Figures 23-28 - uploaded by Stephen L. Jury
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Fig. 23. lordylium macropetalum: mericarp with strigose surface and thick corrugated margin; scale bar = I .7 mm. Fig. 24. Tordylium macropetalum with hairy style, stylopodium and calyx teeth; scale bar = 0.6 mm. Fig. 25. Tordylium maximum: mericarp with strigose surface and smooth margin; scale bar = 1.7 mm. Fig. 26. lordylium maximum: hairy style, stylopodium and calyx teeth; scale bar = 0.3 mm. Fig. 27. Synelcosciadzum curmeli: mericarp with strigose surface and smooth margin; scale bar = I .7 mm. Fig. 28. Synelcosczudzum curmeli: hairy style, stylopodium and calyx teeth; scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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The four related genera: Ainsworthia Boiss., Tordylium L., Synelcosciadium Boiss. and Mandenovia Alava are revised. Data are presented from detailed gross morphology, mericarp surface features and anatomy, and palynology.
The results show: (1) Ainsmorthia and Synelcosciadium are congeneric with the genus Tordylium, and that Mandenovia is a good mon...
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Citations
... Pollen grains in Apiaceae commonly have trizonocolporate aperture. Al-Eisawi and Stephen (1988) and Van Zeist et al. (1977) reported that some taxa belonging to Tordylium L. and Anisosciadium Candolle show dicolporate pollen grains. However, some members of Echinophora L. (Cerceau-Larrival 1962;De Leonardis et al. 2008) and Pycnocycla Lindl. ...
In this study, detailed light microscopy (LM) and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of pollen grains belonging to 11 taxa of genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium were performed. The pollen is radially symmetrical and generally isopolar with the exception of Grammosciadium macrodan ssp. nezaketiae where 65% of the grains have asymmetrical appearance. All the taxa are tricolporate. Ectoapertures are discontinuous (colpus length: 14.7 ± 0.8 and colpus width: 21.20 ± 2.28) with narrow and acute at the ends extending to the subpolar region. Endoapertures are in the mid-section of the ectoapertures, which is lolangate, prolate-spheroidal in Grammosciadium scabridum, while lalongate, ellipsoidal, oblate or suboblate in the other taxa. Pollen shape is triangular and semi-triangular in polar-view. Pollen outline in equatorial view is subrectangular-straight in G. scabridum and Caropodium platycarpum, however, those were subrectangular and slightly constricted in equatorial region in all others. Based on the P/E ratio, it is prolate in G. macrodon ssp. macrodon while it is perprolate in the other taxa. Ornamentation variation (i.e. psilate, psilate-perforate, psilate-rugulate, rugulate and rugulate-perforate) was observed around the apertural, equatorial and polar regions. This character has been found as taxonomically important for the studied taxa.
... Tordylium L. in tribe Tordylieae, first recorded in 1753 by Linnaeus, acomprises 20 species distributed in Europe, Asia, North Africa, South America, and Oceania (Linnaeus, 1753;Al-Eisawi and Jury, 1988). Tordylium is characterized by radiating petals, filiform bracts, linear bractlets, stalked mericarps with minutely vesicular dorsal face, and annual habit (Al-Eisawi and Jury, 1988). ...
... Tordylium L. in tribe Tordylieae, first recorded in 1753 by Linnaeus, acomprises 20 species distributed in Europe, Asia, North Africa, South America, and Oceania (Linnaeus, 1753;Al-Eisawi and Jury, 1988). Tordylium is characterized by radiating petals, filiform bracts, linear bractlets, stalked mericarps with minutely vesicular dorsal face, and annual habit (Al-Eisawi and Jury, 1988). Within Tordylium, two subgenera are recognized based on the pubescences of the plants, shape of calyx teeth, type of pollen grains; these are subg. ...
... Tordylium and subg. Ainsworthia Drude (Al-Eisawi and Jury, 1988). ...
Tordylium maximum L. (Apiaceae), native to south, south-central Europe and southwest Asia and a rare alien plant in northern Europe, was newly found in Jeollabuk-do in Korea. Tordylium is clearly distinguished from other genera by having radiating petals, filiform bracts, linear bractlets, stalked mericarps with minutely vesicular dorsal face or strigose hairs, and an annual habit. Tordylium maximum is different from other species of the genus by its mericarps with smooth margins and 10–16 rays not contracted in fruit. T. maximum grows on dry and sunny grasslands. Here, we report the first occurrence of the genus Tordylium represented by T. maximum in Korea and provide a precise description, illustration, photographs of the species, and a taxonomic key to allied taxa in Korea.
... Plastomes of the genus Tordylium also turned out to be not monophyletic on our tree, the type species of the genus T. maximum separated from the congeneric species in the phylogenetic tree, and their plastomes differ by the presence/absence of insertion in the trnV-rrn16 spacer. It should be noted, that T. maximum, a European boreal species, is morphologically remote from the Mediterranean T. elegans and T. pestalozzae [73]. A possible polyphyly of Tordylium had also been suggested earlier based on nrITS data analysis [42,74]. ...
Based on the nrDNA ITS sequence data, the Tordylieae tribe is recognized as monophyletic with three major lineages: the subtribe Tordyliinae, the Cymbocarpum clade, and the Lefebvrea clade. Recent phylogenomic investigations showed incongruence between the nuclear and plastid genome evolution in the tribe. To assess phylogenetic relations and structure evolution of plastomes in Tordylieae, we generated eleven complete plastome sequences using the genome skimming approach and compared them with the available data from this tribe and close relatives. Newly assembled plastomes had lengths ranging from 141,148 to 150,103 base pairs and contained 122–127 genes, including 79–82 protein-coding genes, 35–37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. We observed substantial differences in the inverted repeat length and gene content, accompanied by a complex picture of multiple JLA and JLB shifts. In concatenated phylogenetic analyses, Tordylieae plastomes formed at least three not closely related lineages with plastomes of the Lefebvrea clade as a sister group to plastomes from the Selineae tribe. The newly obtained data have increased our knowledge on the range of plastome variability in Apiaceae.
... ex L. is accepted in subtribe Tordyliinae Drude based on phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA ITS sequences [15]. The genus is annual which is generally has a distribution in Europe and Mediterranean area with 20 species [16][17][18]. Its crenate leaf margin, compound umbels, strongly dorsally flattened mericarp, thickened mericarp margin and mericarp indumentum are considered as the crucial diagnostic characters [19]. ...
... In the historical review, as a result of many taxonomic treatments, genera Ainsworthia Boiss., Synelcosciadium Boiss., Condylocarpus Hoffm. and Hasselquistia L., have been reduced to the synonyms of Tordylium [16,[20][21][22][23][24]. According to the last revision [16], the infrageneric classification has been formed such as Ainsworthia as subgenus; Condylocarpus and Hasselquistia as sections. ...
... and Hasselquistia L., have been reduced to the synonyms of Tordylium [16,[20][21][22][23][24]. According to the last revision [16], the infrageneric classification has been formed such as Ainsworthia as subgenus; Condylocarpus and Hasselquistia as sections. However, the phylogenetic topology based morphological data contradicts Al-Eisawi and Jury's [16] infrageneric classification of the genus [25]. ...
In Turkey, there are eighteen Tordylium (Apiaceae) species out of twenty in the worldwide and seven of them are endemic. In this research, karyotypes of T. apulum, T. pestalozzae, T. syriacum, T. trachycarpum and karyotypes and chromosome numbers of T. cappadocicum, T. aegaeum, T. hasselquistiae, T. ketenoglui (endemic), T. macropetalum (endemic), T. pustulosum (endemic) are provided for the first time. Tordylium species were separated into five cytotypes according to chromosome numbers as 2n=8, 16, 18, 20 and 22. Besides, idiograms of haploid chromosome set, length of the chromosome arms, arm ratios, centromeric index, relative length and haploid karyotype formulas are given. T. ketenoglui has longest chromosome lengths (3,39–1,66 µm) while T. aegaeum has shortest (1,10–0,59 µm). Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed by quantitified karyological characters. PCA results showed that the median type and haploid chromosome length have significant variants among karyological characters. Also, it is discussed correlation among karyological data, current infrageneric classification and the phylogenetic hypothesis based morphological dataset of Tordylium. Karyological characters are incompatible with current infrageneric classification, similarly with conflict between the phylogenetic hypothesis and infrageneric classification. In the light of the phylogeny, it can be said that the ancestral number is 2n=16.
... Fruit micromorphological studies in the Umbelliferae showed an importance of these characters for taxonomy in the examples of genera Torilis (Heywood & Dakshini 1971), Geocaryum (Engstrand 1973), Trinia (Fedoronchuk 1983), Eryngium (Tamamschjan & Pimenov 1987), Tordylium (Ai- Eisawi & Jury 1988), Pastinaca (Menemen & Jury 2001), Lichtensteinia (van Wyk & Tilney 2007), Rhabdosciadium (Du ran et al. 2010), Bilacunaria (Duran et al. 2011), Diplotaenia ( Duran et al. 2015), Taeniopetalum (Ostroumova et al. 2016), Peucedanum s. str. (Yildiri & Duman 2017). ...
Fruit micromorphology of all 65 native species of the Umbelliferae of the Russian Far Easrt was studied. We described cell arangement, cell form, fine relief of cell wall (cuticular foldings), epicuticular wax, stomata, crystals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) also gave information on the inner structure of plant organs. We discuss the diversity of micromorphological characters and their taxonomic value. Some new diagnostic characters for the genera Kitagawia (areas with rugulate cuticle), Ligusticum and Magadania (large convex exocarp cells) were revealed.
... Character selection and terminology were based on previous literature (Runemark 1968, Alava 1972a, Hedge et al. 1972, Al-Eisawi and Jury 1988, Kliuvkov et al. 2004). Data were collected using a Leica Zoom 2000 (Germany) stereomicroscope. ...
... Data were collected using a Leica Zoom 2000 (Germany) stereomicroscope. Most character states were based on my own observations, but some character states, especially those from outgroup taxa, were taken from the literature (Runemark 1968, Alava 1972a, 1972b, Hedge et al. 1972, Al-Eisawi and Jury 1988. Hair types were interpreted using the illustrations and definitions in Lawrance (1966). ...
... The data matrix contained 42 morphological characters, of which 20 were vegetative (six binary, thirteen multistate and one polymorphic) and 22 reproductive (seven binary, nine multistate and six polymorphic). All of the (Al-Eisawi and Jury 1988). * The basionym of T. apulum is Condylocarpus apulus Hoffman. ...
Tordylium is a medium-sized genus characterized by an annual habit, 1-3-pinnate leaves, dorsally compressed mericarps, and thickened mericarp margins. Eighteen Tordylium species occur in Turkey, of which seven are endemic. Although the morphology of the genus is well known, evolutionary relationships among its species have never been evaluated. In this study, phylogenetic relationships within Tordylium are investigated using parsimony analysis based on morphological data from 17 ingroup and 15 outgroup taxa from Turkey. The results indicate that Tordylium is paraphyletic due to the inclusion of Ormosciadium. Further, it suggests that Hasselquistia, Condylocarpus and Ainsworthia are nested within Tordylium, confirming their current taxonomic treatment as synonyms. Within the paraphyletic Tordylium, two major clades are apparent, but these clades are not compatible with the current sub-generic classification. Tordylium lanatum, T. aegyptiacum and T. elegans, which have dimorphic mericarps, form a monophyletic subclade. In addition, it is suggested that T. aegaeum should be accepted as a distinct species rather than as a synonym of T. pestalozzae.
... Tordylium Tourn. ex L. (1753: 239) (Tordylieae, Apioideae, Apiaceae) is represented by 19 species worldwide (Al-Eisawi & Jury 1988, Duran & Duman 1999, Henwood & Hart 2001. There are 17 Tordylium species in Turkey, of which 7 are endemic , Yıldırımlı 1997, Duran & Duman 1999, Pimenov & Leonov 2004. ...
... Previous investigations demonstrated the significance of the mericarp and pollen morphology in Apiaceae (Liu et al. 2006, Pimenov, Kljuykov & Ostroumova 2007, Runemark 1968, Challe 1985, Al-Eisawi & Jury 1988, Gömürgen et al.2011). Al-Eisawi & Jury (1988 pointed a second or third order symmetry, dicolporate or tricolporate pollen types in the genus. ...
... Previous investigations demonstrated the significance of the mericarp and pollen morphology in Apiaceae (Liu et al. 2006, Pimenov, Kljuykov & Ostroumova 2007, Runemark 1968, Challe 1985, Al-Eisawi & Jury 1988, Gömürgen et al.2011). Al-Eisawi & Jury (1988 pointed a second or third order symmetry, dicolporate or tricolporate pollen types in the genus. The pollen surface sculpturing is taxonomically important character in Tordylium (Al-Eisawi & Jury 1988). We studied pollen grain to reveal its surface sculpturing. Al-Eisawi & Jury (1988) studied detailed mericarp morphology of some of Tord ...
The threatened endemic species, Tordylium brachytaenium, which was not collected after the first description by Boissier and Heldreich in 1849, was rediscovered. An expanded species description, comments about its distribution, ecology and conservation are presented. Additionally, its distinction from the closely related species in respect of pollen and mericarp morphology is provided. The IUCN assessment of T. brachytaenium is also briefly discussed.
... Umbels are terminal, 5-40 rayed, and petals white to yellow. Mericarps are ovate-elliptic to suborbicular, either all of them in the same umbellule strongly compressed, or those in the centre of umbellule hemispherical and unicarpellate peripheral ones compressed (4)(5)(6). ...
Essential oils of Tordylium syriacum collected from different localities of Turkey were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The fruits of T. syriacum were submitted for hydrodistillation and the essential oils were obtained in 0.1–0.7% yield. The compounds characterized represented 91.7–94.7% of the oils. The main constituent was found to be octyl hexanoate (46.2–80.5%).
... Umbels are terminal, 5-40 rayed, petals are white to yellow. Mericarps are ovate-elliptic to suborbicular; either all of them in the same umbellule strongly compressed, or the ones in the centre of umbellule hemispherical and unicarpellate, peripheral ones compressed (4)(5)(6). ...
Tordylium L. belonging to the Apiaceae family consists of annual Mediterranean plants which have been known to be used as spice in some countries. The essential oil compositions from the aerial parts of Tordylium L. species were analyzed by GC and GC/MS to identify the major components. In total, 16 components characterized, representing 83 % in T. trachycarpum, 28 components representing 53.4 % in T. lanatum, 24 components representing 51.6 % in T. aegyptiacum, 46 components representing 55.1 % in T syriacum, 35 components representing 68.3 % in T. pustulosum. The main constituents were determined as P-caryophyllene, a-bisabolene, caryphyllene-oxyde and octyl 2-methyl butyrate in the profile of the oils analyzed in this study. In the present study, compositions of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Tordylium species were discussed and compared with the previous relevant works. Türkiye'de Yetişen Tordylium L. Türlerinin Uçucu Yağlarnın Karşılaştırmah Analizleri Apiaceae familyasına ait olan ve bazı ülkelerde baharat olarak kullamlan, Tordylium L., tek yilhk Akdeniz bitkilerindendir. Tordylium L. türlerinin toprak iistü kısımlarmdan elde edilen ugucu yağ bileşimi, ana bileşiklerini teşhis etmek amacı He GC ve GC/MS He analiz edilmiştir. Toplam olarak, 16 bileşik T trachycarpum'da %83 oranmda, 28 bileşik %53,4 T lanatum'da, 24 bileşik %51.6 oranmda T aegyptiacum 'da, 46 bileşik %55.1 oranmda T syriacum 'da, 35 bileşik %68.3 oranmda T. pustulosum 'da tammlanmistır. Bashca bileşikler jd-karyofillen, a-bizabolen, karyofillen-oksit ve oktil 2-metil butirat olarak bu gahsmada incelenen yağlarda tayin edilmiştir. Bu gahsmada, Tordylium türlerinin toprak tistü kısımlarmdan elde edilen ugucu yağ bileşimleri tartisilmis ve daha önceki ilgili galismalar He karsilaştinlmistır.
... Chromosome number has been recorded only in 10 Tordylium species (Tamaschjan, 1933;Garde & Garde, 1954;Runemark, 1968;Al-Eisawi & Jury, 1988;Al-Eisawi, 1989;Capineri et al., 1978;Dobes et al., 1997;Silvestre, 1978;Silvestre, 1993;Strid & Franzén, 1981;Geldykhanov, 1986;Baltisberger & Baltisberger, 1995;Vogt & Aparicio, 1999;Constance et al., 1971Constance et al., , 1976. However, there are no reports on the chromosome number and karyotype of T. elegans. ...
... Although the first chromosome count of T. maximum was given as 2n = 22 by Tamaschan (1933), later researchers have reported that this species has 2n = 20 chromosomes (Runemark, 1968;Silvestre, 1978;Strid & Franzén, 1981;Geldykhanov, 1986;Baltisberger & Baltisberger, 1995;Dobes et al., 1997). Chromosome number of T. aegaenum, T. apulum, T. pestalozzae, T. syriacum, T. cordatum, T. aegyptiacum were given as n = 10, 2n = 20 (Garde & Garde, 1954;Runemark, 1968;Constance et al., 1976;Capineri et al., 1978;Al-Eisawi & Jury, 1988;Al-Eisawi, 1989;Vogt & Aparicio, 1999;Silvestre, 1993). T. officinale, has 2n=18 chromosomes (Silvestre, 1993). ...
... The most important studies about chromosome number of Tordylium genus were that of Runemark (1968) and Al-Eisawi & Jury (1988). According to Runemark (1968) the basic chromosome number of this group is x = 10. ...
The chromosome number, karyotype and pollen analysis of Turkish endemic species Tordylium elegans (Boiss. & Bal.) Alava & Hub.-Mor. are reported in this paper for the first time. The somatic chromosome number is determined as 2n = 4x = 16. It is a tetraploid species and the basic chromosome number is x = 4. Haploid karyotype formula is 4sm + 3m + 1T. The pollen morphology of T. elegans was examined under light and scanning electron microscope. Pollen of T. elegans are radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate, perprolate and equatorially-constricted.
