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Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the methods for diagnosis various canine cardiac ailments using echocardiography.
Materials and Methods: M-mode, two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler studies were performed on 10 cases. Dogs showing signs of cardiac ailment either clinically, radiographic or via electrocardiographic examination wer...
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Purpose: Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVi) evaluated by echocardiography has prognostic value in patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the determinants of the LAVi in patients with non-ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Left Ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction.
Methods: Ninety patients with DCM, LV ejection fract...
Background
Mutations in LMNA gene, encoding Lamin A/C, cause a diverse array of phenotypes, collectively referred to as laminopathies. The most common manifestation is dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), occurring in conjunction with variable skeletal muscle involvement but without involvement of the coronary arteries. Much less commonly, LMNA mutations...
Citations
... Sargent et al. (2014) found that echocardiographic measures of mitral regurgitation severity and mitral valve pathology provide valuable prognostic information independent of chamber enlargement in dogs with MMVD. Singh et al. (2014) suggested that echocardiography provide information about cardiac morphology and functions like the size and shape of the heart, its pumping capacity, location and extent of any damage to its tissues. According to a study conducted on 36 dogs with MMVD, Chapel et al. (2018) observed that right ventricular systolic function differs between stages of MMVD, increasing in stage B2, and declining in stage C. Hence concluded that RV systolic function indices were warranted to determine their prognostic importance in dogs with MMVD. ...
... In the present study dogs affected with cardiac diseases showed nonsignificant variation in mean values of haematological parameters except nonsignificant leucocytosis with significant neutrophilia. This increase attributed to inflammatory reaction associated with increased level of TNF and IL-1 (Singh et al., 2014) or due to concurrent secondary bacterial infection of respiratory tract as suggested by Venkatesakumar et al. (2018). In DCM affected dogs, non-significant mild reduction in mean values of Hb was found in the present study which may be due to concurrent renal affection as reported by Noszczyk-Nowak (2011); Sesh et al. (2013) and Srivastava et al. (2015). ...
CARDIAC AFFECTIONS IN DOGS
... The jugular venous distension (Fig. 4) could be due to elevated right heart diastolic pressure in dogs with right heart failure, whereas muffled heart sound could be due to pericardial effusion in DCM affected condition. Observation of the above cardiovascular findings in DCM-affected dogs is in close agreement with previous reports (Tilley et al., 2008;Singh et al., 2014;Jeyaraja et al., 2015). ...
The present study aimed to study the incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and its clinical features in dogs of South
Gujarat, India. The dogs showing clinical signs such as exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, coughing, abdominal enlargement,
vomiting and syncope were suspected of cardiac abnormalities and subjected to ECG and Echo for confirmatory diagnosis.
All 56 suspected cases of cardiac abnormalities were screened for confirmatory diagnosis using electrocardiography and
echocardiography, and their incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy was recorded as per age, breed and sex. The overall
incidence of DCM was recorded as 0.52% (33 of total 6366 registered cases) with the higher incidence in dogs aged between
3-6 years (51.52%), followed by >6 years (42.42%) and < 3 years (6.06%). The most commonly affected breed was
Labrador Retriever (69.70%), followed by Non-descript breed (12.12%), Cocker Spaniel (6.06%) and Golden Retriever,
Bullmastiff, German Shepherd and Pug (3.03% each). Incidence was more predominant in males than females. Among all
prominent clinical signs, exercise intolerance and dyspnoea were most frequently observed, followed by weakness, coughing,
inappetence, weight loss, abdominal enlargement, vomiting and syncope. Special cardiovascular clinical signs were
tachycardia and murmur, pulse deficit, ascites, pedal oedema, pulmonary oedema, jugular venous distension and muffled
heart sound. In the present study, dilated cardiomyopathy was observed most commonly in middle-aged dogs; therefore,
it is suggested that awareness in owners will be helpful for early diagnosis and further follow-up treatment to enhance the
lifespan of affected dogs.
... A transducer was placed on the dependent side of the body through the slit at a point where the strongest palpable apex beat was felt. Transcutaneous 2D echocardiography examination of the heart was carried out according to the method describe by Singh et al. (23). 2D and Mmode echocardiography were performed using a Sonoscape A5V ultrasound unit with a 3.5MHZ transducer. ...
The Egyptian domestic (Baladi) dog has been increasingly adopted as a companion animal. Breed-specific cardiovascular reference intervals (RIs) are useful for clinicians in identifying abnormalities. The study aimed to estimate RIs for different heart indices in healthy male Baladi dogs. Twenty-six dogs were recruited to the study. Dogs were approved to be healthy. Afterwards, they were consciously examined by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and radiography. RIs were estimated using a bias-corrected bootstrapping approach. Electrocardiographic RIs were heart rate: 103 – 132 (beats/minute); P: 0.02 - 0.04, T: 0.03 - 0.04 waves durations (seconds); P: 0.13 - 0.23, R: 1.19 - 1.51, T: 0.20 - 0.27 waves amplitudes (mV); and PR: 0.11 - 0.17, QRS: 0.06 - 0.08, QT: 0.41 - 0.44 intervals (seconds). Echocardio-graphic parameters included end (diastolic: 29.95 - 46.49, systolic: 5.54 - 10.32) volumes (ml); ejection fraction: 76.23 - 83.41 (%); stroke volume 25.13 - 37.41 (ml); fractional shortening: 0.43 - 0.51 (%); inter-ventricular septal thickness (diastole: 7.61 - 8.55; systole: 12.19 - 14.12 mm); left atrial to aortic root ratio (0.98 - 1.06); left ventricular diameter (diastole: 27.86 - 33.34, systole:14.42 - 18.14 mm) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (diastole: 9.71 - 13.5; systole: 14.73 - 18.33 mm). Right lateral radiographs heart axes (long: 5.31 - 5.67, short 3.67 - 4.03 vertebrae) and VHS: 9.04 - 9.64 (vertebrae). No significant associations were identified between the measurements and body weight, age, and heart rate. In conclusions our results emphasized the importance of establishing Baladi‐specific RIs.
... Haematological parameters revealed significant increase in neutrophil count in affected dogs as compared to control. This increase attributed to inflammatory reaction associated with increased level of TNF and IL-1 (Singh et al., 2014) or due to concurrent secondary bacterial infection of respiratory tract (Venkatesakumar et al., 2018). Significant increment in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with mean value (291.65-586.47 ...
Background: Cardiac diseases defined as structural, functional, mechanical and electrical abnormality of heart. Characterization of different cardiac diseases in dogs prevalent in North Indian conditions is least studied. Methods: Out of total 2582 registered dogs, 41 were suspected for cardiac diseases based on clinical signs. Further confirmation and characterization was done by electrocardiography, radiography, echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers. Statistical analysis was done through SPSS 23. Result: Present study inferred, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as the most prevalent cardiac affection. Left ventricular dilation, interventricular septum thinning, increased E point septal separation and left atrial enlargement were characteristic echocardiographic indices in DCM. Echocardiographic indices in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were increased interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall and reduced left ventricular lumen. Labrador retriever found to be most predisposed breed for DCM while Rottweiler reported to be most affected with pericardial effusion. Cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) was statistically (p<0.05) increased in all cardiac categories with cut off value above 92 ng/l indicating cardiac affection, while Lactate dehydrogenase serve as screening biochemical marker with significant increase in all the cardiac cases ranging from 291 IU/l to 586.4 IU/l.
... 4±294.75). This might be due to inappetance and anorexia, neutrophilic leukocytosis which might be attributed to inflammatory reaction possibly associated with increased levels of TNF and IL1 as also reported bySingh et al., 2014. Serum biochemistry findings were increased levels of ALT (55.17±7.16 ...
... Transcutaneous echocardiographic examination of the heart was carried out according to the method described by (Singh et al., 2014 ). All echocardiographic procedures and precautions were followed according to the recommendation of the American Society of Echocardiography. ...
... For guided B and M-mode measurements, the animal was restrained in standing position, the area of examination was shaved, coupling gel was applied, the transducer was placed over the precordial impulses between the second to fourth intercostal space, the left parasternal short axis view was obtained at the level of the papillary muscle, once the heart was located , the transducer was angled or rotated optimal visualization was generally achieved for B and Mmode studies when the ultrasound beam is perpendicular to the cardiac structures. Measurement of echocardiographic parameters, including interventricular septal thickness at the end-systole (IVSTs) and at end-diastole (IVSTd), left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs) and at end-diastole (LVIDd),left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole (LVPWs) and at end-diastole (LVPWd) were performed through Cube Method according to the method described by (Singh et al., 2014;Thomas et al.,1993 andYadav, 2011 ). Standardized image planes were obtained by B-mode which was used to guide M-mode views for measurements. ...
... On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in FS in group 2 more than both groups 3 and 4 that indicate ventricular dysfunction. These findings were similar to what was reported by Cornell et al.,(2004); Dukes et al.,(2003); Nelson and Couto (1998); Nelson and Couto (2008); Singh et al.,(2014); Voros et al.,(2009) who reported that FS is the most common echocardiography parameter performed to see the myocardium contractility and to estimate the capability of the left ventricles. FS is widely used as an indicator of left ventricular systolic function and the value ≤ 0.25 is usually associated with heart diseases Moreover, there was a significant decrease in EF in group 2 more than both groups 3 and 4 that indicate ventricular dysfunction. ...
... The prominent clinical signs of mitral valve disease in dogs observed were lethargy 50 percent ( Tachycardia 9 64.28 4 57.14 Tachypnoea 7 50 3 percent, neutrophill count 7819.4±294.75). This might be due to inappetance and anorexia, neutrophilic leukocytosis might be attributed to inflammatory reaction possibly associated with increased levels of TNF and IL1 ( Singh et al., 2014). Serum biochemistry findings were increased levels of ALT Gara et al., 2008). ...
Cubic zirconia nanoparticles were fabricated via low temperature combustion of zirconyl nitrate at 400 °C using (i) glycine (ZrO2-1) and (ii) glycine assisted ammonium nitrate (ZrO2-2) as fuel. Impact of preparational condition on the structural, optical, and dielectric properties of the attained ZrO2 were explored from X-ray diffraction analysis, Uv–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Band gap of the samples as calculated by Tauc’s method was found to be 4.7 eV (ZrO2-1) and 4.9 eV (ZrO2-2). PL emission in the visible region with a sharp peak centered at 516 nm has been probed by exciting the sample with UV radiation of 254 -nm wavelength. CIE and CCT coordinates show that PL emission is in pure green region and color temperature is above 10,000 K indicating that the emission is a cool color suitable for LCD and CRT displays. Search for high-K dielectric material with large band gap is a prime requirement for devices in microelectronic. ZrO2 is a high-K material used in the manufacturing of capacitors in DRAM. Frequency response of dielectric constant (ε′\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varepsilon \mathrm{^{\prime}}$$\end{document} and ε\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varepsilon$$\end{document}″), Impedance Z ′\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathrm{^{\prime}}$$\end{document} and Z″ has been recorded in the frequency range 100 Hz to 5 MHz. Dielectric constant value “ε” is found to be around 50 in the frequency range between 900 kHz and 3 MHz.
Graphical Abstract
