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Spinosipella species. Shells. 30. S. tinga, Holotype, left valve, dorsal view. 31. S. agnes, Paratype INV-MOL 2943, from Colombia, a specimen of equivalent size of Holotype of S. tinga for showing major differences (compare with Figure 30); dorsal view; 17.0 mm; note higher convexity, fewer, taller and more spaced ribs. 32. S. tinga, left valve, SEM of Holotype, showing prickly sculpture. 33–40. S. acuticostata. 33–38. Pliocene fossil from Messina, Italy, USNM 63202. 33, Specimen 2, dorsal-slightly anterior view. 34. Specimen 3, right valve, detail of hinge. 35–36. Specimen 1, left valve, inner and outer views; 13.5 mm. 37–38. Specimen 2, right valve, inner and outer views, hinge broken; 12.2 mm. 39–40. RLPC, from Rometta, Italy, left valve, specimen with long shape; 19.0 mm. 41–47. S. deshayesiana. 41–43. Paratype 1 of S. ericia AMS 032068, left valve, inner, outer and dorsal views; 3.5 mm. 44. Paratype 2, right valve, inner view; 2.6 mm. 45, Type specimen of S. japonica ANSP 49639, right valve; 5.2 mm. 46–47. ANSP 292986 (from India), right valve, outer and inner views; 10.5 mm.
Source publication
A revision of the deep-water verticordiid genusSpinosipellais provided, based on conchological and anatomical characters. The genus is considered distinct fromVerticordia(of which it was considered a subgenus) based on the strong ribs, prickly surface, reduction of lunula, relative large size, weakly spiral
valve shape, and other characters. The fo...
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Citations
... Postlarval byssus: (0) absent; (1) present as a single byssal thread; (2) present as more than one byssal threads (l = 7, ci = 0.28, ri = 0.58). In Anomalodesmata, adult byssal attachment is reported only in some lyonsiids (Yonge 1952a;Ansell 1967) (Fig. 8) and the members of some carnivorous families (Allen and Turner 1974;Leal 2008;Simone and Cunha 2008;Machado et al. 2017) such as Cuspidariidae, Verticordiidae, Lyonsiellidae and Poromyidae. Although the presence of a byssal groove along the sole of the foot and glands associated with the heel (=byssal apparatus) may indicate the ability to produce byssal threads, here we chose to code, as states 1 and 2, only species where the byssus was visible or already illustrated in the literature. ...
The Anomalodesmata Dall, 1899 includes some of the rarest and most specialised species of marine bivalves. This rarity has consequently constituted the greatest obstacle for understanding the internal relationships due to the low representativeness of species present in any phylogenetic reconstructions. Therefore, with the primary purpose of creating a more comprehensive morphological analysis, data including all the anomalodesmatan families were gathered into a cladistic analysis. Our data set includes, for the first-time, information about members of the families Clistoconchidae, Cetoconchidae, Protocuspidariidae, Spheniopsidae and the recently described Bentholyonsiidae. Information on shell morphology, anatomy and behaviour of anomalodesmatans was compiled through a review of the literature (from 1895 to 2022) and a re-analysis of shells and internal anatomy of some freshly collected and archived specimens in museum collections around the world. Our analysis suggests a deep division of the Anomalodesmata into two distinct clades: the first generally composed of shallow water species from 12 families and a second clade of a carnivorous lineage mainly comprising deep water species from 10 families. Consequently, a new topology for Anomalodesmata is suggested bringing new insights into the interfamilial relationships of this sometimes bizarre clade of bivalves.
... These umbos are so far apart that they need a calcareous, saddle-shaped reinforcement called lithodesma. Nothing special is allocated in these coiled umbos, only lobes of the gonad are found inside (Simone & Cunha, 2008a). ...
The shell coiling is a phenomenon related to elongated shells, to make them easier to carry. It is notorious in Cyrtosoma. In gastropods 3 types of coiling were detected: 1) with visceral mass dorsal to columellar muscles, exclusive, in living snails, of Vetigastropoda; 2) with visceral mass between both columellar muscles, typical of the Neritimorpha; and 3) visceral mass at right from a single columellar muscle, found in all Apogastropoda (Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia). In cephalopods, the shell is mostly found in fossil groups, and was originally straight, evolving both, to dorsal and ventral coiling, usually planispiral. Some rare shell coiling is also found in Bivalvia, in some fossil ostraoideans and rudists, and weakly coiled umbos of some living forms. DOI:
... Other verticordiids as, for example, Spinosipella deshayesiana (P. Fischer, 1862) and Spinosipella costeminens (Poutiers, 1981) have ctenidia attached to a remaining septum (Simone & Cunha, 2008), showing an even greater proximity to the septal condition. Some molecular works also indicate a proximity between Verticordiidae and some septibranch species (Cuspidariidae, Poromyidae), although in all cases only one species of Verticordiidae has been used in the analyses, as Verticordia sp. in Dreyer et al. (2003) and Harper et al. (2006) or Haliris tenerrima (Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931) in Bieler et al. (2014) and Combosch et al. (2017); which may perhaps justify the low supports found by all of them. ...
Micro-computed tomography or micro-CT is a minimally invasive technique capable of generating 2D images and 3D tomographic reconstructions of small-sized animals without destroying the physical specimens. The technique has been previously applied to the study of bivalves, and here we extend it to study the anatomy of eight anomalodesmatan species through the exclusive use of a tomographic approach. Freshly fixed and museum specimens of Anomalodesmata, one of the least understood clades of bivalves, were selected and scanned. Tomographic anatomical descriptions were generated for Pandora pinna (Pandoridae), Lyonsia alvarezii (Lyonsiidae), Allogramma formosa (Lyonsiellidae), Trigonulina ornata (Verticordiidae), Poromya rostrata (Poromyidae), Cetoconcha spinosula, Cetoconcha aff. smithii (Cetoconchidae) and Cuspidaria glacialis (Cuspidariidae). The main internal anatomical features often evaluated for anomalodesmatans were documented. The tomographic images allowed for a detailed description of anatomical structures, including the mantle, ctenidia, labial palps and siphons, as well as the digestive, reproductive and nervous systems. This non-destructive technique thus proved to be an efficient tool for describing the anatomy of bivalves. The potential of micro-CT in concert with the constant development of new scanners, bring fresh perspectives to the anatomical study of bivalves. Poromya spinosula is transferred to Cetoconcha and Cetoconchidae, as Cetoconcha spinosula (Thiele, 1912) comb. nov.
... Local unit 1. The occurrence of some bivalves (Neopycnodonte navicularis (Brocchi, 1814), Pecchiolia arietina (Brocchi, 1814), and a specimen of the family Vesicomyidae), decapods (Ctenocheles), cnidarians (Caryophylliidae Gray, 1847), and broken platy nummulitid foraminifers suggest a minimum depth of 70-100 m (Vaughan and Wells, 1943;Wells, 1956;Cairns, 1982;Freneix et al., 1988;Hallock and Pomar, 2008;Simone and Cunha, 2008;Krylova and Sahling, 2010;Sakai, 2011). On the other hand, the near absence of rhodoliths from finer sediments is noteworthy given their high preservation potential (Bosence, 1983); this may be related to elevated turbidity levels associated with fine-grained sediments (linked to mesotrophic to eutrophic environments), or to the final deposition in an offshore environment of depths exceeding 100-150 m (Walker et al., 1998;Rivas et al., 1999;Foster, 2001). ...
The locality of El Caracolar in the Granada Basin (Central Betic Cordillera, southern Spain) has yielded a rich late Miocene assemblage composed of marine invertebrates and vertebrates, accompanied by microfossils, macroflora and trace fossils. Exposed strata consisting of sands, sandy siltstones, silty sandstones, siltstones and calcirudites are divided into four local units. Lithostratigraphically, the studied section is placed between the top of the La Peza Formation and the Quéntar Formation. Based on foraminifers, the age of units 2 and 3 is estimated to be early Tortonian (11.0–9.9 Ma), whereas units 1 and 4 do not yield any reliable biostratigraphic markers. The diverse biotic association suggests that deposition took place in a near-shore outer neritic zone of a narrow to open seaway in a mesotrophic regime, responsible for the establishment of a chemosynthetic community under (sub)tropical conditions. The palaeo-depth of the depositional setting is estimated between 70 and 130 m. We further focus on decapod crustaceans that represent the first formally reported fossil decapod assemblage from the Granada province. The faunule consists of eight genera from two independent assemblages representing different palaeoenvironments. The assemblage of units 1 and 4 is dominated by the ghost shrimp “Callianassa” cf. almerai and accompanied by the hermit crab Petrochirus, whereas the assemblage from unit 3 includes the ghost shrimp Ctenocheles and the brachyuran crabs Raninoides, Calappa, Goneplax, Styrioplax, and Typilobus. Unit 2 does not yield any identifiable decapod remains. Styrioplax sp. represents the first occurrence of the genus outside the Central Paratethys, significantly expanding its palaeogeographical distribution. The decapod faunule from El Caracolar shows affinities with assemblages from the Proto-Mediterranean and Paratethys. This study provides a lithostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental framework for further palaeontological studies in this unique Western Mediterranean outcrop.
... Adams & Reeve, 1850)), Lyonsiellidae (Lyonsiella horrida Allen & Turner, 1974, Lyonsiella frielei Allen & Turner, 1974 and Policordia jeffreysi (Friele, 1879)), Verticordiidae (Verticordia triangularis Locard, 1898, Verticordia quadrata Smith, 1885 and Spinosipella deshayesiana (P. Fisher, 1862)) and, more recently, the Poromyidae (Dillema frumarkernorum Leal, 2008 and Dillema spectralis Leal, 2008) (Yonge, 1952;Allen & Turner, 1974;Morgan & Allen, 1976;Leal, 2008;Simone & Cunha, 2008;) such a long thread seen in C. cleryana has never been reported upon before for any anomalodesmatan. ...
Of the more than 800 Recent species of Anomalodesmata only 16 have been studied alive. The Septibranchia, comprising a number of carnivorous bivalve superfamilies, are no exception to this generalization and, until recently, no living member of this group has been studied since the 1980s. Collected from the shallow, shelf seabed off Brazil, Cardiomya cleryana is one of only a few species to have its morphology described in recent years and the first ever anomalodesmatan to be filmed alive. Important anatomical features such as a greatly extensible foot to secure itself in the sediment with a single byssal thread, exhalant siphon inter-tentacular projections and micro-papillae on the surface of the siphonal tentacles are described. Observations on the species’ behaviour have revealed a lifestyle hitherto not recorded for any septibranch, indeed any anomalodesmatan. The anchoring mechanism of C. cleryana using an extraordinarily long byssal thread is described for the first time. The life position of C. cleryana is at 45° to the sediment-water interface whereas other cuspidariids have been considered to orient themselves vertically. An anatomical comparison between Cardiomya and
Bathyneaera has revealed close affinities. This study thus provides new insights into the morphology and behaviour of the Cuspidariidae.
... The only anatomical study of a representative of the Spheniopsidae is that of Grippina coronata by Morton et al. (2015), who demonstrated that at least this species of the family is a predatory bivalve related to cuspidariids. Simone and Cunha (2008), Oliveira and Absalão (2010) and Absalão and Oliveira (2011) have reviewed the species of Verticordiidae, Lyonsiellidae and Cuspidariidae, respectively, occurring in the deeper waters off Brazil. Machado and Passos (2015) described as new two spheniopsid species from waters off the coast of Brazil, Spheniopsis brasiliensis and Grippina coronota, and provided the first comprehensive descriptions of the species' shells. ...
Spheniopsis brasiliensis, from depths of 17–148 m off the southern Atlantic coast of Brazil, is a predator of epipsammic micro-crustaceans which it sucks into the infra-septal chamber using a raptorial inhalant siphon and internally generated hydrostatic suction forces. Prey items, which include ostracods, are thought to be
pushed into the funnel-shaped mouth using the foot. The stomach is capacious with a short style sac conjoined briefly with the mid gut and possessing a stubby crystalline style. Internal stomach architecture is simplified, with no identifiable sorting areas (unlike other cuspidarioids) and lined virtually completely by a gastric shield. The exoskeletal remains of digested prey are held in the posterior end of the stomach and not in a specialised waste storage pouch as in the con-familial Grippina coronata. The mid gut, hind gut and rectum are all extremely narrow and, thus, only the smallest of faeces can be accommodated and transmitted for anal discharge. Spheniopsis brasiliensis, like G. coronata is a self-fertilising simultaneous hermaphrodite with encapsulated lecithotrophic eggs brooded internally. Both taxa are thus ovovivaporous. It is also believed that both taxa are univoltine so that larvae and the exoskeletal prey remains are all released post mortem. Cuspidariids are generally regarded as dioecious but, recently, Cardiomya costellata has been shown to be a non-brooding simultaneous hermaphrodite. The distinguishing characters between
cuspidariids and spheniopsids thus appear to be their differing reproductive strategies and life history traits.
... According to Rios (2009) and Oliveira (2012), 37 species are recorded in these families in Brazil: two genus and three species in Poromyidae, seven genus and 26 species in Cuspidariidae, and five genus and eight species in Verticordiidae. Studies on the north-north-east coast of Brazil are still scarce, with a majority of studies focusing on the south-eastern region (Oliveira 2012;Oliveira and Absalão 2007, 2010a, 2010bSimone and Cunha 2008;Absalão and Oliveira 2011). ...
... According to Rios (2009) and Oliveira (2012), 37 species are recorded in these families in Brazil: two genus and three species in Poromyidae, seven genus and 26 species in Cuspidariidae, and five genus and eight species in Verticordiidae. Studies on the north-north-east coast of Brazil are still scarce, with a majority of studies focusing on the south-eastern region (Oliveira 2012;Oliveira and Absalão 2007, 2010a, 2010bSimone and Cunha 2008;Absalão and Oliveira 2011). According to these studies, nine species are registered to the northnorth-east coast of Brazil (Poromya granulata (Nyst & Westendorp, 1839), Cuspidaria circinata (Jeffreys, 1876), Cuspidaria monosteira Dall, 1890, Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793, Protocuspidaria verityi Allen & Morgan, 1981, Plectodon braziliensis (E. A. Smith, 1915, Spinosipella agnes Simone & Cunha, 2008, Verticordia woodii E. A. Smith, 1885, and Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1842). ...
... According to these studies, nine species are registered to the northnorth-east coast of Brazil (Poromya granulata (Nyst & Westendorp, 1839), Cuspidaria circinata (Jeffreys, 1876), Cuspidaria monosteira Dall, 1890, Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793, Protocuspidaria verityi Allen & Morgan, 1981, Plectodon braziliensis (E. A. Smith, 1915, Spinosipella agnes Simone & Cunha, 2008, Verticordia woodii E. A. Smith, 1885, and Trigonulina ornata d'Orbigny, 1842). Rios (Rios 2009) recorded Cardiomya ornatissima (d'Orbigny, 1853) and Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) in Brazilian waters, but did not specify the localities. ...
Background
Septibranchia comprises groups of bivalves that have developed a series of anatomical and conchological modifications toward a carnivorous and/or saprophagic lifestyle. The present study aims to identify the species of the families Poromyidae, Cuspidariidae and Verticordiidae found off the northern and north-eastern coasts of Brazil, reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and adding new morphological data of the analysed shells.
Results
Six genera and eight species were found in the 54 examined lots: Cardiomya cleryana, Cardiomya ornatissima, Cardiomya perrostrata, Cuspidaria sp., Plectodon braziliensis, Myonera aff. paucistriata, Poromya cf. granulata and Trigonulina ornata. The present study adds new conchological and morphometric characteristics to descriptions of species, redulces the gap in the distribution of Plectodon braziliensis in the Southwestern Atlantic, and extends the northern distribution limit of P. braziliensis and C. cleryana with new records for off the north-north-east coast of Brazil.
Conclusions
By adding new morphological and morphometric data of the shells, the present study may help in the taxonomy of these septibranch species. New collections in the region will probably lead to the discovery of new records of Septibranchia.
... According to Rios (2009) and Oliveira (2012), 37 species are recorded in these families in Brazil: two genus and three species in Poromyidae, seven genus and 26 species in Cuspidariidae, and five genus and eight species in Verticordiidae. Studies on the north-north-east coast of Brazil are still scarce, with a majority of studies focusing on the south-eastern region (Oliveira 2012;Oliveira and Absalão 2007, 2010a, 2010bSimone and Cunha 2008;Absalão and Oliveira 2011 (Rios 2009) recorded Cardiomya ornatissima (d'Orbigny, 1853) and Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) in Brazilian waters, but did not specify the localities. ...
... According to Rios (2009) and Oliveira (2012), 37 species are recorded in these families in Brazil: two genus and three species in Poromyidae, seven genus and 26 species in Cuspidariidae, and five genus and eight species in Verticordiidae. Studies on the north-north-east coast of Brazil are still scarce, with a majority of studies focusing on the south-eastern region (Oliveira 2012;Oliveira and Absalão 2007, 2010a, 2010bSimone and Cunha 2008;Absalão and Oliveira 2011 (Rios 2009) recorded Cardiomya ornatissima (d'Orbigny, 1853) and Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) in Brazilian waters, but did not specify the localities. ...
... According to Rios (2009) and Oliveira (2012), 37 species are recorded in these families in Brazil: two genus and three species in Poromyidae, seven genus and 26 species in Cuspidariidae, and five genus and eight species in Verticordiidae. Studies on the north-north-east coast of Brazil are still scarce, with a majority of studies focusing on the south-eastern region (Oliveira 2012;Oliveira and Absalão 2007, 2010a, 2010bSimone and Cunha 2008;Absalão and Oliveira 2011 (Rios 2009) recorded Cardiomya ornatissima (d'Orbigny, 1853) and Cardiomya perrostrata (Dall, 1881) in Brazilian waters, but did not specify the localities. ...
Background Septibranchia comprises groups of bivalves that have developed a series of anatomical and conchological modifications toward a carnivorous and/or saprophagic lifestyle. The present study aims to identify the species of the families Poromyidae, Cuspidariidae and Verticordiidae found off the northern and north-eastern coasts of Brazil, reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and adding new morphological data of the analysed shells. Results Six genera and eight species were found in the 54 examined lots: Cardiomya cleryana, Cardiomya ornatissima, Cardiomya perrostrata, Cuspidaria sp., Plectodon braziliensis, Myonera aff. paucistriata, Poromya cf. granulata and Trigonulina ornata. The present study adds new conchological and morphometric characteristics to descriptions of species, redulces the gap in the distribution of Plectodon braziliensis in the Southwestern Atlantic, and extends the northern distribution limit of P. braziliensis and C. cleryana with new records for off the north-north-east coast of Brazil. Conclusions By adding new morphological and morphometric data of the shells, the present study may help in the taxonomy of these septibranch species. New collections in the region will probably lead to the discovery of new records of Septibranchia.
... As a consequence of oil prospecting in the Campos Basin (20-23°S) by the oil company Petrobras, deep-water samples have been obtained, which have increased our knowledge of deep-sea mollusks from the southeast of Brazil over the last 10 years (e.g., Domaneschi and Lopes 1990, Absalão et al. 2003, Caetano et al. 2006, Zelaya et al. 2006, Simone and Cunha 2008, Oliveira and Absalão 2009, Passos and Birman 2009, Figueira and Absalão 2010. ...
As a result of deep-water oil prospecting in the Campos Basin, Brazil, a rich diversity of protobranchiate pelecypods has been revealed. In this study, we identified four new species of Ledella and conducted a morphometric study to corroborate their delimitation. The resulting conchological-based statistic models are in 95% agreement with the traditional criteria for the right valves and 88.33% for the left valves. Certain variables were particularly relevant in these analyses; these variables expressed the importance of the shape of the rostrum and hinge plate for the right valves and the general shell shape and hinge plate for the left valves. The hinge plate variables are not typically used as diagnostic characters of protobranchiate pelecypods and, when applied, they are not given much importance. However, our statistical analyses stressed the importance of these characters. Therefore, we strongly suggest that future descriptions of protobranchiate pelecypods place greater emphasis on these characters.
... Almost surprisingly, three species of Bivalvia are recorded from both Brazilian and Antarctic shallow waters, which is probably related to taxonomic problems. Anyway, Brazilian malacologists are now in the process of studying deep-water (>1000 m) species of Bivalvia (Domaneschi & Lopes 1990, Absalão et al. 2003, Oliveira & Absalão 2007, 2008, 2010a, b, Passos & Birman 2009, Simone & Cunha 2008a, with the prospect of a more-detailed picture of the entire fauna in the near future. ...
During identification of bivalve molluscs collected in Antarctica, a rich taxonomic bibliography was gathered, stimulating comparisons with the Brazilian malacofauna. We listed a total of 68 and 368 known shallow-water species (less than 200 m depth) from Antarctica and Brazil, respectively, in order to find species, families and superfamilies in common, and to investigate how these malacofaunas differ in regard to these representative groups and their life habits. There are 23 superfamilies absent in Antarctica, but present in Brazil with at least one species; the reverse does not occur, as all superfamilies known from Antarctica are also recorded from Brazil. The number of Brazilian species is higher, being composed of a mixture of taxa from different biogeographical provinces, whereas in Antarctica there are only a few species adapted to its polar conditions, with minor components from elsewhere. Thus, many typical Caribbean species extend into Brazil, belonging to the diverse Arcoidea, Pectinoidea, Lucinoidea, Cardioidea, Veneroidea, and Tellinoidea. Cemented Ostreoidea, Plicatuloidea, Dimyoidea, Spondylidae (Pectinoidea), and Chamoidea are absent from Antarctica, as are wood (Teredinidae, Pholadoidea) and rock borers (Pholadidae, Pholadoidea; Gastrochaenoidea; and Lithophaginae, Mytiloidea). A large number of Brazilian species of infaunal (e.g., Tellinidae, Veneridae, Cardiidae, and Mactroidea) and epifaunal groups (Pectinidae, Mytilidae, and Arcidae) are absent from or poorly represented in Antarctica. Nuculanoidea, Limopsoidea, Lucinoidea, Galeommatoidea, Cyamioidea, and Cuspidarioidea are the richest groups in Antarctica; some of them are also represented by several species in Brazil, albeit in deeper waters. Three species are recorded as living in both places: Limatulapygmaea (Limidae), Lasaeaadansoni (Lasaeidae), and Gaimardiatrapesina (Gaimardiidae). Through the analysis of these groups from each fauna, it is possible to identify those that are taxonomically diverse in one place or another, and then emphasize them in ecological studies, eventually using them as model or monitoring organisms. The present paper can be a starting point for future discussion on the existing latitudinal gradients along the coast of eastern South America, stimulating studies on changes occurring in the composition of the faunas of bivalves from Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, and Antarctica.
