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Ensayo de patogenicidad. Fotografías de hojas de yerba mate luego de 7 días de incubación a 28° C. A. Hoja sin inóculo: control. Hojas inoculadas con: B. Colletotrichum sp. LBM 183. C. Alternaria sp. LBM 186 D. Phoma sp. LBM 189 E. Phoma sp. LBM 207. F. Pilidium sp. LBM 208.
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El cultivo de Ilex paraguariensis es importante en el norte de Argentina, principalmente en la provincia de Misiones. En los últimos años se ha observado la presencia de diferentes síntomas de enfermedades causadas por hongos de los cuales no se conoce agente causal, epidemiología y daño económico. En este estudio, se aislaron hongos de hojas de ye...
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... This expansion has resulted in a series of phytosanitary problems due to the increase availability of hosts, physiological stress, and inadequate crop management, causing an imbalance in the native microbiota. This imbalance favours the development of diseases and the dispersion of pathogens [9]. ...
... Also noteworthy are issues related to crop management, including incorrect pruning, planting at inappropriate times, low-quality genotypes, and cultivation in unsuitable geographical areas [10]. Numerous research papers have been published on the diseases that affect the cultivation of yerba mate [9,11,12]. However, a comprehensive understanding of the diseases affecting it is still necessary to design and implement sustainable crop management. ...
... Coupled with an understanding of abiotic factors, this knowledge enables the development of appropriate and promising agricultural strategies to enhance the resilience of plants, soil, and the environment. This, in turn, ensures sustainable production over time [9]. ...
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.), with its health benefits and socioeconomic significance, plays a crucial role in Argentina and other South American countries like Brazil and Paraguay. Its cultivation in the Province of Misiones (Argentina) supports various sectors, contributes to regional development, and provides employment opportunities. However, the transition from extractive practices to monoculture, accompanied with increased demand, has led to phytosanitary challenges. Imbalanced native microbiota, disease development, and pathogen dispersion have become prevalent issues. Understanding the known pathogens associated with yerba mate plants is crucial for developing effective agricultural strategies. The primary objective of this study is to synthesise current knowledge on prevalent fungal diseases in yerba mate cultivation, as well as to provide agricultural management recommendations for effective disease control. Fungal diseases can cause significant damage to different parts of the plant, resulting in economic losses. The proximity of neighbouring plantations to yerba mate crops may contribute to the cross-contamination of pathogens, emphasizing the need for comprehensive epidemiology and accurate diagnosis. Multiple fungal genera have been reported to cause pathologies in yerba mate. Among the fungi causing foliar diseases are Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum, Cylindrocladium spathulatum, Pseudocercospora mate, Asterina sphaerelloides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides aff var. yerbae, and Phyllosticta sp. Caulinary diseases are caused by Alternaria sp., Phoma sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Ceratocystis fimbriata. Regarding root rot, the genera Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp., Fusarium sp., and Rosellinia sp. have been reported. Proper crop management practices and monitoring are essential for effective disease control. To reduce reliance on chemical compounds, the use of biocontrol agents like Trichoderma sp. has shown promise in regulating phytopathogenic fungi populations. Continued research is vital to preserve the yerba mate industry and ensure its long-term viability while minimizing environmental impact.
... Studies evaluating the phytosanitary quality of yerba mate seeds have revealed the presence of several fungi, including pathogens such as Fusarium (Oliveira et al., 2015;Souza et al., 2019;. Surveys analyzing fungal diseases in yerba mate leaves have also been carried out (Bilenki-Junior et al., 2021;Brito et al., 2021;López et al., 2020;Pimentel et al., 2006), as well as in consumer-ready mate samples (Bernardi et al., 2005;Borges et al., 2002). However, in the case of yerba mate waste, there is still no research on which fungi are associated with it. ...
Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae), waste is one of the most common byproducts generated in households in southern Brazil due to the traditional consumption of mate. However, the decomposition of this waste by fungi has not been thoroughly evaluated. In order to study the fungal succession in mate residue, 450 samples were evaluated during the autumn, winter, and spring, and kept for two months in a humid chamber (aerobic medium) for the growth of associated filamentous fungi. We morphologically identified the fungi by means of a microscopy device and taking into consideration only the surface-developed mycelia. Twenty-two genera of filamentous fungi were found, of which the Zygomycota (Rhizopus spp. and Mucor spp.) microflora deserve special attention since they were the only fungi growing in the first 19 days. After this period, the fungi Deuteromycota (mainly Aspergillus spp.) and Oomycota (Pythium spp.) develop more vigorously, supplanting the previous ones. The species of Curvularia, Fusarium, Verticillium, and Pythium are phytopathogens and end up having their inoculum source increased with the irregular disposal of this residue in nature. The presence of numerous fungal genera, which are known to be pathogenic according to the literature, highlights the importance of implementing proper waste disposal practices in the environment. Improper disposal of the yerba mate waste can result in contamination not only of yerba mate itself but also of other commercial crops. Therefore, it is imperative that greater attention be paid to the disposal of this waste.
