Figure-2 - uploaded by Ramakrishna Nallathiga
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Water is a primary resource for several human activities, and rivers are a major source of water in several parts of India. Unfortunately, rivers also becoming a major sink of wastes that flow into them. River water management is an important area of natural resource management that crosses several disciplines, and, in order to be more effective, i...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the authority needs to consider economic as well as technical / engineering parameters in making appropriate choice, which brings forth importance of economic valuation. Economic Valuation takes a careful approach towards the resource and the question of measurement in money terms; first, it undertakes a careful study of the services/functions of rendered by the resource, and next the value of such services are assessed by various methods in literature (Figure-2 illustrates Taxonomy of economic values). The usefulness of economic valuation to decision making at ...
Citations
... However, when the data of the sampling stations located at the upstream and downstream points of the river are compared, it is impossible to see a clear difference in water quality. This situation clearly shows that although the water of the Betwa River is under the in uence of pollution, the auto-puri cation mechanism that can recover itself has not yet disappeared (Nallathiga, 2018). ...
The Betwa River Basin, a subbasin of the Yamuna, is the oldest flowing water system in Central India. Factor analysis and principal component analysis (FA/PCA) were multivariate statistical techniques used to extract three and four varimax factors that explained 96.408 and 100.00 percent of the total variance in water quality, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) categorizes observed items into distinct quality categories based on correlations between stations and years. Point industrial/sewage effluents, non-point runoff from arable land and erosion, and natural source pollution are all factors that contribute to the pollution of the Betwa River, a mineral component of the water. As a result, water quality is threatened or impaired, and conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels at Rajghat, Garrauli, Mohana, and Shahijina stations. According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), the water quality ranking at the Rajghat and Mohana stations corresponds to fair ecological status. However, the Garrauli and Shahijina stations' surface water has marginal water quality status. From 1985 to 2018, the Shahijina had the most considerable load of nutrients and organic matter, as established by the CCME-WQI and by comparing the water quality data. A thorough examination revealed a fluctuating trend in the Betwa River pollution, particularly at all stations. Results indicate that between 1985 and 2018, the only defense mechanism of the river was the auto purification mechanism, which is strongly influenced by the drought, point resource of pollution, and extreme meteorological events that probably cause these fluctuations.
... Many rivers in Asia are known to be highly polluted with domestic waste (Leong et al., 2018). Industrialisation, urbanisation and other economic activities degrade and pollute the natural resources worldwide (Nallathiga, 2011). Microbial pollution in water may risk disseminating pathogens that could directly or indirectly affect human health and aquatic biodiversity in the waterbodies. ...
Escherichia coli are rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria naturally present in the lower intestinal tracts of warm-blooded organisms including humans and are often released into the environment through faecal material and wastewater effluent. The presence of E. coli in waters has long been regarded as an indicator for recent faecal contamination, and possible presence of other more harmful enteropathogens. This study examined the total coliform load and occurrence of E. coli to determine the microbial water quality of Merchang Lagoon on Terengganu coast facing the South China Sea, and Raban Lake, part of the Chenderoh Hydroelectric Dam reservoir in the Lenggong Valley, Perak. Water samples were collected from three sites in the lagoon, and two sites in the lake. Total coliform load in water was enumerated by most probable number (MPN) method, and E. coli isolation was carried out using eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar. The results showed greatly varied total coliform counts from site to site in both the lagoon (site 1: 7; site 2: 220; site 3: 920 CFU/100 mL) and lake (site 1: 220; site 2: 1600 CFU/100 mL). All sites showed presence of E. coli. The results suggest faecal pollution, and the impact of water stagnation and human activities on the coliform load. The impacts of faecal pollution on public health and aquaculture in the investigated areas are discussed. Long-term monitoring of faecal pollution constitutes the essential part of environmental conservation and preservation against the risk of waterborne faecal pathogens in recreational and commercial activities.
... However, when the data of the sampling stations located at the upstream and downstream points of the river are compared, it is impossible to see a clear difference in water quality. This situation clearly shows that although the water of the Betwa River is under the influence of pollution, the auto-purification mechanism that can recover itself has not yet disappeared (Chitale, 1992;Nallathiga, 2018). In this study, the water quality index was also used. ...
... Cluster analysis reveals a dendrogram with six clusters for the VF4 factor. Cluster I consists of years 1992, 1995, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, and 2015Cluster II consists of 1985, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2016Cluster III consists of 2002 and2018;cluster IV consists of 1991cluster IV consists of , 1994cluster IV consists of , 1998cluster IV consists of , 2000cluster IV consists of , 2013cluster IV consists of , and 2017 ...
The Betwa River Basin, a subbasin of the Yamuna, is the oldest flowing water system in Central India. Factor analysis and principal component analysis (FA/PCA) were multivariate statistical techniques used to extract three and four varimax factors that explained 96.408 and 100.000 percent of the total variance in water quality, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) categorizes observed items into distinct quality categories based on correlations between stations and years. Point industrial/sewage effluents, non-point runoff from arable land and erosion, and natural source pollution are all factors that contribute to the pollution of the Betwa River, a mineral component of the water. As a result, water quality is threatened or impaired, and conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels at Rajghat, Garrauli, Mohana, and Shahijina stations. According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), the water quality ranking at the Rajghat and Mohana stations corresponds to fair ecological status. However, the Garrauli and Shahijina stations' surface water has marginal water quality status. From 1985 to 2018, the Shahijina had the most considerable load of nutrients and organic matter, as established by the CCME-WQI and by comparing the water quality data. A thorough examination revealed a fluctuating trend in the Betwa River pollution, particularly at all stations. Results indicate that between 1985 and 2018, the only defense mechanism of the river was the auto purification mechanism, which is strongly influenced by the drought, point resource of pollution, and extreme meteorological events that probably cause these fluctuations.
... The river regains water as (1) groundwater gathering and (2) commitments of bolstering the canal through Som Nadi (regular stream) upstream of Kalanaur. The catchment of the Yamuna waterway framework covers parts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Delhi" (Upadhya and Rai, 2013;Nallathiga, 2018). "Concurring to legend, the Yamuna is considered as the daughter of Surya (the Sun God) and his spouse Saranya, and the twin sister of Yama (the God of Death). ...
... Yamuna River is already under the overexploited groundwater development category, which continuously leads to the termination of linkage between the river runoff and the groundwater (Upadhya and Rai, 2013).The water quality, wastewater, and solid waste release into the river are the leading causes of the river's polluted water. The source of these discharges is industrial discharges, municipal waste, improper religious practice, agricultural runoff, and inadequate social practices (Nallathiga, 2018). The pollution in the Yamuna River has made its water the issue of life and death for many ...
... Non Commercial Use where several sewerage lines were built along the Yamuna River banks to restore the water quality. YAP was the project of a one-time mechanism that involved the actions regarding direct and indirect waste disposal treatment and reducing their release into the Yamuna River (Nallathiga, 2018). Presently, several initiatives are running to protect, conserve, and restore various water bodies by government and non-government organizations. ...
... The river regains water as (1) groundwater gathering and (2) commitments of bolstering the canal through Som Nadi (regular stream) upstream of Kalanaur. The catchment of the Yamuna waterway framework covers parts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Delhi" (Upadhya and Rai, 2013;Nallathiga, 2018). "Concurring to legend, the Yamuna is considered as the daughter of Surya (the Sun God) and his spouse Saranya, and the twin sister of Yama (the God of Death). ...
... Yamuna River is already under the overexploited groundwater development category, which continuously leads to the termination of linkage between the river runoff and the groundwater (Upadhya and Rai, 2013).The water quality, wastewater, and solid waste release into the river are the leading causes of the river's polluted water. The source of these discharges is industrial discharges, municipal waste, improper religious practice, agricultural runoff, and inadequate social practices (Nallathiga, 2018). The pollution in the Yamuna River has made its water the issue of life and death for many ...
... Non Commercial Use where several sewerage lines were built along the Yamuna River banks to restore the water quality. YAP was the project of a one-time mechanism that involved the actions regarding direct and indirect waste disposal treatment and reducing their release into the Yamuna River (Nallathiga, 2018). Presently, several initiatives are running to protect, conserve, and restore various water bodies by government and non-government organizations. ...
Water is one of the most critical resources of nature that sustains life both in natural and artificial ecosystems. The uneven spatiotemporal distribution of water resources is one of the vital factors responsible for various anthropogenic pressures (e.g., pollution) we are facing in the 21st century. Due to our imperfect knowledge about the distribution of water resources, it has become incumbent that spatial information techniques are used for understanding the root causes behind the degradation of our water resources. Satellite remote sensing provides essential data to map water resources, hydrology flux measurement, monitoring drought, and flood inundation. The geographic information system (GIS) provides the best tools for modeling and assessing water resources for drought flood risk management. Sustainable exploitation of water resources requires planning and control methods that allow incorporating a large number of spatial and temporal variables. Because of its features, GIS seems to be the most suitable tool to aid in managing water resources available. GIS and modeling can make an essential contribution to integrated water resources management: indeed, given the scarcity of public health and environmental data, some form of modeling tends to be a prerequisite. Even in the absence of a complete understanding of the processes and relationships involved or sufficient data, the construction of flow charts and mind maps can help develop an appreciation of the issues and help build consensus among the various stakeholders. GIS has influenced the development and implementation of a hydrological model at several different levels. GIS has been used to address water supply, water quality, and stormwater management problems and allows users to run more traditional lumped models more efficiently and include at least some degree of spatial effects by partitioning the entire watershed into smaller subwatershed. GIS has been used to transform what was originally a specific model into a spatially distributed model. GIS is used for a variety of input models and comparing the model output with field data to improve the scientific basis of policy and the critical water quality management plan. Management of water resources is crucial as we look for ways to build environmentally and socially sustainable societies and lifestyles. In some cases, we need to find new methods to alter water resources supply and demand. In other cases, we need to find an effective strategy that is faster and more effective in identifying pollution sources. GIS can contribute to solving the problems in each of these things. The GIs technology can help guide the implementation of water resources policies and promote a more efficient allocation of natural resources and the fair and the community as we strive to achieve the above goals. “GIScience for the sustainable management of water resources” contains chapters from eminent researchers and experts. Sustainable exploitation of water resources requires planning and control methods that allow the incorporation of a large number of spatial and temporal variables. Because of its features, GIS seems to be the most suitable tool to aid in the management of water resources available. GIS and modeling have the potential to make an essential contribution to integrated water resources management: indeed, given the scarcity of public health and environmental data, some form of modeling tends to be a prerequisite. The primary target audience is urban planners, environmentalists, policymakers, ecologists, researchers, academicians, students, and professionals in the fields of remote sensing, civil engineering, social science, computer science, and information technology. The primary focus of this book is to replenish the gap in the available literature on the subject by bringing the concepts, theories, and experiences of the specialists and professionals in this field jointly. The editors have worked hard to bring the best literature in this field in a book form for helping the students, researchers, and policymakers develop a complete understanding of the vulnerabilities and solutions to the whole environmental system. This publication is ideally designed for urban planners, environmentalists, policymakers, ecologists, researchers, academicians, students, and professionals in remote sensing, civil engineering, social science, computer science, and information technology. The book is based on clear conceptual understanding, internationally acclaimed authorship, the latest research on the subject, understanding the hydrology spatially while providing a holistic treatise on water science and its management. We hope the book shall do service to the humanity that it was intended to be meant. We acknowledge the help of all the reviewers who tirelessly read chapters and sent suggestions to authors that greatly enhanced their quality and prospective reach. Special thanks to Dr. Neelu Gera, Dr. Muhammad Muslim, and Dr. Muzamil Amin for their valuable suggestions during the book's proofreading. Finally, we thank our families who supported us in thick and thin at each stage of our lives; nothing would have been possible without their help and support.
Editors
Gowhar Meraj
Shruti Kanga
Majid Farooq
Suraj Kumar Singh
Sudhanshu
... In the absence of appropriate regulation, it is likely to be overused, and subject to the tragedy of the commons. The need to balance consumptive uses like drinking and irrigation with non-consumptive uses like environmental protection, conservation and recreation among others is a recurrent theme in 'riparian' literature (Nallathiga, Ramakrishna 2015). The fact that a river changes over space and time only complicates issues. ...
Our paper aims to understand the dynamics of the relationship between the River Yamuna and Delhi in India. We ask why it has come by that a megacity that is so obviously dependant on a river has turned its back to it for several decades now. Briefly, one would expect that as the city grew, rules and institutions would emerge that governed the use of riverine resources for the mutual sustenance of the river and the city. While the philosophy and the efficacy of 'taming the river' is a matter of much debate, the sparseness of public action on the Yamuna in Delhi is in itself intriguing. Theoretically it is easy to predict that without adequate stakeholder participation, the management of an open access common pool resource is untenable. So we set off investigating communities closest to the river: specifically, the villages of Jagatpur and Madanpur Khadar (South Delhi) We also collected and tested samples of river water and riverside soil for toxicity. Our social investigations throw some interesting light on the city-river disconnect, and on the very nature of our city. The interplay of change and continuity in these villages makes interesting telling in the context of urbanization. We continue to be intrigued by the social, cultural and perceptual distancing of these communities from the river. Some of the questions that we explore are: Does the distancing of the community explain the lack of public demand for a cleaner Yamuna? Is there need for a consciously directed action to revive the river? We also explore questions related to the approach of the state to the river. The permission granted by the state in Delhi to hold certain mega cultural events on the floodplains bring into focus several issues. How has the river been framed in the administrative narrative? What is the impact of the political economy on the ecology of the river? Is it a question of the state versus the civil society? Introduction This paper is the outcome of a collaborative project conducted at Miranda House that aimed to understand the dynamics of the relationship between the River Yamuna and Delhi. We are a community that either crosses or travels along the river every day to the University. The Yamuna cleaves our city. And yet it is quite peripheral to our day-today conscious existence. We wished to remedy that – to bring the river and its issues centre stage, to examine why it has come by that a megacity that is so obviously dependent on a river has turned its back to it for several decades now. Any river is shared by several and the 'consumption' of it has unintended consequences. In the absence of appropriate regulation it is likely to be overused, and subject to the tragedy of the commons. The need to balance consumptive uses like drinking and irrigation with non-consumptive uses like environmental protection, conservation and recreation among others is a recurrent theme in 'riparian' literature (Nallathiga, Ramakrishna 2015). The fact that a river changes over space and time only complicates issues. We locate this paper in the discussion on the commons. The framework that we follow has been developed by Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues over a period of 50 years. Briefly Ostrom's work has argued that governance of the commons (Hardin, 1968; Ostrom 1991, 2008, Siefkes, 2009) is an appropriate framework for examining the relationship between human beings and the bio-physical world. She posits that a solution to the 'tragedy of the commons' is possible. Solutions can be found in small implementable changes to the Common Pool Resources (CPR) " action situation ". The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework for analysis that was developed by Ostrom and her colleagues and that was later extended
... In the absence of appropriate regulation it is likely to be overused, and subject to the tragedy of the commons. The need to balance consumptive uses like drinking and irrigation with non-consumptive uses like environmental protection, conservation and recreation among others is a recurrent theme in 'riparian' literature (Nallathiga, Ramakrishna 2015). The fact that a river changes over space and time only complicates issues. ...
Our paper aims to understand the dynamics of the relationship between the River Yamuna and Delhi in India. We ask why it has come by that a megacity that is so obviously dependant on a river has turned its back to it for several decades now. Briefly, one would expect that as the city grew, rules and institutions would emerge that governed the use of riverine resources for the mutual sustenance of the river and the city. While the philosophy and the efficacy of 'taming the river' is a matter of much debate, the sparseness of public action on the Yamuna in Delhi is in itself intriguing. Theoretically it is easy to predict that without adequate stakeholder participation, the management of an open access common pool resource is untenable. So we set off investigating communities closest to the river: specifically, the villages of Jagatpur and Madanpur Khadar (South Delhi) We also collected and tested samples of river water and riverside soil for toxicity. Our social investigations throw some interesting light on the city-river disconnect, and on the very nature of our city. The interplay of change and continuity in these villages makes interesting telling in the context of urbanization. We continue to be intrigued by the social, cultural and perceptual distancing of these communities from the river. Some of the questions that we explore are: Does the distancing of the community explain the lack of public demand for a cleaner Yamuna? Is there need for a consciously directed action to revive the river? We also explore questions related to the approach of the state to the river. The permission granted by the state in Delhi to hold certain mega cultural events on the floodplains bring into focus several issues. How has the river been framed in the administrative narrative? What is the impact of the political economy on the ecology of the river? Is it a question of the state versus the civil society? Introduction This paper is the outcome of a collaborative project conducted at Miranda House that aimed to understand the dynamics of the relationship between the River Yamuna and Delhi. We are a community that either crosses or travels along the river every day to the University. The Yamuna cleaves our city. And yet it is quite peripheral to our day-today conscious existence. We wished to remedy that-to bring the river and its issues centre stage, to examine why it has come by that a megacity that is so obviously dependent on a river has turned its back to it for several decades now. Any river is shared by several and the 'consumption' of it has unintended consequences. In the absence of appropriate regulation it is likely to be overused, and subject to the tragedy of the commons. The need to balance consumptive uses like drinking and irrigation with non-consumptive uses like environmental protection, conservation and recreation among others is a recurrent theme in 'riparian' literature (Nallathiga, Ramakrishna 2015). The fact that a river changes over space and time only complicates issues. We locate this paper in the discussion on the commons. The framework that we follow has been developed by Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues over a period of 50 years. Briefly Ostrom's work has argued that governance of the commons (Hardin, 1968; Ostrom 1991, 2008, Siefkes, 2009) is an appropriate framework for examining the relationship between human beings and the bio-physical world. She posits that a solution to the 'tragedy of the commons' is possible. Solutions can be found in small implementable changes to the Common Pool Resources (CPR) "action situation". The Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework for analysis that was developed by Ostrom and her colleagues and that was later extended
The Betwa River Basin (BRB), a sub-basin of the River Yamuna, is the oldest flowing water system in Central India. The water quality of the rivers are under stress, hence regular monitoring and appraisal is required to know the health of the rivers. Factor analysis and principal component analysis (FA/PCA) multivariate statistical techniques were used to extract three and four varimax factors that explained 96.408 and 100.00 percent of the total variance in water quality, respectively. Cluster analysis (CA) categorizes observed items into distinct quality categories based on correlations between stations and years. Point industrial/sewage effluents, diffuse pollution as runoff from arable land, erosion, and natural source pollution contribute to the pollution of the BRB. As a result, water quality is threatened or impaired, and conditions often departed from natural or desirable levels at Rajghat, Garrauli, Mohana, and Shahijina stations. According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), the surface water quality at the Rajghat and Mohana stations corresponds to fair ecological status. However, the surface water quality of the Garrauli and Shahijina stations has a marginal water quality as per CCME-WQI. From 1985 to 2018, the Shahijina had the most considerable load of nutrients and organic matter, as determined by the CCME-WQI and by comparing the water quality data. A thorough examination had revealed a fluctuating trend in the BRB pollution, particularly at all stations. Results indicate that between 1985 and 2018, the only defense mechanism of the river was the auto purification mechanism, which is strongly influenced by the drought, point pollution source, and extreme meteorological events that probably cause these fluctuations.
