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Light micrographs of various freshwater ascomycetes. (1 5) Aniptodera sp. (1, 2) Asci. Note the apical thickening and pore in 1, which has ruptured in 2. (3-5) Ascospores with fine unfurling appendages (arrowed). (6 10) Annulatascus velatispora. (6, 8) Asci. Note the large apical ring. (7) Necks of ascomata. (9, 10) Ascospores with mucilaginous sheath. (11-14) Annulatascus biatriisporus. (11, 12) Asci. Note the large thickened apical ring. (] 3, 14) Ascospores. (15-18) Bertia convolutispora. (15) Ascoma. (16, 17) Asci. Note the apical thickening. (18) J-shaped ascospores. Bars: 7, 15 = 100/xm; 1-6, 8 14, 16-18= 10/~m.
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There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be...
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... [175] In Aniptodera species ascomata are immersed, becoming erumpent, with a central small papilla. Asci are unitunicate with an apical thickening and pore (Figures 1, 2), whilst ascospores are ellispoidal or fusiform, some with polar appendages (Figures 3-5). The ascomata of Ascagilis bipolaris are unusual in that they comprise a peridium of large thin-walled cells (Figures 19, 20). ...
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... are unitunicate with an apical thickening and pore (Figures 1, 2), whilst ascospores are ellispoidal or fusiform, some with polar appendages (Figures 3-5). The ascomata of Ascagilis bipolaris are unusual in that they comprise a peridium of large thin-walled cells (Figures 19, 20). Asci readily release their ascospores in water mounts ( Figure 23) and asco- spores are brown, and bicellular with polar mucilaginous pads ( Figures 21,22). ...
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... ascomata of Ascagilis bipolaris are unusual in that they comprise a peridium of large thin-walled cells (Figures 19, 20). Asci readily release their ascospores in water mounts ( Figure 23) and asco- spores are brown, and bicellular with polar mucilaginous pads ( Figures 21,22). In Bertia the ascomata are superficial and covered in warts ( Figure 15). ...
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... readily release their ascospores in water mounts ( Figure 23) and asco- spores are brown, and bicellular with polar mucilaginous pads ( Figures 21,22). In Bertia the ascomata are superficial and covered in warts ( Figure 15). The asci have very long pedicels ( Figure 16) and are released in the ascomal venter at maturity. ...
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... Bertia the ascomata are superficial and covered in warts ( Figure 15). The asci have very long pedicels ( Figure 16) and are released in the ascomal venter at maturity. The apex of the ascus has an apical thickening and pore ( Figure 17) and the ascospores are J-shaped ( Figure 18). ...
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... asci have very long pedicels ( Figure 16) and are released in the ascomal venter at maturity. The apex of the ascus has an apical thickening and pore ( Figure 17) and the ascospores are J-shaped ( Figure 18). (Figures 28, 29). ...
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... asci have very long pedicels ( Figure 16) and are released in the ascomal venter at maturity. The apex of the ascus has an apical thickening and pore ( Figure 17) and the ascospores are J-shaped ( Figure 18). (Figures 28, 29). ...
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... 28, 29). The ascomata of Submersi- sphaeria aquatica are immersed ( Figure 30) and the asci (Figures 31, 34) resemble those of Annulatascus. The taxa, however differ, in that the ascospores in Submersisphaeria are brown and have apical germ pores (Figures 32-35). ...
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... The Ingoldian fungi (Figures 71-82) abound in fast- flowing tree-lined streams, babbling brooks, and well- aerated lakes, growing on submerged leaves and twigs, but are relatively more sparse on woody substrates [80,178,199]. They form conidia which are released in water and are readily trapped in foam [82,83]. ...
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... or sigmoid. In the great majority of these branched conidia (Figures 71-75 Nevertheless, it is significant to note that nearly all the Ingoldian fungi have conidiophores and conidia that are hyaline and thin-walled. The Ingoldian fungi are exten- sively studied worldwide and for their monographic treatments, see [80,131,158]. ...
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... conidia are mostly hyaline and thin-walled, however, some demati- aceous species were also isolated (eg Ceratosporium cornutum Matshushima, Tetraploa aristata Berk and Broome, and Tripospermum infalcatum Ando and Tubaki). The submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes (Figures 91-95), first addressed by Ingold [80], represent a hetero- geneous assemblage of fungi growing on submerged decaying plant materials. Most of the species are found on wood litter blocked by rocks in fast-flowing streams or babbling brooks. ...
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... hyphomycetes may be regarded as 'facultative-aquatic', as compared to the aquatic Ingoldian group. The conidia of submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes are basically regular in shape, ie ovoid ( (Figures 41-44) and Kuthubutheen [138], have been treated as examples of aero-aquatic species, but should be regarded as sub- merged-aquatic (facultative-aquatic) hyphomycetes. This is because the conidia of these species, though formed when the substrate is no longer submerged, are either filiform or branched and do not possess a flo- tation device. ...
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... of such hyphomycetes are Acrogenospora, Cryptophiale, Dictyochaeta, Kionochaeta, Monotosporiella, Pleur- ophragmium, Spadicoides and Thysanophora. Others pro- duce erect synnemata, such as Bactrodesmium longisporum Ellis (Figures 41, 44), Candelosynnema ranunculosporum KD Hyde & Seifert (Figures 50-53) Didymostilbe, Nawa- wia dendroidea KD Hyde, Goh and Steinke (Figures 6266), and Phaeoisaria clematidis (Fuckel) Hughes. Perhaps these erect conidiophores are conducive to spore production and dispersal in the aquatic environment, or when the wood is exposed or dries out. ...
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... most freshwater ascomycetes the asci are provided with ejection mechanisms as in many terrestrial fungi (Table 2). The asci are either bitunicate with fissitunicate dehiscence (eg Massarina spp, Ascagilis spp (Figure 23)) or unitunicate with relatively massive (eg Annulatascus spp (Figures 6, 8, 11, 12)) or smaller (eg Ophioceras spp (Figures 37, 38), Bertia spp (Figures 16, 17)) apical rings. ...
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... most freshwater ascomycetes the asci are provided with ejection mechanisms as in many terrestrial fungi (Table 2). The asci are either bitunicate with fissitunicate dehiscence (eg Massarina spp, Ascagilis spp (Figure 23)) or unitunicate with relatively massive (eg Annulatascus spp (Figures 6, 8, 11, 12)) or smaller (eg Ophioceras spp (Figures 37, 38), Bertia spp (Figures 16, 17)) apical rings. ...
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... is the next problem faced by the freshwater pro- pagule. The lipid globules found in the ascospores of most freshwater ascomycetes (Figures 3, 21, 25), probably act as flotation devices as well as food reserves as in the mar- ine ascomycetes. ...
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... separate from the spore and uncoil in water to form long viscous polar threads [48,50,172]. Besides mucilaginous sheaths, fila- mentous appendages appear to be most commonly found in ascospores of tropical freshwater ascomycetes; 3) muci- laginous sheaths (eg A. velatispora (Figures 9, 10 (Figures 28, 29)). ...
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... pad-like mucilaginous appendages in Ascagilis bipolaris ( Figures 21, 22) and Mamillisphaeria dimorphos- pora are probably sticky and function to adhere the asco- spores in much the same ways as the marine species Cerio- sporopsis circumvestita and Ondiniella torquata [84,87,168]. The amorphous coiled appendages at each end in Ceriospora caudae-suis [73] are persistent and do not appear to be the same type as those found in the genera Aniptodera and Halosarpheia. ...
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... Modern representatives of Cancellidium are saprophytic, usually found on decaying wood, rarely on decaying leaves, and mostly in aquatic, freshwater habitats (sometimes also in brackish to marine sites), but some findings are reported from terrestrial environments (Table 2). Nonetheless, Cancellidium, generally associated with the aquatic environment, is classified as an aero-aquatic hyphomycete (Webster and Davey 1980;Shaw 1994;Goh and Hyde 1996;Chuaseeharonnachai et al. 2013). Similarly to other aeroaquatic fungi, however, it is well adapted to endure dry periods (Hyde et al. 2016). ...
... Similarly to other aeroaquatic fungi, however, it is well adapted to endure dry periods (Hyde et al. 2016). Anamorphic aero-aquatic fungi are saprophytes, mainly on decaying plant remains (wood, leaves) accumulated in usually small, shallow freshwater reservoirs, like stagnant (lentic) woodland or wetland pools, in ditches or in lotic, slowly running streams (Dix and Webster 1995;Goh and Hyde 1996;Webster and Weber 2007;Markovskaja 2012). They grow on submerged substrates often in semi-anaerobic conditions but sporulate only when the substrate is exposed to air. ...
... They grow on submerged substrates often in semi-anaerobic conditions but sporulate only when the substrate is exposed to air. Buoyant conidia formed by aero-aquatic fungi are dispersed by water when the substrate is submerged again (Dix and Webster 1995;Goh and Hyde 1996;Webster and Weber 2007). ...
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... Filters were stained with 0.05% trypan blue in 60% lactic acid, and spores were identified and counted with a microscope at × 400 magnification, for 60 microscopic fields to standardise the identification effort. Spores were identified to the species level, when possible, using specific literature and identification keys (Goh and Hyde 1996;Chan et al. 2000;Gönczöl and Révay 2002;Cruz et al. 2007;Cruz and Gusmão 2009a, b;Barbosa et al. 2011;Fiuza & Gusmão 2013;Fiuza et al. 2015). Species names were checked by an online search of the Mycobank Database (https:// www. ...
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... Freshwater fungi are a diverse and heterogeneous group that can be classified into different classes (Marvanová, 1980;Goh and Hyde, 1996;Shearer et al., 2009;Baschien et al., 2013;Luo et al., 2019;Dong et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2023). Calabon et al. (2022) listed 3,870 species occurring in freshwater habitats. ...
During the survey on freshwater hyphomycetes in Guangxi, Guizhou and Hainan Provinces, China, five fresh collections were encountered. Based on their morphology, these five isolates were identified as belonging to Hermatomyces , Kirschsteiniothelia , Paramonodictys , Pleopunctum and Sparticola . Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were performed for each genus, which resulted in the identification of five new species, namely Hermatomyces hainanensis , Kirschsteiniothelia ramus , Paramonodictys globosa , Pleopunctum guizhouense , and Sparticola irregularis . Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the morphological characteristics of these new taxa were provided. This research enriches the biodiversity of freshwater dematiaceous hyphomycetes.
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... Freshwater fungi are an important and ubiquitous group of taxa that includes any species which spend their whole life cycle, or part of it, in freshwater habitats (ponds, pools, lakes, peat swaps, wetlands, rivers, streams, artificial reservoirs, etc.) or which colonize the submerged part of plants in freshwater environments [1][2][3]. Currently, only about 3000-4000 species of fungi have been classified as aquatic fungi. Considering that estimations of global fungal diversity range from 0.5 to 10 million species, our knowledge of this group of fungi is still very limited. ...
... Indeed, some taxonomic groups are almost entirely uninvestigated, and many aquatic habitats are still unexplored [3][4][5]. Freshwater fungi are separated into different groups according to their morphology and ecology: freshwater ascomycetes, freshwater hyphomycetes ("Ingoldian fungi", aero-aquatic hyphomycetes, terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes, submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes), freshwater basidiomycetes, coelomycetes, zygomycetes, microsporidia, and zoosporic fungi [2,6,7]. The evolution of molecular approaches used for fungal identification has led to a rapid change in their classification, with the introduction of new genera, families, orders, and classes of freshwater fungi. ...
... This is a dominant group (95 genera and 330 species) in freshwater habitats formed by an asexual morph of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota [42]. They are characterized by the production of modified hyaline conidia with unique shapes: tetra-radiate, filiform, multiradiate, sigmoid, branced, and solecoid [2,43,44]. They can be found in fast-flowing streams, well-aerated lakes, and humid environments growing on submerged decaying plant material [41,45]. ...
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... Vijaykrishna et al. (2006) also stated the potential of aquatic fungi to degrade submerged substrates which help the survival in water-logged conditions. Goh and Hyde (1996) proposed four artificial groups of hyphomycetes based on occurrences, namely 1) ingoldian fungi, 2) aero-aquatic hyphomycetes, 3) terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes and 4) submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. Aero-aquatic hyphomycetes are mainly reported from ponds, ditches, or slow-running streams. ...
... The second group are common in freshwater and marine habitats. Persistent asci with an apical apparatus may have the ability to facilitate strong ejection of ascospores and ascospores with polar filamentous unfurling appendages, which is important for dispersal and subsequent attachment in freshwater habitats (Goh and Hyde 1996). Jones (2006) assumed the ancestral ascospore lacked appendages or spore wall ornamentation. ...
Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic, endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collections from China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to two orders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae, Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records are reported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitats in China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsis is transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis; Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae; Sedecimiella is placed in Nectriaceae; Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascales genera incertae sedis; and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as a synonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora, Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae and Cornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters. Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors. The results further support those early diverging clades of this subclass, mostly comprising terrestrial taxa and freshwater and marine taxa have been secondarily derived, while the crown clade (Nectriaceae) is represented in all three habitats. The evolution of various morphological adaptations towards their habitual changes are also discussed.
... Aero-aquatic fungi have conidia with clathroid or helicoid morphology (Goh and Hyde 1996), showing highest occurrence index in periodic droughts of lentic ecosystems, as they only sporulate when their mycelium is exposed to air ). Facultative aquatic fungi can sporulate under submerged and terrestrial conditions. ...
Aquatic hyphomycetes decompose submerged detritus in aquatic ecosystems making organic matter more nutritious and palatable for consumption by aquatic invertebrates. They can be classified into three ecological groups based on their morphology and form of sporulation: aero-aquatic fungi, facultative aquatic fungi and Ingoldian fungi. The current study provides an inventory of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with submerged debris (leaves and twigs) of streams and lakes in the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. In addition, new records for the area are described. Substrate collections were carried out in eight streams and two lakes. Two methodologies were used for the analysis of decomposing substrates: moist chamber and submerged incubation. Seventy-seven taxa were found, distributed in 49 genera of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with plant debris in water bodies of the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. Sixteen taxa are new records for Rio Grande do Norte, two are new records for Brazil (Gyrothrix encephalarti and Triscelophorus konajensis) and one for the Americas (Flagellospora minuta). The study demonstrated a high species richness of aquatic hyphomycetes for the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte and can serve as a model for studies on the conservation of Funga in these areas.
... An increasing number of freshwater zygosporic species are being described with several being novel taxa. Previously, known species from freshwater habitats included members of Erynia and Acaulopage, which are parasites of aquatic insects (Goh & Hyde 1996a). The distribution and diversity studies on these taxa have now expanded. ...
... Collectively, these sexual and asexual fungi will be referred to as freshwater fungi. The conidial fungi can be further subdivided based on ecology into three main types, aquatic hyphomycetes (Ingold 1942), aeroaquatic hyphomycetes (Voglmayr & Delgado-Rodríguez 2001, Voglmayr 2004, Voglmayr & Yule 2006 and submerged aquatic hyphomycetes (Goh & Hyde 1996a, Wong et al. 1998, Tsui et al. 2016. A fourth asexual type producing conidiomata, referred to as coelomycetes (Magaña-Dueñas et al. 2021), is also found on submerged wood and herbaceous material in fresh water, albeit their occurrence is sporadic. ...
... Fungi observed from any substrate in freshwater systems, are termed freshwater fungi (Vijaykrishna et al. 2006). These fungi spend the whole or part of their life cycles in the water (Goh & Hyde 1996a). They live in lotic and lentic systems, both of which are present abundantly in riparian and large catchment areas (Goh & Hyde 1996a). ...
Research into freshwater fungi has generated a wealth of information over the past decades with various published articles, i.e., reviews, books, and monographs. With the advancement of
methodologies used in freshwater fungal research, and numerous mycologists working on this ecological group, our knowledge progress and understanding of freshwater fungi, including novel
discoveries and new insights in the ecology of freshwater fungi, has advanced. With this enormous progress, it is timely that an updated account of freshwater fungi be compiled in one volume. Thus, this account is published to give a comprehensive overview of the different facets of freshwater fungal biology. It includes an updated classification scheme based on the latest taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis of freshwater fungal taxa, including their evolutionary history. The biology, diversity, and geographical distribution of higher and basal freshwater fungi are also discussed in the entries. A section on dispersal and adaptation of filamentous freshwater fungi is included in the present work. The ecological importance and role of fungi in the breakdown of wood in freshwater habitats, including their physiology, are discussed in detail. The biotechnological potential of freshwater fungi as producers of bioactive metabolites are reviewed, with methodologies in antimicrobial drug discovery. The present volume also provides an overview of different high throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms for freshwater fungal research highlighting their advantages and challenges, including recent studies of HTS in identification and quantification of fungal communities in freshwater habitats. The present volume also identifies the knowledge gaps and direction of future research in freshwater fungi.
... Although Wiesneriomyces laurinus is collected in terrestrial environment, it also has a wide distribution in aquatic environment (Sridhar & Kaveriappa 1989;Rajashekhar & Kaveriappa 2000;2003). Since W. laurinus produces sporodochium with pointed setae, these structures can become attached to submerged plant substrates (Goh & Hyde 1996); moreover, many terrestrial conidial fungi called immigrant fungi, can be found in association with submerged plant substrates (Park 1972), which may explain the wide occurrence of this fungus in association with aquatic environment as well. Repetophragma fasciatum has distribution restricted to neotropical region, mainly Central and South America, and was the taxon with the highest occurrence in this study. ...
Brejos de Altitude are enclaves of higher altitude humid forests in the semiarid lowlands of the North-eastern of Brazil. They present unique characteristics in terms of soil and air humidity, temperature, vegetation cover, and biodiversity. Due to these conditions, many cattle ranchers and farmers develop activities that have caused habitat loss and fragmentation of biodiversity. In this study, we aimed to describe the diversity of conidial fungi that occur in the leaf litter of the riparian vegetation in a Brejo de Altitude in Pernambuco, Brazil. Decomposing leaf material was collected from the forest floor in the dry and rainy periods of 2019, incubated in moist chambers and observed daily for fungal structures, for up to 45 days, under dissecting microscope and light microscope. Eighty-four taxa of fungi were identified, totaling 335 occurrences. The air and soil temperature, and precipitation showed an influence on the fungal community. Species richness was greater in the dry period and abundance was greater in the rainy period. The multivariate analyses revealed differences in the conidial fungi community between the dry and rainy periods. A high richness of leaf litter conidial fungal was uncovered in this area of humid forest surrounded by the semiarid vegetation of Caatinga.
Keywords:
Asexual Ascomycota; Atlantic Forest; taxonomy; diversity; ecology
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The fungal biodiversity of the La Izvor water basin was studied. The filamentous fungal strains were isolated from water, silt, and biofilm on specific agar media for fungal cultivation. As a result of research on cultural and morphological features, 18 genera of filamentous fungi Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Fusarium, Botrytis, Monilinia, Mucor, Rhizopus, Acremonium, Cladisporium, Trichocladium, Phoma, Chaetomium, Arthrinium, Ulocladium, Talaromyces, but also some strains that have not been identified, for which additional research is needed. The predominant genera found in the La Izvor water basin are Penicillium and Aspergillus, followed by Trichoderma and Alternata.
