Figures 13-24 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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(13-16) Glonium lineare (PREM57573). (17-20) Glonium pusillum (PREM57574). (21-24) Hysterium angustatum (PREM57585). 13, 17, 21. Hysterothecia on the host surface. 14, 18, 22. Asci. 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24. Ascospores. Scale bars: 3, 17, 21 = 0.5mm; 14, 18, 22 = 10µm; 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24 = 5µm
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Six hysteriaceous ascomycetes, Gloniopsis praelonga, Glonium chambianum, G. compactum, G. lineare, G. pusillum, and Hysterium angustatum, were commonly collected during a survey of saprobic microfungi occur-ring on leaf and twig litters of Proteaceae, or dead culms of Restionaceae in the Fynbos of the Cape Floral Kingdom. Several new hosts are repo...
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Citations
... Geographical distribution – Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malay Peninsula, Morocco, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom (Farr et al. 2013; GBIF 2013), Austria (Dämon et al. 2000), Italy, Japan, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Ukraine, United States (as H. acuminatum, GBIF 2013), Libya (as H. angustatum var. cerotoniae, Farr et al. 2013), Mexico (Medel & Guzman 1999) New Zealand, Kenya (Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009), South Africa (Lee & Crous 2003). Material examined – Brazil, Paraíba, Areia, Mata do Pau-Ferro State Ecological Reserve, on twigs of unidentified plant, 7 Nov 2011, D.A.C. Almeida (HUEFS 131189); 4 Jul 2012, D.A.C. Almeida (HUEFS 192060). ...
... Ellis & Everhart (1892) and Lohman (1933) described H. angustatum with larger ascospores (15–22 × 6–7 µm and 22–26 × 6.5–8(9) µm, respectively) than observed in this study. The measurements of the asci and ascospores of the Brazilian material, however, are very similar to those stated by Lee & Crous (2003). The hysterothecia described here have shallow slits, differing from the deep slits reported by the above authors. ...
During an investigation of ascomycetes carried out in one area of Caatinga and three enclaves of the Atlantic Forest in the semi-arid region of Brazil, we found ten interesting species of hysteriaceous ascomycetes. Psiloglonium clavisporum and Rhytidhysteron opuntiae are new records for South America and Anteaglonium abbreviatum, Hysterium angustatum and Hysterobrevium smilacis are new records for Brazil. All species are described, illustrated and discussed.
... A comparison of this species with the other species of Hysterographium, revealed its unique characters with the hymenium, asci and ascospore sizes. The species is present in the particular area in large numbers; most of the ascomata were present on dead bark of Ficus sp. Lee & Crous (2003) revised the hysteriaceous ascomycetes and studied their diversity in fynbos, followed by Lorenzo & Messuti (2007) studied the genus Hysterium from the Farlow Herbarium. ...
Hysterographium palamalaiense is characterized by hysterothecium ascomata with sulcus at the centre, cylindrical 8-spored asci with muriform ascospores described here as new to science.
... Coniosporium, Septonema , Sirodesmium, Sphaeronaema, and Sporidesmium) have been described (Lohman 1931Lohman , 1933aLohman ,b, 1934). Hysteriaceous fungi are pan-global in distribution (Amano 1983; Checa et al. 2007; Lee & Crous 2003; Lohman 1932b Lohman , 1933a Lohman , 1937 Lorenzo & Messuti 1998; Messuti & Lorenzo 1997 Teng 1933; van der Linde 1992; Vasilyeva 1999a Vasilyeva ,b, 2000 Zogg 1962), and, although primarily lignicolous or corticolous, recently a saxicolous/terricolous and apparently lichenized species has been described from Tasmania (Kantvilas & Coppins 1997). Fungi classified in the Mytilinidiaceae (Kirschstein 1924) are characterised by persistent, fragile, carbonaceous ascomata, which range from globoid to obovoid to strongly laterally compressed , erect oyster-or bivalve shell-shaped (conchate) or hatchet-shaped (dolabrate) structures, standing on edge, usually with a prominent longitudinal keel (Fig 1R) or cristate apex (Fig 1Q) . ...
... Remarks: The original collection of Glonium compactum was from the Ivory Coast, West Africa (Kern 1959 ), on Strychnos aculeate (Loganiaceae), but subsequently it has been found in Southern Africa on a number of species of the Restionaceae (e.g. Rhodocoma capense, Ischyrolepis subverticillata, and Cannomois virgata), and in fact, proved to be the most common species of Glonium in the fynbos (Lee & Crous 2003). Zogg (1962) illustrated and described G. compactum as having hysterothecia borne within a crust-like stroma, with the subiculum embedded beneath the stroma. ...
... With acuminate, spindle-shaped ascospores, this taxon is similar in morphology to species of Glonium as circumscribed first by von Hö hnel (1918) and later Petrak (1923a). However, the published description of the South African G. compactum isolates used in this study differs from that given by Zogg (1962). Lee & Crous (2003) do not mention a stroma, nor embedded subicula; instead hysterothecia are said to be deeply embedded in the host substratum. Remarks: Zogg (1962) synonymised Glonium clavisporum under G. lineare, despite convincing evidence presented by Lohman (1932a Lohman ( , 1937) as to why G. clavisporum (syn. ...
We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis for two families within the Pleosporomycetidae (Dothideomycetes), the Hysteriaceae, and the Mytilinidiaceae, using four nuclear genes, the ribosomal LSU and SSU, transcription elongation factor 1 a and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. Multigene phylogenies provide strong support for the monophyly of the Hysteriaceae and of the Mytilinidiaceae, both within the Pleosporomycetidae. However, sequence data also indicate that both families are not closely related within the subclass. Although core groups for many of the genera in the Hysteriaceae have been defined, Hysterium, Gloniopsis, and Hysterographium are polyphyletic, with affinities not premised on spore septation and pigmentation. Glonium is also polyphyletic, but along two highly divergent lines. The genus lies outside of the Hysteriaceae, and finds close affinities instead with the family Mytilinidiaceae, for which we propose Gloniaceae fam. nov. to accommodate the type, G. stellatum and related forms. The genus Psiloglonium is reinstated within the Hysteriaceae, with P. lineare, as type, to accommodate non-subiculate species, with apically obtuse didymospores. Farlowiella is removed from the Hysteriaceae, but remains within the Pleosporomycetidae. In contrast, despite divergent spore morphologies, the genera Mytilinidion and Lophium form a strongly supported clade, thus defining a highly monophyletic Mytilinidiaceae, adjacent to the Gloniaceae, for which we propose the Mytilinidiales ord. nov. The genus Ostreichnion, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae, is here transferred to the Hysteriaceae. It is concluded that the evolution of the hysterothecium occurred multiple times within the Pleosporomycetidae, and alone it is not a synapomorphic character state for the Hysteriaceae.
Unfortunately Ain Raitviir died on September 17th, 2006. He was one of the best experts on Helotiales, especially on the family Hyaloscyphaceae. He prepared the descriptions of the new taxa and wrote a nearly complete draft which has been used for the final version of this article. Five new species of small discomycetes, Crocicreas blechni, Lachnum capense, Niptera capensis, Phaeoscypha pteridicola, Urceolella todeae, and one new variety, Incrupila aspidii var. pteridicola, are described. All of them were collected on dead fronds of ferns in South Africa.
The biodiversity of the saprobic microfungi occurring in Protea infructescences (flowerheads) was investigated. A total of 28 fungal species including 14 ascomycetes and 14 anamorphic fungi were collected from 2000-2001. The mycoflora of the infructescences, especially the flowers, were found to differ totally from that of the bracts and other Protea tissues. This indicates their uniqueness as fungal micro-habitat. Furthermore, the majority of ascomycete species isolated from these flowers were characterised by having long ostiolar necks. This finding indicates that insects play a major role in the dispersal of the ascomycetes that occur on these infructescences, which is further corroborated by the unusually high number of insects that frequent these flowers. From these data it is clear that the saprobic fungal flora of Protea infructescences have a unique ecological role. However, the exact nature of this interaction will only become clear once further studies are conducted monitoring the individual components of this ecosystem.
A reappraisal of the phylogenetic integrity of bitunicate ascomycete fungi belonging to or previously affiliated with the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae, Gloniaceae and Patellariaceae is presented, based on an analysis of 121 isolates and four nuclear genes, the ribosomal large and small subunits, transcription elongation factor 1 and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. A geographically diverse and high density taxon sampling strategy was employed, including multiple isolates/species from the following genera: Anteaglonium (6/4), Encephalographa (1/1), Farlowiella (3/1), Gloniopsis (8/4), Glonium (4/2), Hysterium (12/5), Hysterobrevium (14/3), Hysterographium (2/1), Hysteropatella (2/2), Lophium (4/2), Mytilinidion (13/10), Oedohysterium (5/3), Ostreichnion (2/2), Patellaria (1/1), Psiloglonium (11/3), Quasiconcha (1/1), Rhytidhysteron (8/3), and 24 outgroup taxa. Sequence data indicate that although the Hysteriales are closely related to the Pleosporales, sufficient branch support exists for their separation into separate orders within the Pleosporomycetidae. The Mytilinidiales are more distantly related within the subclass and show a close association with the Gloniaceae. Although there are examples of concordance between morphological and molecular data, these are few. Molecular data instead support the premise of a large number of convergent evolutionary lineages, which do not correspond to previously held assumptions of synapomorphy relating to spore morphology. Thus, within the Hysteriaceae, the genera Gloniopsis, Glonium, Hysterium and Hysterographium are highly polyphyletic. This necessitated the transfer of two species of Hysterium to Oedohysterium gen. nov. (Od. insidens comb. nov. and Od. sinense comb. nov.), the description of a new species, Hysterium barrianum sp. nov., and the transfer of two species of Gloniopsis to Hysterobrevium gen. nov. (Hb. smilacis comb. nov. and Hb. constrictum comb. nov.). While Hysterographium, with the type Hg. fraxini, is removed from the Hysteriaceae, some of its species remain within the family, transferred here to Oedohysterium (Od. pulchrum comb. nov.), Hysterobrevium (Hb. mori comb. nov.) and Gloniopsis (Gp. subrugosa comb. nov.); the latter genus, in addition to the type, Gp. praelonga, with two new species, Gp. arciformis sp. nov. and Gp. kenyensis sp. nov. The genus Glonium is now divided into Anteaglonium (Pleosporales), Glonium (Gloniaceae), and Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae). The hysterothecium has evolved convergently no less than five times within the Pleosporomycetidae (e.g., Anteaglonium, Farlowiella, Glonium, Hysterographium and the Hysteriaceae). Similarly, thin-walled mytilinidioid (e.g., Ostreichnion) and patellarioid (e.g., Rhytidhysteron) genera, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae and Patellariaceae, respectively, transferred here to the Hysteriaceae, have also evolved at least twice within the subclass. As such, character states traditionally considered to represent synapomorphies among these fungi, whether they relate to spore septation or the ascomata, in fact, represent symplesiomorphies, and most likely have arisen multiple times through convergent evolutionary processes in response to common selective pressures.
The species of the genus Gloniella from southern Argentina, and central and southern Chile described by Spegazzini were revised. In this contribution, some of them are synonymized (Gloniella australis var. minor Speg.), transferred to another genus [Glonium jaffueli (Speg.) Messuti & Lorenzo] or considered doubtful species (G. antarctica Speg., G. araucana Speg. and G. gilliesi Speg.). Descriptions, illustrations, references, comments and notes are provided. A key of the species from southern South America is presented.
The taxonomy of the southern South American species of Glonium is revised; nine species were reported previously. G. abbreviatum, G. araucanum, G. chilense, G. colihuae, G. ephedrae, and G. uspatallense are accepted here, G. cuminghii is doubtful, and G. chusqueae Speg. and G. chusqueae Henn. belong to other genera. A key to the recorded species is provided.
The data needed to derive an accurate estimate of saprobic microfungi are insufficient, incomplete and contradictory. We therefore
address issues that will ultimately reveal whether there are 1.5 million global fungal species, which is the generally accepted
working estimate. Our data indicates that large numbers of fungi occur on host families, such as Musaceae, host genera such as Nothofagus and individual host species such as Eucalyptus globulus, and that fungi may be specific or recurrent on different plant groups. Recent studies have shown that fungal numbers on
hosts may be larger than originally thought as saprobes are organ-specific/-recurrent and changes in fungal communities occur
as substrata decays. Other issues, such as the impact of geography, of methodology and of taxonomy are also addressed. There
is evidence that fungi on the same host at different locations also differs; site-specific factors and geographic distance
may be more important than host/substrate in shaping fungal assemblages. Methodology impacts on estimates of species diversity
with many more taxa observed using indirect isolation protocols as compared to direct isolations from leaves. Our understanding
of fungal species numbers in speciose genera is important. In some fungal groups accepted species have been reduced to a few
species, while in other groups many cryptic species are being uncovered. While we make a number of generalisations from the
studies reported here, this review also highlights some of the limitations mycologists currently have to contend with. A large
body of knowledge exists for certain groups of microfungi or for microfungi occurring on certain substrata/hosts. However,
it is likely that we are drawing conclusions from data that are somewhat biased toward fungi and host/substrata that are of
interest to human endeavours. The discrepancy between the numbers of fungi described from only one economically important
genus, Eucalyptus, and all the other members of the Myrtaceae is but one example of this bias. By incorporating the large body of work that is already available and adding appropriate
complementary studies, we can accelerate our understanding of microfungal diversity and this will eventually lead us to a
realistic estimate of global fungal species numbers.
KeywordsBiodiversity estimates-Litter fungi-Saprobes-Speciose genera
A reappraisal of the phylogenetic integrity of bitunicate ascomycete fungi belonging to or previously affiliated with the Hysteriaceae, Mytilinidiaceae, Gloniaceae and Patellariaceae is presented, based on an analysis of 121 isolates and four nuclear genes, the ribosomal large and small subunits, transcription elongation factor 1 and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. A geographically diverse and high density taxon sampling strategy was employed, including multiple isolates/species from the following genera: Anteaglonium (6/4), Encephalographa (1/1), Farlowiella (3/1), Gloniopsis (8/4), Glonium (4/2), Hysterium (12/5), Hysterobrevium (14/3), Hysterographium (2/1), Hysteropatella (2/2), Lophium (4/2), Mytilinidion (13/10), Oedohysterium (5/3), Ostreichnion (2/2), Patellaria (1/1), Psiloglonium (11/3), Quasiconcha (1/1), Rhytidhysteron (8/3), and 24 outgroup taxa. Sequence data indicate that although the Hysteriales are closely related to the Pleosporales, sufficient branch support exists for their separation into separate orders within the Pleosporomycetidae. The Mytilinidiales are more distantly related within the subclass and show a close association with the Gloniaceae. Although there are examples of concordance between morphological and molecular data, these are few. Molecular data instead support the premise of a large number of convergent evolutionary lineages, which do not correspond to previously held assumptions of synapomorphy relating to spore morphology. Thus, within the Hysteriaceae, the genera Gloniopsis, Glonium, Hysterium and Hysterographium are highly polyphyletic. This necessitated the transfer of two species of Hysterium to Oedohysteriumgen. nov. (Od. insidenscomb. nov. and Od. sinense comb. nov.), the description of a new species, Hysterium barrianumsp. nov., and the transfer of two species of Gloniopsis to Hysterobreviumgen. nov. (Hb. smilaciscomb. nov. and Hb. constrictumcomb. nov.). While Hysterographium, with the type Hg. fraxini, is removed from the Hysteriaceae, some of its species remain within the family, transferred here to Oedohysterium (Od. pulchrumcomb. nov.), Hysterobrevium (Hb. moricomb. nov.) and Gloniopsis (Gp. subrugosacomb. nov.); the latter genus, in addition to the type, Gp. praelonga, with two new species, Gp. arciformissp. nov. and Gp. kenyensis sp. nov. The genus Glonium is now divided into Anteaglonium (Pleosporales), Glonium (Gloniaceae), and Psiloglonium (Hysteriaceae). The hysterothecium has evolved convergently no less than five times within the Pleosporomycetidae (e.g., Anteaglonium, Farlowiella, Glonium, Hysterographium and the Hysteriaceae). Similarly, thin-walled mytilinidioid (e.g., Ostreichnion) and patellarioid (e.g., Rhytidhysteron) genera, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae and Patellariaceae, respectively, transferred here to the Hysteriaceae, have also evolved at least twice within the subclass. As such, character states traditionally considered to represent synapomorphies among these fungi, whether they relate to spore septation or the ascomata, in fact, represent symplesiomorphies, and most likely have arisen multiple times through convergent evolutionary processes in response to common selective pressures.
