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A novel fluorescent chemosensor based on fluorescent organic nanoparticles (F1) has been synthesized. This tripodal framework showing a significant fluorescence quenching to Fe3+ ions among nineteen metal ions due to the formation of F1.Fe3+ complex. The lowest detectable concentration of F1 for Fe3+ ions was found to be 1.66 µM. Upon the addition...
Citations
... In 2015, Kaur and co-workers developed a fluorescent organic nanoparticle system of a tripodal receptor having strong binding affinity for metal ions and these nanoparticles were used as a fluorescent-based sensor for selective detection of the polyamine compound, spermidine, in the presence of Fe 3+ ions [70]. These emissive nanoparticles experienced a dramatic quenching in the fluorescence intensity upon interaction with electron deficient Fe 3+ ions, attributed to the coordination of the Fe 3+ ions through the receptor functionalities of the nanoparticles. ...
... It is pertinent to mention that spermine is a natural aliphatic tetraamine found in the eukaryotic cells and body fluids, pivotal in regulating cell growth and differentiation. 47 An elevated level of spermine in urine often indicates the presence of malignant tumors. Thus, monitoring its level in urine can be considered an effective diagnostic tool for the early onset of cancer. ...
Nanocomposites such as graphene oxide (GO) have been incorporated into hydrogels to enhance conventional hydrogels' properties and develop new functions. Unique and strong molecular interactions between GO and low molecular weight gelators allow the fabrication of various functional hydrogels suitable for different applications. In the present study, we report a stable and soft nanocomposite hydrogel comprising a pyrene-based chiral amphipath having an amino acid (l-phenylalanine) core with pendant oligo-oxyethylene hydrophilic chains and GO. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite hydrogel were thoroughly studied using various spectroscopic, microscopic, and mechanical techniques. Even without GO, native hydrogels could form a self-supported thermoreversible and thixotropic hydrogel composed of the fibrillar network. Unlike native hydrogels, the morphological investigation of nanocomposite gels shows the presence of cross-linked nanosheet-like structures. The combined effect of π-π stacking and H-bonding interactions is the driving force for the formation of such composite hydrogels. Moreover, the nanocomposite hydrogels possess significantly superior mechanical stiffness than the native hydrogels. Interestingly, the thixotropic properties observed with the parent gel were retained even in the presence of carbon nanomaterials (GO). The nanocomposite hydrogel could be employed in the optical sensing of a biogenic polyamine, spermine, resulting in a visible gel-to-sol transition. The superior electrostatic interaction between the GOs and spermine molecules might have led to the release of entrapped fluorogenic dyes from the hydrogel network and a turn-on emission response. The sensory system was employed to analyze spermine content in human urine samples and decomposed food items. A gel-coated paper strip was also developed for onsite detection of the spermine. The nanocomposite hydrogel was further utilized to remove toxic organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) from the aqueous media. The nanocomposite hydrogel thus showed excellent dye removal capabilities and was also found to be recyclable. Calculations of different mechanical parameters suggest that the dye removal efficiency of the nanocomposite hydrogel was better for MB than for RhB.
... Scheme 1 shows the roadmap for polyamine monitoring methods. Until now, small organic molecules [24][25][26][27][28], conjugated polymers [29][30][31][32], dye-assembled nanotubes [33], hydrogel hybrids [34], dyeembedded micelles [35,36], nanoparticles [37,38], nano-Au [39], or quantum dots [40] have been utilized to identify and detect polyamines. Most of them are involved in displacement or aggregation-based sensing mechanisms. ...
The biogenic aliphatic polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) are responsible for numerous cell functions, including cell proliferation, the stabilization of nucleic acid conformations, cell division, homeostasis, gene expression, and protein synthesis in living organisms. The change of polyamine concentrations in the urine or blood is usually related to the presence of malignant tumors and is regarded as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the detection of polyamine levels in physiological fluids can provide valuable information in terms of cancer diagnosis and in monitoring therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in fluorescent methods for polyamine detection (supramolecular fluorescent sensing systems, fluorescent probes based on the chromophore reaction, fluorescent small molecules, and fluorescent nanoparticles). In addition, tumor polyamine-suppressing strategies (such as polyamine conjugate, polyamine analogs, combinations that target multiple components, spermine-responsive supramolecular chemotherapy, a combination of polyamine consumption and photodynamic therapy, etc.) are highlighted. We hope that this review promotes the development of more efficient polyamine detection methods and provides a comprehensive understanding of polyamine-based tumor suppressor strategies.
... A transducer system is needed as this transforms a signal or energy to the other. The most commonly found transducers are based on chemicals [39][40][41][42][43][44], optics [45][46][47][48] and electrochemical signals [36,[49][50][51]. One of the most recent methods is colourimetric through the use of polymers [52][53][54], dyes [55][56][57][58], nanoparticles [42,59,60], among others that respond to a stimulus through colour change. ...
In an overpopulated world, food transportation and distribution must be continuously improved to avoid food waste. Between production and consumption, there is a period of handling, transport and storage, which can directly influence the final product quality. The spoilage processes generate food waste, which increases the demand for more production. The use of sensors is a crucial factor to improve food quality control. In this review, whose time period covered by the review is from 2015 to 2022, the relevance of the determinations of amines is presented, with emphasis on biogenic amines (BA), present in food and beverages mainly as a result of deterioration by the decarboxylation of amino acids. BAs, when ingested in high concentrations can cause several harmful effects on human health. Thus, the evaluation of maximum permitted concentrations is extremely important. Due to its importance in terms of food quality and safety, examples of sensors and their molecular mechanisms responsible for generating response are discussed. In addition, the use of polymeric materials for the construction of sensors will also be discussed, which play an important role and show promise in the field of sensor science and technology.
... Interestingly, the replacement of Fe 3þ ion by the spermidine (a biologically active amine) was observed, increasing fluorescence intensity. The LOD for spermidine was found to be 3.68 mM [28]. ...
... The detection limit of spermidine was found to be 3.68 mM. The recognition did not get any interference from the other biogenic amine [28]. Further, we have prepared a sensor for the recognition of spermidine and spermine. ...
Over the last few decades, nanoparticles' importance has increased significantly for molecular recognition, drug delivery, bioimaging, and biomedical application. Organic nanoparticles (ONPs) are an emerging class of nanotechnology owing to their excellent water solubility, variation in flexibility of material synthesis, easy availability of the organic molecules, biodegradation, biocompatibility, and photostability. In this chapter, we will cover the fabrication techniques of the ONPs followed by their types. We will further cover the techniques such as UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta-potential used to characterize ONPs. Additionally, we will discuss the application of ONPs in the sensing and biosensing of ions, neutral molecules, and biomolecules, along with their mechanisms.
... The probe FONs2.Fe 3? complex (in H 2 O: DMF solution; 99: 1, v/v) displayed enhancement in the fluorescence intensity upon addition of spermidine. The fluorescence intensity of the probe increased linearly with the concentration (0-125 lM) of spermidine with a detection limit of 3.68 lM (Chopra et al. 2015b). Kaur et al. (2016) reported a Biginelli-based organic nanoprobe (FONs receptor. ...
Biogenic amines (BAs) are organic nitrogenous compounds, formed mostly by decarboxylation of corresponding amino acids. BAs are responsible for several biological events. However, if the concentration of BAs reached the threshold level, it causes mild to serious health problems in human. The objective of this manuscript was to summarize the prevalence and prevention of Bas formation, detection methods and factors affecting the BAs formation in fermented fish and meat products. Meat sausages are the fermented meat product that contains high BAs. Fish sauces are reported to have high BAs compared to other fish products. Several chemosensors and chromatography methods are available to screen and detect BAs in foods. The prevention measures are vital to avoid toxic outbreaks. The use of starter culture, application of physical factors, control of environmental factors, and use of polyphenols could prevent or diminish the formation of BAs in fermented foods. The literature survey warrants that the development of potent starter with desirable characters, maintenance of hygienic food production and regular monitoring of commercial products are necessary to ensure the quality and safety of fermented fish and meat product.
... This sub-section highlights the development of chemosensors based on FONs for the sensing of organic and biological species in different environments. Chopra et al. [165] reported a fluorescent nanoparticulate chemosensor (Fig. 3.28; 14) for the selective detection of spermidine. The tripodal framework of the nanoparticle-based chemosensor displayed remarkable fluorescence quenching for Fe 3+ ions from a mixture of nineteen metal ions which was attributed to the formation of chemosensor-Fe 3+ complex. ...
This book provides a critical review of recent advances in the development of fluorescent organic nanoparticles as materials of choice for the design and fabrication of sensors, bioimaging agents and drug delivery systems. The properties and functions of nanoparticles differ significantly from those of their parent entities or their bulk phases. Two of their most important features are their increased surface-to volume ratio, and the formation of surface structures differing from those in their bulk phases.
In addition, the book discusses the synthesis of fluorescent conjugated polymers, self-assembled fluorescent nanoparticles, polydopamine nanoparticles, and aggregation-induced-emission or aggregation-induced-emission enhancement nanomaterials. In closing, the book provides an outlook on future research and development in fluorescent organic nanoparticles as smart materials with an impressive range of potential applications.
... This sub-section highlights the development of chemosensors based on FONs for the sensing of organic and biological species in different environments. Chopra et al. [165] reported a fluorescent nanoparticulate chemosensor (Fig. 3.28; 14) for the selective detection of spermidine. The tripodal framework of the nanoparticle-based chemosensor displayed remarkable fluorescence quenching for Fe 3+ ions from a mixture of nineteen metal ions which was attributed to the formation of chemosensor-Fe 3+ complex. ...
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) represent a very exciting class of materials in the nanoregime that are bestowed with diverse analytical and biomedical applications. Several FONs have been reported as attractive agents for cell imaging applications, and over the last few decades, several bioprobes, e.g. organic dyes, fluorescent proteins and fluorescent inorganic/organic nanoparticles, have been reported for biomedical applications. FONs are thought as more promising agents for biomedical applications owing to their possibility for diverse designs and biodegradability properties. FONs are generally composed of small organic molecules with emissive properties comparable to those of semi-conjugated polymer dots. Basically, FONs contain a high number of photo-active self-assembled units. Besides, there are no stabilizing surfactants or doping matrices within the structures of FONs, which helps them to avoid the undesirable interventions of non-active matter with living organisms. These nanoparticles show intense brightness upon one- or two-photon excitation, which helps in achieving reduced excitation fluence and tissue auto-fluorescence. This chapter highlights the usefulness of the fluorescence phenomena in the diverse classes of FONs. Besides, the increasing interest in the research on FONs as analytical and biomedical agents has been described in this chapter.
... Thus, the probe's optical and photo-physical behavior can be efficiently modulated through the complexation/decomplexation process at specific conditions using a flexible spacer. Considering such conceptual designing strategy, in situ-generated Fe 3+ complex nanoparticles bearing propyl spacers were recently prepared and utilized for the highly selective sensing of spermidine and for the effective differentiation from its lower homologues, such as mono and diamines [22,23]. However, there are no reports of detecting biogenic di, amines such as Put/Cad in biological systems and efficient reversible binding processes in aqueous/mixed aqueous media, which could provide useful novel smart materials for photonic circuits with data storage and processing capabilities. ...
A 9,10-bis(morpholinopropylaminomethyl)anthracene (1)-Fe³⁺chelate was designed, synthesized, and characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-¹H COSY and ¹H-¹H ROSY NMR studies. The in situ-generated Fe³⁺ ensemble selectively detected putrescine (Put) and cadaverine (Cad) through a turn-off response via a decomplexation process in DMSO-H2O (1:1 v/v) at pH 7.3 (HEPES buffer). Furthermore, the in situ-generated ensemble can effectively differentiate biogenic aliphatic di- and triamines from a broad range of aliphatic monoamines (including basic amino acids) and aromatic amines (including polyamines). The lowest limit of detection (LOD) for Put and Cad were 33 ppb and 120 ppb, respectively, in an aqueous medium. The decomplexation aided turn-off response by the sequential addition of Put and Cad furnished good association constants [Ksv = 2.30 × 10⁶ M⁻¹, and 9.95 × 10⁵ M⁻¹ in a HEPES-buffered DMSO-H2O (1:1, v/v) medium, respectively]. Furthermore, highly robust vapor phase detections of Put and Cad were also demonstrated using the fluorescent 1·Fe³⁺ (1:2) ensemble coated on neutral alumina. Cheap ensemble-coated paper strips selectively detected Cad and Put among a variety of biogenic amines. By utilizing complexation/decomplexation processes aided through sequential addition of Fe³⁺ and Put/Cad an INHIBIT photonic logic gate and its fluorogenic tracking was demonstrated in primitive- eukaryotic cell lines.
... The initial geometry optimization of ligands leading to energy minimum was achieved by using DMol 3 package [62,63] with Density functional theory (DFT) calculations run through GGA with basis set DNP (double numeric plus polarization). The probable structures of the metal complexes were optimized using the same above procedure. ...
An electrochemical method for determination of Al (III) has been developed using Schiff base (JS-1) modified screen printed electrodes as a disposable chemosensor. The modified screen printed electrode was characterized with voltammetry and was further confirmed by SEM and EDX data. Differential pulse voltammogram of modified SPE in the presence of Al (III) showed a characteristic peak current at −0.054 V. A Linear response of the sensor was observed in the concentration range of 0.67- 4.59 μg L−1 of the analyte. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 2.26 ng L−1 for Al (III). The proposed chemosensor selectively detects Al (III) in the presence of some alkali, alkaline earth, transition metal ions, Zn (II), Cd (II), Hg (II) and Pb (II). Complexation behavior of the ionophore for the metal ion has also been supported by theoretical studies. The method has been used for the determination of Al (III) in the natural water samples. The proposed voltammetric sensor can be reused after washing with EDTA (0.1 M) as a cleaning agent.
