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Gill lamella with extensive lifting of epithelial cell layer observed under scanning electron microscope. 10. Lamellae of fish exposed to 0.30 ppm of naphthalene after acute exposure. 11. Slight lifting of epithelial cell layer in fish exposed to naphthalene at 0.15 ppm following exposure for 24 hours. 12. Extensive lifting of epithelial cell layer in fish exposed to 0.30 ppm of naphthalene following chronic exposure. 13. Lamellae of control fish after 24 hours of experiment.
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Juvenile Florida pompanos (Trachinotus carolinus) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of naphthalene (0.15 ppm and 0.30 ppm) for 24 hours (acute) and 12 days (chronic). Control fish were maintained for the same periods in clean seawater and seawater with ethanol, which is a carrier to dissolve naphthalene. Gill samples from 56 fish were prepar...
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... SEM examination confirmed the partial fusion of many secondary lamellae in the fish exposed to naphthalene (Figs 10-12). SEM of the control fish revealed normal gill surfaces, with no alterations (Fig. 13). Although not considered for the DTC value, SEM analysis confirmed the disarrangements in gill filaments with damage to the structure of the secondary lamellae, clearly observed in the fish exposed to naphthalene. Figure 9. Degree of tissue change in Trachinotus carolinus used as controls and exposed to different sublethal ...
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... Наиболее удобным методом для экомониторинга водных экосистем является изучение морфологических и гистологических характеристик внутренних органов рыб [2,3], который способен отражать динамику разрушения биотопов. Внутренние органы рыб характеризуются избирательной аккумуляцией ксенобиотиков [4,5], при этом вещества, загрязняющие экосистемы, накапливаются в органах, таких как жабры, печень, эндокринные железы, желудочно-кишечный тракт, почки [6][7][8]. Особо чувствительным органом у рыб являются жабры, которые отвечают за дыхание и поддержание осмотического давления и кислотно-щелочного баланса жидкостей организма [9,10]. Они играют важную роль в вы-делении токсических продуктов метаболизма и в поддержании дренажа пищи [11,12]. ...
В статье представлено гистологическое исследование жабр, печени сазана и судака, обитающих в озере Балхаш. На основании выявленных обширных морфологических изменений деструктивного характера в жабрах и печени сазана и судака сделан вывод о загрязнении данного водоема токсикантами. В статье представлены морфофункциональные характеристики и общая оценка влияния факторов среды на цито- и гистоструктуру жабр и печени сазана и судака. Выявлены различия на сравнительно-гистологическом уровне морфоструктуры жабр и печени этих рыб. В печени рыб наблюдается набухание сосудов, разрыв стенок сосудов. Деформировались некоторые вены. В вакуолях наблюдаются дистрофические изменения. Был избыток крови в сосудах, застой крови. Паренхиматозные клетки умеренно вздуты. Количество клеток Купфера увеличивалось. На многих оптически пустых «вакуолях» в виде пузырьков с близкими границами можно увидеть отечную дистрофию (вакуолярную дистрофию). Печеночные лучи располагались радиально. Межклеточное пространство было заполнено лимфоцитами и макрофагами. Это указывает на снижение транспорта печени из лимфы. Была нарушена микроциркуляция русла. В центральных артериях наблюдался застой крови; оптически пустые вакуоли были подвержены гидропической дистрофии. У изученных особей сазана и судака жабры, представленные жаберными лепестками и отходящими от них жаберными лепесточками, имели следующее морфологическое строение. У исследованных особей судака отмечены морфологические изменения деструктивного характера в жабрах. Они выражались в изменении формы ламелл, обширном некрозе вторичного жаберного эпителия, разрушении сосудистого слоя ламелей с образованием кровоизлияний и кровоизлияний.
... gariepinus.) The LC 50 data for naphthalene in fishes (under static renewal systems) have been determined by several investigators and some of them include: M. fluviatilus [21]; 5180 µg/L for Milkfish, C. chanos [19]; 5400 µg/L for Climbing perch, A. testudineus [16]; 7210 µg/L for Catfish, C. gariepinus [25]; 500 µg/L for Rainbow fish; 2830 µg/L for Florida pompano and T. carolinus [24]. The findings in this work and that of other mentioned researchers show that LC 50 values of naphthalene varies with the species of aquatic organisms. ...
... Naphthalene is among the most toxic fractions of oil to aquatic organisms and has almost narcotic effects among all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Santos et al. 2011). ...
The aquatic environment is constantly exposed to chemical pollutants from agriculture and the urban environment. In this study, the effects of Bisphenol A, Naphthalene, and Butachlor on metabolic and antioxidant enzymes of goldfish were investigated during subacute exposure. The samples (n = 144, 100.97 ± 31.47 g) were distributed randomly in 12 glass aquaria (70 L) with a stocking density of 12 fish for each. Each aquarium was exposed to one of each pollutant (Bisphenol A with 500 μg/L, Butachlor with 0.28 μL/L and Naphthalene with 200 μg/L) separately, while the control group remained without contaminants for the entire 5 weeks of the experiment. The result showed that the activity of AST (Aspartate transaminase), ALT (Alanine transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatases), and POD (Guaiacol Peroxidase) significantly altered in contaminants treatments. The POD level, an antioxidant enzyme, showed a significant increase, especially on the 14th day of exposure to Bisphenol A (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these enzymes, as a biomarker, can be useful in environmental biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems.
... PAHs are capable of bioaccumulating in aquatic ecosystems leading to various toxic effects associated with aquatic life (Synder et al. 2015). PAHs of lower molecular weight usually accumulate in higher concentrations in aquatic animals and the major mode of these lower molecular weight compounds toxicity is by damaging the membrane structure and the enzymes associated with it (Santos et al. 2011). PAHs are capable of inducing changes in organs away from the site of absorption and the main route of elimination with their metabolites is through the hepatobiliary system (Eisler 1987). ...
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are highly stable and can easily permeate through biological membranes due to their lipophilic nature. They are characterized by their ability to act at the site of application and even at sites distant to the zone of application. Any contamination associated with aquatic bodies due to the presence of PAHs can be assessed by investigating biochemical changes. The most common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutant naphthalene was selected for the bioassay experiment using Indian climbing perch Anabas testudineus. The biochemical response in the muscle tissue was investigated after exposure to varying concentrations of naphthalene by estimating protein, glycogen, Alanine Aminotransaminase, and Aspartate Aminotransaminase. The results showed inhibition of protein and glycogen levels due to naphthalene stress. Similarly, a decrease in the activity of transaminase in muscle tissues was noticed. The results have been computed using star plots for interpretation of integrated biomarker response (IBR). The results clearly support the role of biochemical parameters in assessing the impact of naphthalene stress on fish health. IBR index can be developed as a useful tool in monitoring quantitative as well as the qualitative effect of naphthalene toxicity in fishes and other aquatic animals.
... Sagittal sections (4 µm thick) were cut, mounted on glass slides, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological description. Mucins were visualized in Alcian Blue (AB) at pH 2.5 (acid glycoconjugates) and in periodic acid-Schiff (Santos et al., 2011) (neutral glycoconjugates). Sections of each fish gill were examined and photographed using Olympus B×41 microscopeequipped with Nikon Coolpix 4300 digital camera. ...
... Histology and histochemistry in gills: hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Shiff(Santos et al., 2011) and Alcian Blue (AB) pH 2.5 in gills. a) HE-staining displays mucous cell population, Micropogonias furnieri from Paraty Bay, b) all cells positive for neutral mucus(Santos et al.) are magenta at the secondary lamellae, M. furnieri from Sepetiba Bay, c) acid mucous secretion (AB) stained at the secondary lamellae, Menticirrhus americanus from Sepetiba Bay, d) uniform distribution of acid mucous (AB) in lamellae, M. americanus from Sepetiba Bay. ...
The use of fish species uses as bioindicators is an important environmental monitoring tool. Histological biomarkers are adopted to assess the health conditions of different organisms and to indicate an environmental hazard. Histology can be applied as an effective method to analyze the effects of pollutants and other stressors. Accordingly, histological changes in the gill epithelium were analyzed to assess the adoption of fish species Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) as a bioindicator to measure environmental quality in Paraty and Sepetiba bays, in Rio de Janeiro. A random sample of 58 fish was collected from the assessed bays. We found Paraty Bay to be in good conservation condition, whereas Sepetiba Bay is contaminated. The fish species collected from Sepetiba Bay showed lesions such as epithelial lifting, aneurysm, and necrosis in the gills; thus, it was possible to suggest that histological biomarkers be used bioindicators to measure the environmental impact in these bays.
... PAHs affect the general functioning of the cells by damaging their membrane structure and the enzymes associated with it (Rengarajan et al., 2015). PAHs of lower molecular weight usually hoard in greater concentrations in aquatic animals (Santos et al., 2011). PAHs were ranked the ninth most threatening compounds to human health (Hossain et al., 2010). ...
... PAHs were ranked the ninth most threatening compounds to human health (Hossain et al., 2010). Naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ) is formed from two benzene rings fused together and is one of the intensively studied PAHs due to its high toxicity, low molecular weight and long persistence in water (Santos et al., 2011). Naphthalene and metabolic by-products enter food chain through the systemic absorption leading to health issues. ...
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydocarbon pollution has increased considerably in aquatic resources throughout the world and it is a growing global concern.The prolonged use of Naphthalene in many applications makes its way into the aquatic bodies, affecting the aquatic life. The climbing perch Anabas testudineus were exposed to different concentrations of naphthalene and the alterations in liver enzymes were assessed. The median lethal concentration of naphthalene to the fish Anabas for 72 hours was found to be 5.4mgl-1.The activities of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine
Transaminase (ALT), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Adenosine Triphosphatases (ATPases) were evaluated in the liver of both the control and experimental fishes. A major decrease was observed in all the enzyme activities in the liver of experimental groups when compared with the control group. Decrease in enzyme
activity may be due to oxidative stress caused by naphthalene. Inhibited enzyme activity may also be attributed to organ dysfunction caused by naphthalene. The inhibition of enzyme activity was noticed to be dose dependent. The results indicate that alterations in liver enzymes can be used as a sensitive and potential biomarker for monitoring the health status of aquatic ecosystem.
... After AE and SE, hyperplasia of the gill epithelium, partial fusion of the lamellae, and cell hypertrophy increased time-dependently, but these changes were somewhat attenuated after the fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days. Notably, total or partial lamellar fusion, edema, epithelial lifting, and hyperplasia are common gill epithelial responses to exposure to hydrocarbons and other chemical agents (Engelhardt et al., 1981;Correa and Garcia, 1990;Prasad, 1991;Santos et al., 2011;Hesni et al., 2011;Vajargah et al., 2018). ...
Industrial activities and urbanization are the main sources of pollutants in estuarine environments. Diesel, which is widely used in urban and port activities, is an important source of hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment, and its water-accommodated fraction (WAF) is toxic to the local biota. This study was performed to analyze the effects of diesel oil WAF on fish. Specifically, we characterized the gill morphology of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi and analyzed the histopathological changes in the gills after exposure to 50% diesel oil WAF. Acute (12, 24, 48, and 96 h) and subchronic (168 and 336 h) toxicity tests were performed. Furthermore, a recovery protocol was conducted: after exposure to 50% WAF for 168 h, the fish were transferred and kept in seawater without contaminants for 336 h, for a total experimental period of 504 h. The seahorse branchial apparatus was found to be tufted with short filaments; the apical surfaces of the pavement cells in the filament and lamellar epithelia formed "crests" and had microridges. Mitochondria-rich cells were distributed exclusively in the lamellar epithelium, while mucous cells were distributed in the filament epithelium. All pathologies observed after acute and subchronic exposure featured progressive time-dependent alterations of lamellar structure that might disrupt gill physiological and metabolic functions. During the recovery period, the gill alterations were gradually repaired.
... In the aquatic environment, PAHs dissolved in water or associated with particles in suspension or in the sediment are accessible to aquatic organisms, including freshwater fish. PAHs can cause severe behavioural, physiological and biochemical disturbances in fish [3]. Sixteen PAHs, among them phenanthrene (Phe), which is comprised of three fused benzene rings, have been identified as priority contaminants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Economic Community (EEC) because aromatic hydrocarbons can bioaccumulate, result in contamination of the food chain and are toxic and potentially carcinogenic [4,5]. ...
... Fish are considered indicators of environmental quality and are used in ecotoxicological studies. Physiological and haematological analyses are important tools for detecting the effects of chemical compounds on fish [3,5]. In addition, the LC 50 has been widely used in the assessment of water quality and the possible biological impacts of a given pollutant [8,9]. ...
... The gills are the primary target for toxic substances dissolved in water and the main site of their absorption. The resulting disturbances in physiological processes lead to pathological changes in the structure of the gill apparatus, such as hyperplasia and fusion of the lamellae, aneurysms, degradation of the lamellar epithelium, and cell membrane breakage [6,18,19]. Judging from the frequency of these anomalies, it appears that environmental pollution with heavy metals is low in the Lower Ob but considerable in the Severnaya Sosva. ...
... The high value of heavy metals also make them uneasy to be detoxified by liver. The time needed by the liver for detoxification process of heavy metals is quite longer, thus, the damage of tissues in livers will be much bigger than other organs (Odiko & Obirenfoju, 2017) (Santos, Gomes, Passos , Rocha, Salaroli , & Ngan, 2011). ...
Most of the rivers’ quality in Indonesia is in highly-polluted status including Ciliwung River in Jakarta. The pollution can affect river ecosystem especially the rivers biota such as plecostomus species that is mostly found in Ciliwung River. The information about correlation between heavy metal and nutrition content in Plecostomus flesh still limited, so the result from this research can give the new information about that. The aims of this research is identifying the effect of the heavy metals towards the contents of protein and fat of plecostomus flesh from Ciliwung River. The analyses methods use X-Ray Fluoresence (XRF) Spectrometer, the analysis of protein using kjeldahl method, and fat analysis using extraction method. The result of this research showed that small-sized plecostomus contained the highest fat and protein compared to medium-sized and big-sized plecostomus. The assumption was the contents of heavy metal which can impede protein and fat absorption. Meanwhile, the content of carbohydrate in small-sized plecostomus was the lowest. The identified type of heavy metal using XRF method was Pb, Hg and Cd with the concentration was higher than the maximum standard (SNI) so that the flesh of plecostomus from Ciliwung River in Jakarta is categorized unsuitable to consumption
