decrease of the feeding activity leads to a capital breeders strategy. However, the multiple spawning behaviour with asynchronic oocyte development and indeterminate fecundity that were reported by Silva et al. (2016) are characteristic of income breeders. As some income breeders often demonstrate evidence of supplementing their egg production with stored energy to maximize fitness in response to fluctuating environmental conditions (McBride et al. 2015), we suppose the mixed-breeder should be a better suited strategy for C. leiarchus. ...
... The wide reproductive period of C. leiarchus was confirmed in this study as indicated by the GSI, with maximum spawning activity in August, between October and January, and in May. Several authors related the multiple spawning as an adaptive response to environmental variations to synchronize the release of gametes with the food availability, thus maximizing the survival of recruits and juveniles (Winemiller and Layman 2005;Fonteles-Filho 2011;Silva et al. 2016) or to avoid interspecific competition for limited resources between closely related species (Wootton 1992;Amarasekare 2003). Other species of Cynoscion genus also have wide spawning season with multiple batches, such as C. nebulosus (Cuvier, 1830) from the Golf coast of Mississippi (Brown-Peterson and Warren 2001) and from the South Carolina (Roumillat & Brouwer 2004), Cynoscion othonopterus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) from the California Gulf (Gherard et al. 2013), Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883) from the Venezuela coast (Marcano and Alió 2001), and C. guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) from the southern Brazilian coast (Vieira and Haimovici 1997) and from the Argentinian-Uruguaian coast (Militelli and Macchi 2006). ...
The process of energy acquisition and allocation to the gonadal development involves the use of reserves obtained from the food intake and/or stored in different parts of the body. Some fish species acquire and store energy prior the spawning season (capital breeders). For others species, the energy acquisition through by feeding activity continues actively throughout the spawning season (income breeders). This process of acquisition/allocation of energy to gonadal development was investigated for Cynoscion leiarchus an important fishery resource in southeastern Brazil. Monthly measurements of the gonadosomatic, hepatosomatic, condition factor and stomach repletion indices were carried out. Size at the first maturation was also assessed. Fish, mainly teleosts, were the main source of energy in the diet suggesting a carnivorous behaviour. We found evidences of use of stored body energy reserves during the spawning period, associated concomitantly with a decrease of feeding activity, suggesting a capital breeder. However, the wide spawning season, together with asynchronic oocyte development and indeterminate fecundity (typical of income breeders) suggest that the mixed-breeder strategy should be more suitable for this species. The high plasticity regarding the capital-income breeder strategy during the reproductive cycle of the genus Cynoscion is discussed.
Quando se fala em ictiologia no Brasil, a primeira coisa que nos vem mente a bacia do rio Amazonas que, sem
d vida, cont m a ictiofauna mais diversificada do mundo. Essa simples lembran a geralmente leva a maioria dos
jovens icti logos brasileiros a estudar peixes de gua doce, enquanto a fauna de peixes marinhos recebe aten o
relativamente menor. Isso se reflete claramente na escassez de guias de identifica o e cat logos de peixes marinhos
do Brasil. Uma das principais caracter sticas da costa norte do Brasil a descarga de volume elevado de gua doce e
sedimentos no ambiente marinho, o que contribui para a forma o da mais extensa rea de manguezais do planeta.
Esse fator confere regi o condi es ambientais nicas que influenciam fortemente a sua biodiversidade, tanto nas
reas costeiras quanto em zonas mais profundas. Entretanto, apesar da fauna de peixes marinhos da costa norte
brasileira possuir imensa import ncia biol gica, at ent o a menos conhecida do pa s, embora tenha significativa
import ncia na vida das comunidades costeiras e na economia da regi o.
Tal lacuna no conhecimento deve-se, possivelmente, ao fato de haver poucas comunidades desenvolvidas ao longo
da costa, enquanto as grandes cidades e, por consequ ncia, as universidades e centros de pesquisa, est o localizados
no interior e margem de grandes rios. Por m, a costa norte respons vel pela segunda maior produ o
pesqueira marinha do Brasil, o que contrasta com a baixa produ o de conhecimento taxon mico e biol gico dos peixes
marinhos que comp em a sua fauna, com pequeno n mero de exemplares depositados em cole es zool gicas
brasileiras. Embora a atividade pesqueira concentre-se na explora o de reas costeiras, como na pesca da Pescada
Amarela e do Gurijuba, a pesca nos recifes mesof ticos da Amaz nia tamb m importante, como na pesca do Pargo,
com impacto direto sobre recursos naturais muito pouco conhecidos.
Tanto as esp cies end micas, t picas de zonas estuarinas como a Pescada Negra, quanto as esp cies marinhas, encontradas
em recifes profundos ao longo da quebra da plataforma continental, compartilham uma hist ria influenciada
por mudan as ambientais ocorridas ao longo dos ltimos 11 milh es de anos que moldaram a bacia do rio Amazonas,
com efeitos diretos na fauna marinha com h bitos costeiros ou de formas exclusivamente marinhas, conferindo caracter sticas
e padr es de distribui o nicos aos peixes marinhos descritos neste livro.
O primeiro e maior desafio para a conserva o ambiental a descri o e a cataloga o dos organismos de uma
dada regi o. Produzir listas de esp cies e guias de identifica o um fator important ssimo para o conhecimento e
manejo da fauna, e fundamental para que medidas de conserva o possam ser implementadas. Permitem, ainda,
que recursos naturais possam ser explorados de forma sustent vel e esp cies invasores possam ser monitoradas.
Esse conhecimento b sico tamb m contribui para o estabelecimento de diretrizes e limites da explora o de recursos
naturais, como o petr leo.
Assim, este livro representa ferramentas necess rias para que pescadores amadores e profissionais, cientistas, conservacionistas
e curiosos conhe am a diversidade dos peixes marinhos da costa Norte do Brasil. O livro composto
por chaves de identifica es, fichas descritivas e ilustra es de todas as esp cies costeiras com registros confirmados
para a regi o. Al m disso, cientificamente correto, muito bem organizado e de f cil utiliza o. Sua consulta vai ser
indispens vel e extremamente til para o avan o dos esfor os de conserva o da regi o. Parabenizo a todos os
autores pela elabora o deste manual, que vai preencher uma das grandes lacunas do conhecimento da ictiofauna
marinha brasileira.
Luiz A. Rocha
Curador e Follett Chair de Ictiologia, California Academy of Sciences
Menticirrhus americanus (n=393) were sampled from two beaches (P1 is an estuarine beach near the mouth of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex and P2 is a beach adjacent to the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex) in the subtropical region of the western South Atlantic waters between August 2015 and June 2016. This study aimed to identify the spawning season and the age structure for M. americanus using two methods of sampling. For sampling at the P1 beach, seine, line, and pole were used while samples from the P2 beach were obtained from the artisanal fishers. Females were numerically dominant in all sampling months at both sites except for February when the males became dominant. The species exhibited a protected reproductive season with multiple spawning peaks between August and December. Males and females were captured at all stages of the gonadal development and at ages between 1 and 6 years from both sites. The length of the females at first maturity was 16.3 cm and the mean age at first maturity was 1.3 years. Individuals aged between 1 and 3 years were dominant (68 %). The results suggested that young and adults of the M. americanus use the same habitats throughout their ontogeny.
