Figure 5 - uploaded by Azhar Al-Kuraishi
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Sections in liver with two hydatid cysts of 7-8 weeks old male mouse 4 months post intraperitoneal injection with 2000 protoscoleces showing: (A) Section at low magnifications, developing cysts(D) and degenerating cysts (d) (E&H stain, 4x10). (B) Giant cells (small arrow) and macrophage cells (M) in fibrous layer of the cyst (E&H stain, 20x10).
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Background: A number of investigators have carried out experimental infections of hydatidosis, using albino mice as an experimental animal model, but there was disagreement on the effect of strain, sex and age of this model. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty mice (120 males and 120 females) were injected intraperitoneally with a single d...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... highest number of hydatid cysts present in the liver was observed in males of this age group. Some of these cysts were only degenerative cysts, while other were developed and had three layers: fibrous, laminated and germinal, without protoscolices ( Figure 5). The fibrous layer contained giant cells and macrophages. ...
Citations
... Histopathologically, liver sections from the CE group showed variable-sized hydatid cysts with pressure atrophy of adjacent liver cells. Hepatic cells adjacent to the cysts were replaced by fibrosis and infiltrated by inflammatory cells, resulting in the destruction of the hepatic parenchyma, as reported previously [42,62,65]. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages, plays an important role in the initiation and formation of fibrosis [66], whereas the severe destruction of the hepatic architecture is attributed to the extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells and the formation of fibrosis caused by the CE-induced immune imbalance in hepatic tissue [67]. ...
Conventional scolicidal agents are still unsatisfactory in combating hydatid disease due to their low efficacy and increased drug side effects. Therefore, novel scolicides are required. This study aimed to evaluate the antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of eugenol essential oil (Eug) and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) in cystic echinococcosis (CE). Eug and Eug-NE were administered orally to CE-infected rats and compared to albendazole (ABZ). Hydatid cyst development was assessed based on organ weight and hypertrophy indicators of the infected organs, along with a histopathological and histochemical evaluation of collagen content. The immunomodulatory effects of treatment on CE were evaluated by serum cytokine levels measurement of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) markers. Eug-NE was the most effective in reducing the cyst weights, organ weights, and hypertrophy indicators and improving histopathological lesions with reduced collagen content. Eug and Eug-NE significantly increased the IFN-γ levels and decreased the IL-4 levels, while IHC analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in STAT4 and GATA3 expression in all treated groups. Eug and Eug-NE demonstrated antihydatic and preventative effects, with a substantial decrease in liver fibrosis compared to that of ABZ. Besides their promising immunomodulatory effects, their good treatment response suggests their use as alternatives or complementary scolicidal agents in hydatid cyst treatment.
... Small sections of the livers with localized cysts detected by the naked eye, were excised, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, mounted in paraffin blocks, and cut into 4-mm-thick sections. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stains and then studied histopathologically to evaluate structural alterations of the hepatic parenchymal cells [24] . The degree of architectural tissue changes and cellular infiltration was used as histological parameters. ...
... Mice were sacrificed on 4th, 6th and 8th week post infection. Liver samples fixed in 10 % formalin and paraffin blocks, (4 mm thick) were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stains and then were studied histopathologically to evaluate structural alterations of the hepatic parenchymal cells (Beiting et al. 2004;Al-Kuraishi 2009). ...
The current study was carried out to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of Allium sativum on experimental cystic echinococcosis by measuring the serum nitric oxide level and studying hepatic histopathological changes. The experimental animals were divided into five groups, ten mice in each, group (I): prophylactic; group (II): therapeutic; group (III): prophylactic and therapeutic; group (IV): infected nontreated; group (V): non infected non treated. The results showed that serum nitric oxide was significantly increased as a result of infection in all infected groups compared to group V. Statistical significant difference was noted in serum nitrate level in group I at 1st and 8th week post infection compared to the same time interval in group IV. In group II, statistical significance was noticed only at the 1st week post infection. Statistical significant difference was noted in serum nitrate level in group III at 1st, 4th, 6th and 8th week post infection compared to same time interval in group IV. Hydatid cysts developed in livers of mice of group IV as early as 4 weeks of infection while no cysts were found in groups I,II and III. Histopathologically there were moderate pathological changes in group I and group II as hepatocytes showed moderate steatosis, moderate venous congestion and inflammatory cellular infiltrate with foci of degeneration and necrosis. While livers of mice of group III showed mild steatosis, mild venous congestion, mild inflammatory cellular infiltrate, no necrosis and no biliary hyperplasia. Accordingly, that garlic (Allium sativum) may be a promising phototherapeutic agent for cystic echinococcosis
... As for the sex distribution, the females were more frequently infected with hydatid disease (63.1 %) than males (36.9%), espatially in the rural areas, since they work in the farms and house more than males. This finding is in agreement with previous studies by many workers in Iraq and other countries [17,18,19,20] . However, this result does not agree with [21,22] where they found more in males than in females. ...
... In addition, still some workers reported that there was no difference in the frequency of infection between males and females [22] . Other workers reported that testosterone seems to increase the susceptibility of male mice to infection than females [19,20] . It seems that different results were reported by different authors concerning the sex. ...
Background: Hydatid disease is an infection caused by the larval stage of several species of the genus Echinococcus. It is one of the most important parasitic diseases, especially in the underdeveloped and developing countries, as man and wide range of vertebrates act as intermediate hosts; dogs, wolves and foxes being the final hosts. The disease is considered as a major public health and economic problem in many countries. The disease epidemiology is lacking and few studies on the rate of infection were recorded from patients admitted to major hospitals in Baghdad. Objectives: This Study was carried out to assess the seriousness of this disease in Baghdad and to study the distribution of the disease according to age, sex, residency, occupation, organ affected, diameter of the cyst, single or multiple and clinical manifestations. Materials and Methods: Three major hospitals in Baghdad were chosen for this study; AL-Kadhmyia Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital and AL-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital. These hospitals are the largest in Iraq with a capacity of about 2062 beds. The recording system in these hospitals is very good, allowing for retrospective study. The records of patients admitted for surgery of these three hospitals were studied for a period of five years (2003-2008). From each patient record, the following information were recorded: age, sex, residence, occupation, organ affected, diameter of the cyst, single or multiple and clinical manifestations. Results: Hydatid disease was found to be still one of the major health problems. The total number of surgically proved cases of Hydatid cysts was 855; 460 cases from AL-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, 263 cases from Baghdad Teaching Hospital and 132 cases from Al-Kadhmyia Teaching Hospital. The total numbers of surgically proved hydatid disease were 855, with a yearly average of 171 cases. The disease affected all age groups, but the majority was between the ages of 20-29 years. The number of females infected was more than males. Generally the high percentage of infection was found in the lung, and then the liver. In the females, the liver was more frequently infected than the males, while the lung was more frequently infected in the male than the females. The highest size of hydatid cysts was found in the liver (more than 20 cm.), while the lowest size found in the lung (less than 5 cm). The highest number of infected patients was farmers. Also this study indicated that, from the lung infected patients 226, 201 liver infected cases and 31 infected in other sites were asymptomatic. Conclusion: It need to plan a program and an effective control, prevention and finally if possible eradication of the disease. A nation wide study should be conducted to determine the incidence and prevalence of the disease in human, as well as in animals. Finally new methods for disease diagnosis should be introduced.
The drug of choice for treatment of hydatid disease, albendazole (ABZ) is a poorly water-soluble drug; thus, enhancing its solubility is required. Among metal nanoparticles (NPs), silver (Ag) NPs showed antimicrobial efficacies. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate nanosilver particles (Ag NPs) free or combined with albendazole against Echinococcus granulosus infection in vivo. In this study, besides the normal control group (GI) (n = 5), 80 mice were infected with 2000 viable protoscoleces intraperitoneally then divided equally (n = 20) into the infected control (GII), ABZ-treated (GIII), nanosilver-treated (GIV) and ABZ-loaded-Ag NPs-treated (GV) groups. On the 90th post-infection day, treatment was started and continued for 8 weeks then the experiment was terminated. Each mouse was subjected to measurement of hydatid cysts’ sizes and weights, serum IFN-γ, liver enzymes; histopathological and transmission electron microscopy studies. In all treated groups, there were significant reductions of hydatid cysts’ sizes and weights; however, the highest efficacy rate (63.9%) was detected in group V associated with obvious ultrastructure alterations of the cysts. The liver tissues of group II showed intense granulomatous reactions, congestion, fibrosis, necrosis and steatosis associated with significant increases in serum IFN-γ and liver enzymes. Interestingly, the best antiparasitic effect and the most significant reduction of IFN-γ towards the normal values were found in GV. Moreover, Ag NPs had reduced the toxic effects of ABZ such as necrosis, steatosis and the elevated serum liver enzymes. Therefore, loading ABZ on Ag NPs could be a potential method to improve ABZ efficacy against hydatid disease.
