Figure O: Examples for PICC line extraction and tip location detection through proposed MFCN and existing FCDN-HT with different Hough transform parameters: Parameters #1, #2, and #3 denote the cases of MIP/MLL/MLG equal to (70/30/5), (5/80/70), and (50/30/50), respectively.

Figure O: Examples for PICC line extraction and tip location detection through proposed MFCN and existing FCDN-HT with different Hough transform parameters: Parameters #1, #2, and #3 denote the cases of MIP/MLL/MLG equal to (70/30/5), (5/80/70), and (50/30/50), respectively.

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Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) have been widely used as one of the representative central venous lines (CVCs) due to their long-term intravascular access with low infectivity. However, PICCs have a fatal drawback of a high frequency of tip mispositions, increasing the risk of puncture, embolism, and complications such as cardiac ar...