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Morphology and infraciliature of Holosticha bradburyae nov. spec. from life (1-4, 6-8) and after protargol impregnated specimens (5, 9-10). 1-ventral view of a typical individual; 2-cortical granules; 3, 4-doral view, showing arrangement of cortical granules; 5-infraciliature of oral field, arrow marks the gap between the anterior and posterior parts of adoral zone of membranelles; arrowheads indicate extrusomes; 6, 7-showing two extreme body shapes, viewed from different slides; 8-lateral view; 9, 10-ventral and dorsal view of infraciliature. Abbreviations: AZM-adoral zone of membranelles; BC-buccal cirrus; DK-dorsal kineties; EM-endoral membrane; ELM-elongated membranelles; FC = frontal cirri; FTC-frontoterminal cirri; LMR-left marginal row; Ma-macronuclear nodules; MVRmidventral rows; PM = paroral membrane; RMR-right marginal row; TC-transverse cirri. Scale bars in Figure 1 = 100µm, in Figure 10 = 50µm.
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The living morphology and infraciliature of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate, Holosticha bradburyae nov. spec., collected from the coastal water off Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, are investigated. This species is characterized by: body size 150–320 25–75 m with brownish to dark brown cell colour, ca. 53 adoral membranelles and 1 anteriorly positioned...
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Citations
... Holosticha and Uncinata (at present comprising the type species U. gigantea Bullington, 1940and U. bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015 share several characteristics, such as the bipartite adoral zone, the buccal cirrus distinctly in front of the undulating membranes, the anterior part of the left marginal cirral row curved rightwards (very prominent in Uncinata), and the midventral complex composed exclusively of midventral pairs. However, Uncinata has some (supposed) apomorphies, namely, very wide, and thus conspicuous proximal adoral membranelles, a beak-like projection in the region of the gap in the adoral zone, a far posteriorly extending distal portion of the adoral zone, and a specific dorsal morphogenesis (Berger, 2006(Berger, , p. 1186Bullington, 1940;Gong et al., 2001;Luo et al., 2015). In the type species, the frontal cirri and the anterior portion of the midventral complex form a distinct bicorona (Luo et al., 2015). ...
The morphology, four ontogenetic stages, and the phylogenetic relationships based on the small subunit RNA-gene of Holosticha aestuarina nov. spec. from the Yangtze River Estuary (Shanghai) were investigated. The new species differs from the congeners by the following combination of features: body size 160–196 × 27–36 μm in vivo, a vesicular structure containing one or two bean-shaped opaque particles, 24–32 adoral membranelles, 16–34 midventral pairs, 17–26 left marginal cirri, 22–32 right marginal cirri, six or seven transverse cirri, four dorsal kineties, and usually two macronuclear nodules. The anlage for the left marginal row of the proter very likely originates de novo (anterior portion) and from parental cirri (posterior portion). Further, we provide a morphological description of a Chinese population of H. muuiensis Kim et al., 2017, originally discovered in South Korea, indicating that it is confined to the Eastern Asia region. Its SSU rDNA sequence is identical with that of the type population and forms a clade with the available Holosticha sequences. By contrast, H. aestuarina nov. spec. is sister to the Holosticha + Uncinata clade, indicating that Uncinata is a subgenus of Holosticha.
... Holosticha was established by Wrześniowski (1877) and over the following ca. 125 years numerous nominal species were described from marine, limnetic and terrestrial habitats (for details, see Berger 2003Berger , 2006Gong et al. 2001;Song, 2001, Hu et al., 2003;Kim et al. 2017;Lei et al. 2005;Luo et al. 2015;Wilbert 1997, 2002;Wilbert and Song 2008). Holosticha kessleri (Wrześniowski, 1877), a subjective junior synonym of H. gibba (Müller, 1786), is the type species by subsequent designation (Borror 1972). ...
... Uncinata bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015 was collected on 26 May 2015, from ZhongYuan maritime square in Qingdao (36˚03΄N, 120˚18΄E) (Fig.1B). In this case, samples were collected using artificial substrates, i.e., glass slides that are fixed to a frame and immersed to a depth of 1.5 m for about 10 days to allow the colonization of ciliates. ...
... Family: Urostylidae Jankowski, 1979 Genus Uncinata Bullington, 1940 Uncinata bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015 ...
... Uncinata bradburyae was firstly reported by Gong et al. (2001) with the name Holosticha bradburyae. This species was transferred to the genus Uncinata Bullington, 1940 by Luo et al. (2015) based on the following diagnostic generic features: 1) prominent beak-like projection in anterior region; 2) proximalmost adoral membranelles distinctly elongated; 3) numerous dorsal kineties; 4) unique developmental mode of the dorsal kineties with two groups of anlagen, and 5) a bipartite adoral zone. ...
We reinvestigate the morphology of two oligotrich and two hypotrich ciliates collected from the coasts of north and south China, viz., Parallelostrombidium obesum Liu et al., 2015, Spirostrombidium apourceolare Liu et al., 2013, Protogastrostyla pulchra (Pereyaslawzewa, 1886) Gong et al., 2007, and Uncinata bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015. All the populations match well with the original samples identified in previous studies. Supplemental taxonomic data were supplied for these four species of the new populations. The species Parallelostrombidium obesum is characterised by its dorsal-ventrally flattened body shape with anterior and posterior ends transversely truncating, as well as two thigmotactic membranelles and girdle kinety that spirals around the cell one and a half times. Spirostrombidium apourceolare is characterised by its elongate ellipsoidal and dorsal-ventrally flattened body shape, two thigmotactic membranelles, about 11–27 ovoid macronuclear nodules, and girdle kinety that spirals around the cell twice with two undulations. Protogastrostyla pulchra is characterised by its elongate body shape and unique, caudally located food vacuole. Based on the new populations, we described the smaller cortical granules, clustered around dorsal bristles for the first time. The new population of Uncinata bradburyae shares the diagnostic features with the type population, which include prominent beak-like projection in anterior region, the conspicuous gap of adoral zone, proximalmost adoral membranelles distinctly elongated, and infraciliature.
... μm in diameter), and pattern of distribution (within and between cirral and bristle rows vs. irregularly distributed, partially in longitudinal rows) (Foissner 2016). Cortical granules are important characteristics for classifying ciliates (Gong et al. 2001, Lei et al. 2005, Berger 2006). Furthermore, caudal cirri (CC) in B. soyaensis are more numerous than those in B. terricola (8-11 vs. 2-7 in the Japanese population) (Berger and Foissner 1989;Berger 2006;Foissner 2016) (Table 2; Figs 1C, 3E, F). ...
A new soil urostylid ciliate, Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. was discovered from Soya Island, Incheon, South Korea. The species description is based on live and stained specimen observations, and 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. is characterized by the following features: body slender, elongate, and somewhat twisted; body size in vivo 170–200 μm × 40–50 μm; contractile vacuole located at middle of left cell margin; cortical granules present; 37–48 adoral membranelles; 3 frontal and 2 frontotermi-nal cirri present; III/2 and buccal cirrus present; midventral pairs only; pretransverse ventral and transverse cirri present; 1 left and 4 right marginal rows, including 3 compound rows; 5 long dorsal kineties with 3 additional shortened kineties in anteriorly compound rows; 8–11 caudal cirri; 53–69 macronuclear nodules; and 2 or 3 micronuclei. Birojimia soyaensis nov. spec. is distinguished from B. terricola by corti-cal granule size (0.4–1.2 μm in diameter vs. 2–3 μm × 1–2 μm), cortical granule shape (mostly spherical vs. broadly ellipsoid to lenticular, respectively); number of caudal cirri (8–11 vs. 2–7), and number of dorsal bristle rows (8 vs. 6–7). Phylogenetic analysis suggests this new species is most closely related to the genus Hemicycliostyla.
... no prominent anterior beak-like projection), more than three frontal cirri forming a bicorona (vs. invariably three enlarged frontal cirri), and the unique developmental mode of the dorsal kineties (two groups of anlagen formed de novo vs. originating intrakinetally) (Gong, Song, Hu, Ma, & Zhu, 2001;Hu, Song, & Suzuki, 2003;Hu, Wang, & Song, 2000;Lei, Xu, & Choi, 2005;Petz, Song, & Wilbert, 1995;Wrze sniowski, 1877). Consistent with their morphological similarities, the present phylogenetic analyses revealed Holosticha to be monophyletic and sister to ...
... (1) Uncinata gigantea Bullington, 1940, type species; (2) Uncinata bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) comb. nov. ...
... nov. (basionym: Holosticha bradburyae Gong et al., 2001). ...
We investigated the morphology, morphogenesis and small subunit rRNA gene-based phylogeny of three marine urostylids, Uncinata gigantea Bullington, 1940, Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu & Song, 2001, and Holosticha cf. heterofoissneri. The dorsal morphogenesis of Uncinata gigantea shows de novo formation of two groups of anlagen near the marginal rows. Holosticha cf. heterofoissneri demonstrates fragmentation of the first dorsal kinety anlage as in Holosticha heterofoissneri. Our population of H. heterofoissneri corresponds well with previously described populations in terms of its general morphology and ciliary pattern. Uncinata gigantea can be recognized by its large and highly contractile body, yellowish to brownish cell colour, two types of cortical granules, and 20-30 transversely oriented and densely arranged cirri in the left marginal row, which often overlie the buccal vertex. Based on the new data, especially infraciliature, the genus Uncinata is here redefined. Both the morphology and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the genus Uncinata should be classified within the family Urostylidae. In addition, both morphological and morphogenetic data suggest that Holosticha bradburyae Gong et al., 2001 should be transferred to Uncinata as U. bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) comb. nov., due to its possession of a characteristically prominent beak-like, leftwards curved projection and the developmental mode of the dorsal kineties. This assignment is supported by the phylogenetic analyses, which placed Uncinata gigantea in a clade with U. bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) comb. nov., and revealed only 1.13% (19 bp) difference in their SSU-rDNA gene sequence.
... The genus Holosticha sensu stricto is distinguished from the other genera by several outstanding features: for instance, the bipartite adoral zone of membranelles and the anterior rightward-curving of the left marginal row (Berger 2003;Borror 1979;Borror and Wicklow 1983). So far, seven species have been included in Holosticha: Holosticha gibba (Müller, 1786) Wrzesniowski, 1877; Holosticha diademata (Rees, 1884) Kahl, 1932; Holosticha pullaster (Müller, 1773) Foissner et al., 1991; Holosticha foissneri Petz, Song, and Wilbert, 1995;Holosticha spindleri Petz, Song, and Wilbert, 1995; Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001; and Holosticha bradburyae Gong et al., 2001. In this paper, we add a new species, Holosticha hamulata n. sp. and redescribe a Korean population of H. heterofoissneri. ...
... The contractile vacuole was not recognizable in the type and the Korean specimens of H. heterofoissneri, as is often the case for some marine species (e.g. H. bradburyae Gong et al., 2001), while it occurred distinctly behind the mid-body, that is, in the posterior one-third to two-fifths of cell length in the population studied by . Clearly, the contractile vacuole does not always function, depending on the population, and becomes distinct only during pulsation. ...
Two marine urostylid ciliates, Holosticha hamulata n. sp. and Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu and Song, 2001, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Both species were isolated from Korean intertidal sediments of the Yellow Sea. Holosticha hamulata measures about 150 x 25 mum in vivo, and is characterized by a tripartite body shape with a narrow head, an inflated trunk, and a tail that distally projects ventrally forming a hook-like structure. It is the characteristic body shape that distinguishes H. hamulata distinctly from congeners. Holosticha hamulata differs from H. heterofoissneri, possibly the nearest relative, also by the location of the contractile vacuole (ahead of mid-body versus near posterior body third) and the configuration of the macronucleus (on average, 33 scattered nodules assuming a Y-shape versus 17 nodules that may form a U shape). The average number of the macronuclear nodules is a pronounced feature showing great consistency in populations of each species. However, their arrangement is variable in H. heterofoissneri where the nodules are basically scattered or connected by fine fibers forming an elongate U-shape. The location of the contractile vacuole as a taxonomic feature is discussed and a dichotomous key to the species of Holosticha sensu stricto is provided.
... The taxonomic scheme is according to Corliss (1979). Detailed morphological descriptions of most species isolated during the study have been published elsewhere (Gong et al. 2001, Hu et al. 2002, Hu et al. 2003, Ji et al. 2003, Gong & Song 2004a,b, Hu et al. 2004, Lin et al. 2004 . The designation of species as being sessile , vagile or planktonic was made according to their mobility and the ecological niches they occupy. ...
Glass slides were used as artificial substrates for collecting periphytic ciliates from scallop-farming waters of Jiaozhou Bay near Qingdao (China) over a period of 1 yr. A total of 37 ciliate species, about half of which belong to the orders Hypotrichida and Cyrtophorida, were identified using living observation and silver impregnation methods. Peaks of ciliate abundance and biomass occurred in November, mainly due to the suctorian Corynophrya lyngbyi, while sessile peritrichs (especially Pseudovorticella sinensis, Zoothamnium duplicatum and Z. plumula) dominated the ciliate communities during August. Vagile ciliates had low abundance and biomass despite accounting for a large proportion of the species richness. Almost no typical periphytic ciliates were detected in the winter months (from January to March). Twelve dominant species showed clear succession over the year and were found to correlate with a variety of environmental variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed in order to explore the relationship between ciliate community and environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphate, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, turbidity). Diversity and evenness indices were found to be relatively independent of physico-chemical factors, whereas species richness and the ratio of biomass to abundance were strongly related to nutrients. Multivariate analyses revealed that temperature, nutrients and salinity may best explain the changes in community structure of ciliates colonizing the glass slides.
ABSTRACT
Two urostylid ciliates, Trichototaxis marina Lu et al., 2014 and Uncinata
bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) Luo et al., 2015, new to Japan, were
collected from coastal water in Nagasaki. Both were identified based
on live and protargol-stained specimens. Morphologically, two new
populations of T. marina correspond well with the type population in
the live morphology and ciliature, especially a very flexible body
having a long elliptical shape, and reddish cell colour caused by
irregularly shaped pigments, multiple left marginal rows and marine
habitat. A few morphological features were supplemented for the
species. The Japanese population of Uncinata bradburyae presents
the diagnostic features, especially the presence of an anterior snoutlike
procession and the elongated membranelles in the proximal
portion of adoral zone, orientation of the anterior portion of the left
marginal row, highly developed transverse cirri, and high number of
dorsal kineties derived from two unique, de novo formed anlagen.
Additionally, greenish pigments were first documented for the species.
The new record suggests U. bradburyae might be a eurythermal
species. The overall pattern of the divisional events resembles that of
the Qingdao population described previously. Part of the reorganisation
was also first revealed for U. bradburyae, which corresponds to
the divisional processes in the opisthe. The present study corroborates
the wide distribution of both species, and contributes to circumscribe
the species by expanding the range of some morphometric data.
The systematics of Hypotricha is one of the most puzzling problems in ciliate biology, having spanned numerous conflicting hypotheses with unstable relationships at various levels in molecular trees, for which the constant addition of newly discovered species has only increased the confusion. The hypotrichs comprise a remarkable morphologically diversified group of ciliates, and the phylogenetic potential of morphological traits is generally recognized. However, such characters were rarely used in phylogenetic reconstructions, and congruence with molecular data never assessed from simultaneous analyses. To properly reconciliate morphological and molecular information, maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses of 79 morphological characters and 18S rDNA sequences were performed for 130 ingroup terminals, broadly sampled to represent the known hypotrich diversity. As result, well-supported and relatively stable clades were recovered, based on which the redefined Hypotricha comprises at least six higher taxa: The “arcuseriids”, Holostichida, Parabirojimida, and the “amphisiellids”, plus the two large clades Kentrurostylida nov. tax. (Hispidotergida nov. tax. and Simplicitergida nov. tax.) and Diatirostomata nov. tax. (“bistichellids”, “kahliellids”, Gonostomatida and Dorsomarginalia [Postoralida nov. tax. and Uroleptida]). Each taxon was circumscribed by synapomorphies, of which most were homoplastic, as the natural history of hypotrichs is portrayed by an outstanding quantity of convergences and reversions.
