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Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker: (29-30) habitus lateral, male, female; (31, 32) male pygidium, dorsal, lateral; (33) tegmen dorsal; (34) penis lateral; (35) spiculum gastrale.
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Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) is an ecologically and economically important weevil that feeds on seeds and tissues of trees in the genus Copaifera L. (Fabaceae). Although the genus Apion comprises 16 species restricted to the Paleartic region, the Neotropical species A. brevicorne is still considered as incer...
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Maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) is the main pest of the sunflower crops, mainly in south and southeast of the Romania. Each year, around one half million hectares cultivated with sunflower is attacked by this pest, with different level of the attack intensities. This paper presents some results of the researches concerning the effec...
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... Different species of Apion (Brentidae: Apioninae) also attack the seeds of C. oblongifolia. This group of insects feeds upon the outermost parts of the seeds, such as the seed coat and the surface of the cotyledons [59,60]. Ants of the genus Atta also collect these seeds and use their elaiosomes to cultivate fungi inside their nests [61]. ...
... The second group consisted of 280 seeds manipulated by Atta laevigata (elaiosome removed) that were collected near the loose soil of A. laevigata nests. Each group of seeds was evenly divided into four subgroups of 70 seeds and subjected to four different heat treatments: (27,60, 100, and 200 • C) using a heating oven (QUIMIS Q314M) to simulate the effects of seed exposure to different intensities of fire [68]. Thus, the oven was preheated to the desired temperature (27, 60, 100, or 200 • C) and immediately turned off, and 70 seeds from each treatment (seeds manipulated by ants and seeds with elaiosome) were placed inside. ...
Both biotic and abiotic environmental filters drive the occurrence, distribution, and persistence of plant species. Amongst drivers that influence the distribution of plants in harsh environments, seed predation and temperature are particularly important in habitats that are prone to fire. In this study, we highlight the combined effects of predation and high temperature simulating fire to understand its effects on the germination percentage and germination speed of the fire prone species Copaifera oblongifolia. Groups of seeds attacked by the beetles Rhinochenus brevicollis and Apion sp., seeds manipulated by the ant Atta laevigata, and seeds left intact were put to germinate in controlled environments. To evaluate the effects of abiotic filters, seeds with intact elaiosomes and seeds with elaiosomes removed by the ant Atta laevigata were exposed to temperatures of 27, 60, 100, and 200 °C. The results showed that only 2.8% of the seeds attacked by R. brevicollis germinated. Seeds attacked by Apion sp. germinated faster, followed by seeds with their elaiosomes removed and seeds with intact elaiosomes. Seeds attacked by Apion sp. had the lowest germination percentage. The temperature of 200 °C killed seed embryos, whereas seeds exposed to 100 °C took longer to germinate than seeds exposed to other temperatures. Our results reveal that fire intensity and seed damage are important drivers of seed germination of C. oblongifolia.
... The ancestral lineages of Apioninae are associated with gymnosperms (Kissinger 1968;Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat 2014). The majority of basal groups are associated with magnoliids (Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat 2014), and apical groups (Apionitae: Apionini) are associated with at least 23 families of 15 orders of dicotyledons; many Nearctic and Neotropical species are associated with Fabaceae (Anderson & Kissinger 2002;Maia 2012;Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat 2014;Lima et al. 2020). Host associations of the apionines in South America are little known (Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat 2014). ...
... Host associations of the apionines in South America are little known (Alonso-Zarazaga & Wanat 2014). Recently, Lima et al. (2020) provided the first complete description of immature forms and information on the biology of Apion brevicorne Gerstaecker, 1854, associated with Copaifera spp. (Fabaceae) from Brazil. ...
The genus Pygidiapion De Sousa & Mermudes gen. n., described and illustrated here, includes two species from Brazil: the type-species Pygidiapion zeppelinii De Sousa & Mermudes sp. n. (type-locality: João Pessoa, Paraiba state), which develops in flower buds of Pterocarpus violaceus Vogel (Fabaceae); and Pygidiapion zikani (Heller, 1922) comb. n. (from Apion) (type-locality: Passa Quatro, Minas Gerais state), which develops in flower buds of Dalbergia foliolosa Benth. (Fabaceae). Pygidiapion is defined by the following set of characters: rostrum of males with two elongate longitudinal and punctate latero-ventral sulci; hind wings with small radial window; hypomeral lobes divided by median suture and sternellum distinctly exposed; meso- and metatibiae mucronate; pygidium of the apionine incomplete type; and tegminal plate fused with basal piece. Pygidiapion zeppelinii is diagnosed by: meso- and metatibiae mucronate; pygidium distinctly modified, with deep transverse dorsal sulcus, medially deeper and rounded, and proximal marginal rim angulate (apical flange), corresponding to the distal margin, which is emarginate; tegminal plate fused to basal piece, apical portion of parameroid lobes weakly notched medially, each side of suprafenestral plate with five macrochaetae, fenestral width 1.25 times length, separated by about 3.2 times fenestral width, linea arquata visible, prostegium protruding medially, tegminal apodeme 0.76 as long as basal piece, with apex narrow and rounded. Pygidiapion zikani is distinguished from P. zeppelinii by smaller size; head, rostrum and antennae brownish; scutellum subquadrate; and by association with Dalbergia spp. (Fabaceae). Association principally with the papilionoid group of Fabaceae suggest allocation of the new taxon to the subtribe Oxystomatina.
The distribution of functional abdominal spiracles in pupae of Coleoptera is reviewed based on published descriptions and original observations. Aquatic Coleoptera typically have strong modifications, generally including dramatic reductions in the number of functional spiracles and often their modification into either spiracular gills or snorkels, as a response to their environment. But pupae of the great majority of Coleoptera, which are terrestrial, show broad stability across higher taxa. Most terrestrial beetles have at least the first five pairs of abdominal spiracles functional, up to and including a full set of eight pairs. However, the number is unexpectedly low in Scarabaeoidea and within Staphyliniformia, where Histeridae and all Staphylinoidea have a confirmed maximum of four pairs of spiracles. The relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles in terrestrial pupae is explored, and it is suggested that those groups with an unexpectedly small number of functional spiracles may have passed through a “small-size bottleneck” in their ancestry. However, this hypothesis does not explain why several families of very small beetles in other groups of Coleoptera do not show a similar reduction, and little evidence was found to support a strong relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles at lower taxonomic levels (below family). Whether pupae are exarate or obtect apparently also has little correlation with the number of functional spiracles. However, the consistency and stability of spiracular reductions in the above groups suggests that deep historical factors are involved and thus the reductions may be of phylogenetic significance. It is urged that establishing the number of functional spiracles in beetle pupae become as standard a feature of pupal descriptions as chaetotaxy and whether they are exarate or obtect.
We present a brief biography of Dr. Cleide Costa, eminent entomologist from Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). She has been dedicating the last six decades to the study of adults and immatures of Coleoptera. Dr. Costa is the pioneer in collecting and rearing immature beetles in Brazil, being responsible for establishing the most extensive Latin American collection of reared immatures Coleoptera. We discuss central aspects of her personal history, as well as career landmarks and achievements. A compilation of taxa introduced to science by her, taxa named in her honor, and a full list of her scientific, educational and cultural production are provided in chronological order. More than a biographical account, this publication is an acknowledgment of Dr. Cleide Costa's legacy to entomology.
