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![Hemorrhagic septicemia in common carp. Grossly [1] there is ulcerative lesions surrounded by hemorrhagic area (arrow). Microscopically [2] there is hemorrhage (arrow) and necrosis (arrow) in intestines.](profile/Saevan-Al-Mahmood/publication/323958965/figure/fig2/AS:607258140487680@1521793031177/Figure-7-Hemorrhagic-septicemia-in-common-carp-Grossly-1-there-is-ulcerative-lesions.png)
Hemorrhagic septicemia in common carp. Grossly [1] there is ulcerative lesions surrounded by hemorrhagic area (arrow). Microscopically [2] there is hemorrhage (arrow) and necrosis (arrow) in intestines.
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![Figure, 7: Hemorrhagic septicemia in common carp. Grossly [1] there is...](profile/Saevan-Al-Mahmood/publication/323958965/figure/fig2/AS:607258140487680@1521793031177/Figure-7-Hemorrhagic-septicemia-in-common-carp-Grossly-1-there-is-ulcerative-lesions_Q320.jpg)
![Figure, 8: Enteric Parasite infection in common carp. Grossly [1] there...](profile/Saevan-Al-Mahmood/publication/323958965/figure/fig3/AS:607258140487681@1521793031201/Figure-8-Enteric-Parasite-infection-in-common-carp-Grossly-1-there-is-huge-number-of_Q320.jpg)
The present study aimed to investigate the infection ratio and pathological lesions in common carp fish in Kirkuk province. To achieve these goals, a survey study was conducted from 01/12/2015 to 01/04/2016. Results of the survey study showed that the infection ratio of acidity and alkalinity of pond's water 27.88% (46/165), bacterial kidney infect...
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Citations
... Aquaculture has become a significant source of income in areas where natural fishery productivity has declined due to population growth and biodiversity loss (12). Aquaculture contributes to meet the increasing needs of the population of the aquatic organism, including fish, because the commercial fishing from open water suffers from a decrease in its contribution to filling this deficit to 50% of the consumer needs of seafood in all parts of the world (17).Common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Considers the far more common form of fish cultured in Iraq; this fish species has many characteristics that make it ideal for breeding in Iraq's aquatic climate, including weight gain in a short period of time and tolerance to many pathogens (2). Elevated fish production in Iraq has associated with an increase in diseases in culture ponds. ...
... Elevated fish production in Iraq has associated with an increase in diseases in culture ponds. These diseases can be caused by pond management mistakes (such as feed or water quality issues) or infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites (2). The elimination of fish pathogens is unquestionably critical for the future of the aquaculture industry; infectious diseases, especially fungal diseases, are unquestionably the leading cause of economic losses in the industry (1). ...
The present study was aimed to find out the efficacy of M-CuNPs, mint, and CuSO4 in controlling saprolegniasis in common carp. The efficacy of Cu-NP which prepared by using chemical method was examined. 120 fish of weight 80±10g were groups divided into six replications (10 fish/replicate) and the groups were treated as follows: (C-) health without any infection and without treatment, (C+) infected and without treated, (T1 and T2) The fish were infected with the fungus and treated with M-CuNPs at concentrations 20, and 10 mg/l respectivly.T3: fish infected with fungus and treated with copper sulfate at concentration 0.5mg/l. T4: Infected fish were treated at a concentration 100 mg/L of mint. After 14 days of treatment, samples were collected from fish for study the histopathological changes. The copper nanoparticles treatment, 20 mg/l showed the highest survival rate (85%). The survival rate of the control group (C+)(50%). Histopathological studies revealed a significantly increased (p<0.05) percentage of gill epithelial proliferation and epithelial lifting in fish from nanoparticles groups relative to C(+) and C(-). Copper nanoparticles appear to be a good disinfectant against Saprolegnia infection at the dose of 20 mg/l.
... This fungus attaches to the dead eggs and transfers to the live eggs; therefore, it is considered a crucial issue in aquaculture (Tedesco et al., 2021). In aquaculture, malachite green and sodium chloride are traditionally used due to their fungicidal effects (Hashimoto et al., 2011), but adverse effects of malachite green e.g. its carcinogenicity and negative environmental impacts, have limited its application in many countries (Al-Mahmood et al., 2017;Al-Mahmood et la., 2021). Hence, it is important to replace malachite green with an effective antifungal agent with fewer side effects (Fajardo et al., 2022). ...
Saprolegnia spp. infect common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) eggs in hatcheries. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnNPs) against Saprolegnia spp. as an eco-friendly treatment. Biosynthesized ZnNPs were characterized using atomic force microscope (AFM), size distributor and Ultra Violate-Visible spectrometer (Uv-Vis), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Biosynthesized (ZnNPs) had a spherical shape with diameters ranging 10-70 nm. Antifungal activity was tested by fungal radial growth inhibition on corn meal agar. The highest concentration of 100 ppm of ZnNPs showed a remarkable inhibition rate of 79% against Saprolegnia spp., demonstrating similar efficiency as the positive control i.e. malachite green in the inhibition percentage rate of fungal growth. This study showed that biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles had a significant antifungal effect (P<0.05) and can be used as an alternative option to control Saprolegnia spp. in fish hatcheries.
... Iraqi fish breeding industry suffered a severe fatal outbreak in September and October 2018, where the high mortality rate was observed in Iraqi fish farms especially that depended on cage system breeding. Fish breeding in Iraq has recently shown an increase in quality and quantity in breeding techniques, which accompanied by the establishment of new fish ponds using new breeding techniques including breeding in cages using banks of rivers (Al-Mahmood et al. 2018). Common carp Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish, originated from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ...
Iraqi fish breeding industry suffered a severe fatal outbreak in September and October 2018, where
the high mortality rate was observed in Iraqi fish farms especially that depended on cage system
breeding. The current study was conducted to investigate and diagnose the phenomena of high
mortality in September and October 2018. Twenty-five affected common carp fishes were collected
from five fish farms use cages system (five fishes each) on Euphrates River banks. Affected fish
samples were analyzed via gross. Histopathology, PCR for viral detection, bacteriology and mycology
techniques. The high mortality rate was observed in the all affected farms, which reach to 80% of
farms fishes. Grossly, hemorrhage patches in skins of affected fishes were observed. Congestion
and hemorrhage were observed in liver, kidneys, spleen and muscle. Also, erosion of gills filament
with presence of white to gray patches in affected gills were observed. Histopathology results showed
necrosis lesion in gills, liver and kidneys cells with presence of hemorrhage. The qPCR results for
virus detection revealed that all tested samples were positive for Koi Herpes virus (KHV). The
bacteriology results showed presence of five gram negative bacteria including three species of
Aeromonas, Raoultella ornithinolytica and Shewanella putrefaciens. The mycology results showed
the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor spp. In conclusion, according to results the high
mortality outbreak in fish that occurred in September and October 2018, Iraq was due to Koi Herpes
virus infection with presence of secondary bacterial or fungal infection .
Keywords: 2018 fishes outbreak in Iraq, Common carp, Koi Herpes virus, Bacterial secondary
infection
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