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Decreasing oil and gas reserves and increasing sensitivity of consumers to environmental protection force automotive industry to research possibilities of alternative technologies. Herewith, application of fuel cells in automobiles can not only make significant contribution to environmental protection, but also provide cardinal improvements of vehi...
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... Fuel cell technology is seen as a promising option for the decarbonization of commercial vehicles, ships, trains and also large passenger vehicles [9]. Not only fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) but also battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the possibility of zero-emission transportation [10]. Due to their lower purchase and maintenance [9,11,12]. ...
Fuel cell technology is seen as a promising option for decarbonizing global mobility. The costs of fuel cell systems are currently too high for increasing market penetration. The Chair of Production Engineering of E-Mobility Components at RWTH Aachen University has developed a cost calculation model for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems based on the method of Process Based Cost Modeling (PBCM) and is investigating possibilities for reducing manufacturing costs through economies of scale in production. The aim of this publication is therefore to present the results of cost modeling of PEM fuel cell systems and to derive design areas for technical innovations in terms of cost reduction through economies of scale in production. To this end, technical production parameters with the greatest influence on the cost structure of PEM fuel cell systems are identified and ranked by applying a sensitivity analysis. Finally, this work provides a recommendation for strategic investments and formulates the need for further research to reduce PEM fuel cell system costs by economies of scale. Crown
... Currently, several types of vehicles with high-voltage systems are produced and sold in the world [3][4][5]: ...
... Modified modularization, higher efficiency, longer driving range, and construction of hydrogen supply for onboard FC systems are the future commercial development directions. Major original equipment manufacturers are also paying increasing attention to the market of FCEVs [102]. The onboard FC system can be divided into the fuel stack, fuel processor, and power regulator. ...
The automotive industry consumes a large amount of fossil fuels consequently exacerbating the global environmental and energy crisis and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are promising alternatives in the continuous transition to clean energy. This paper summarizes the recent development of fuel cell technologies from the perspectives of the automobile industry and discusses current bottlenecks hindering commercialization of FCEVs. Current status of the fuel cell technology, policies and market prospect of FCEVs, as well as recent progress of FCEVs are reviewed. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells constitute the mainstream and most mature fuel cell technology for automobile applications. Hybridization with an auxiliary battery system will greatly boost the dynamic response of FCEVs. Hydrogen FCEVs have entered the preliminary commercialization stage since 2015 and the market share of FCEVs is expected to grow at a high rate. Challenges encountered by commercialization of FCEVs and future outlook are also discussed. Future efforts are expected to focus on solving problems such as the high cost of fuel cell stack production and maintenance, insufficient hydrogen supply facilities, insufficient reliability, slow cold start, safety concerns, and immature energy management systems of FCEVs. This review serves as a reference and guide for future technological development and commercialization of FCEVs.
... Hydrogen fuel cells as an electric power source for motor transport are one of the main directions of energy efficient motor transport development in the world [1]. Modern and future-oriented intelligent transport is increasingly in need of power through the introduction of additional systems such as ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) or multimedia [2,3]. ...
The subject of the analytical review is the power units of electric vehicles using hydrogen fuel cells. A prerequisite of the research is the ever-increasing urgency of developing vehicles with zero emission of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances. Materials are taken both from open sources of information (Internet) and from scientifically reliable sources of information (peer-reviewed publications). The scientific methods of performing this analysis include an informative review of sources. Originality lies in the choice of the topic and the findings from the analysis. As a result of the analytical review the tendencies of the automobile market development have been revealed; the technical advantages of hydrogen fuel cells as compared to batteries have been given; the conclusions have been drawn about the availability of the programs of carbon dioxide emission reduction in the European Union, the USA, Japan, China, Korea as well as about the readiness of the technology of the fuel cells use in the traction electric drive for the introduction, including the patenting of the technologies by the leading automobile manufacturers; the most promising segments of transport for this purpose have been described. The results of the analysis are applicable to the design of electric vehicles and their power plants by vehicle designers and manufacturers.
... Окремо варто зазначити електроенергію, використання якої на автотранспорті є найбільш екологічним. Найпоширенішими джерелами електроенергії для транспортних засобів стали силові літій-іонні акумулятори, паливні та водневі елементи, сонячні батареї та суперконденсатори [4,5,6]. Класифікація автомобільних транспортних засобів, які використовують електричні та гібридні приводи наведено у роботі [7]. ...
... Окремо варто зазначити електроенергію, використання якої на автотранспорті є найбільш екологічним. Найпоширенішими джерелами електроенергії для транспортних засобів стали силові літій-іонні акумулятори, паливні та водневі елементи, сонячні батареї та суперконденсатори [4,5,6]. Класифікація автомобільних транспортних засобів, які використовують електричні та гібридні приводи наведено у роботі [7]. ...
... The error of positioning does not exceed 2m, which is less than 0.5% of the covered path. It should be mentioned that reliability of recognition of road markings by the developed system does not depend on day time, illumination, precipitations, fog, spatial orientation of markings, their contamination or damages, which compares favorably with other systems based on image processing [13,14,15]. ...
This work analyzes test results of motion control system of unmanned cargo vehicles convoy with manned master vehicle developed by NAMI Institute. Development of intelligent transportation systems is determined by necessity to improve efficiency and safety of cargo and passenger traffic in hard-to-reach areas of northern Russia, Arctic and Antarctic regions. Scientific substantiation of engineering solutions accounting for specific operation conditions and peculiarities of controls is of outstanding importance. The problem of motion control of unmanned vehicle convoy is formulated in terms of dynamic stability of state coordinates, its solution prevents collision with obstacles and stability control of master vehicle. State coordinates of vehicles were determined by virtual data sensors based on indirect measurements using mathematical models and solution algorithms of ill-posed problems. Measurements of longitudinal speed of mass center, longitudinal and transversal accelerations, pressure drop in tires, turning angle of driven wheels, motion path plotting and recognition of road markings have been analyzed. Efficiency of the developed system of motion control of unmanned vehicle convoy in Russia has been confirmed experimentally.
... Recognition of road markings by data of the navigation system is highly reliable and does not depend on day time, weather conditions, radio visibility and obstacles hindering their visual detection [10,11,12]. Fixed road markings are added once to route database, and in the case of temporary road markings, it is required to update database. ...
This work discusses experimental results of integrated navigation system of unmanned vehicle convoy with manned master vehicle in road climatic environment of Russia. The developed navigation system is comprised of odometric system integrated with computer vision equipped with video cameras and radars. Navigation is supported by virtual sensors of parameters of center-of-mass motion, and motion path is adjusted by data of video camera and radar. The algorithms of wheel navigation system have been designed on the basis of concept of virtual data sensors. Virtual data sensors allow to solve navigation problem in minimum hardware configuration. As a consequence of the research, the operable integrated navigation system has been developed allowing detection of position of unmanned vehicles in convoy. The proposed engineering solutions have been confirmed by experimental results of navigation system for unmanned vehicle convoy with manned master vehicle in road climatic environment of Russia. The research novelty is in experimental verification of efficiency of algorithms and software of the developed integrated navigation system for unmanned vehicle convoy with manned master vehicle.
... The elaborated path-tracking control system makes use of sliding mode control [22], [23], [24] implemented by a relay regulator described by the following expression: ...
The article describes an approach to development and testing of a path tracking function for an autonomous vehicle. The essence of the approach consists in combining experimental data and mathematical modeling in order to simulate operation of a path-tracking regulator in real world maneuvers. The procedure can be divided into two stages. The first one implies field-testing of the vehicle under control of a human driver with logging of the essential dynamic variables including the driving trajectory. Then the obtained data is used to validate the model of vehicle dynamics being a tool for further simulations. At the second stage, a simulation is performed with tracking of the previously logged trajectory by an automatic regulator. The results of these steps allow for comparison between the human and automatic controls with assessment of pros and cons of the latter and the ways of improving its performance. The proposed approach was implemented within a research and development project aimed at building of an experimental autonomous vehicle. The article describes the obtained results as well as the experiments and the mathematical model used for implementation of the said approach.
... In this case the number of required data sensors is reduced to minimum retaining observability of vector of object state and its dynamic boundaries. However, implementation of indirect measurements using mathematical models of object can be reduced to solution of ill-conditioned problems [10,11]. ...
This work analyzes experimental results of traffic control of unmanned vehicle convoy (UMV) with manned master vehicle in Russian road climatic environment. The problem of obstacle avoidance in driving lanes and position stabilization on preset motion path is reduced to the problem of dynamic stabilization of state variables. Its solution is aided by virtual data sensors requiring for minimum configuration of engineering tools. Relative positions of vehicles are determined by algorithms of combined data processing of navigation systems and machine vision which make it possible to solve this problem without visible road markings and radio vision for satellite navigation. Experimental results show that the developed control algorithms of UMV convoy are capable to solve the problem of its dynamic stabilization in actual traffic environment. The developed control algorithms of traction, braking, and path provide efficient operation on all types of surfaces including slippery roads. Scientific novelty of this work is comprised of experimental verification of efficiency of the developed solutions for advanced unmanned vehicles in Russia.
