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Várias espécies de insetos e ácaros se alimentam de folhas de soja. Entre os artrópodes que causam desfolha direta, as lagartas (principalmente os noctuídeos) e os coleópteros (principalmente os crisomelídeos) são os mais importantes. Entre eles, destaca-se a lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), por sua abun...
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) event DAS-81419-2 (Conkesta technology) in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, expresses Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins to provide protection from feeding by several lepidopteran pests. A total of 27 field experiments across nine locations were conducted from 2011 to 2015 in southern and central Brazil to characterize the effi...
An increase in Spodoptera species was reported in Bt soybean fields expressing Cry1Ac insecticidal proteins in Brazil, requiring additional management with chemical insecticides. Here, we evaluated the dose effects of flubendiamide and thiodicarb on Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll, 1782), Spodoptera albula (Walker,...
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... Fumagina excess increases leaf ethylene content, inducing an early leaf senescence. This early leaf fall may impair plant development and grain yield, depending on its intensity (Moscardi et al., 2012;Oliveira et al., 2021). ...
Transgenic Bt soybean plants have been developed to control insect pests, such as Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens. This objective has been achieved successfully; however, recently, some authors claimed that Bt soybean plants have been more susceptible than non-Bt soybean to Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. In addition, it is unknown whether Bt soybean plants infested by B. tabaci become less resistant to target pests. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) whether the previous infestation with B. tabaci can compromise Bt and non-Bt soybean resistance to C. includens; (ii) the effects of B. tabaci infestations on Bt and non-Bt soybean plant growth; and (iii) whether B. tabaci feeding reduces contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids of soybean plants. Bt and non-Bt soybean plants pre-infested with B. tabaci showed no changes in resistance to C. includens. Bt soybean plants infested with B. tabaci showed a lower plant height than uninfested plants. Differently, non-Bt soybean plants exhibited no reduction in plant growth due to B. tabaci feeding. Bt soybean plants suffered a reduction in dry matter only under double infestation (B. tabaci and C. includens), while non-Bt soybean plants experienced reduction in dry matter when infested with B. tabaci and C. includens or by C. includens only. B. tabaci feeding did not alter contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and perhaps the reduction in plant growth was related to salivary toxins. Concluding, both Bt and non-Bt soybean plants were susceptible to B. tabaci feeding, evidencing necessity of developing soybean cultivars resistant to B. tabaci.
... The prevalence and importance of VBC in all soybean growing regions in the Americas are associated with its great ecological plasticity, as both immature and adult stages present different hormonal and behavioural responses (including migration) to different abiotic and biotic conditions such as larval density and food quality (Buschman et al. 1981;Greene 1979;Hammond & Fescemyer 1987;Wagner et al. 2011). This allows local populations, or migrants from native preferential host plants, to colonise soybean plantations, which have high nutritional value, soon after their implantation, at the beginning of cultivation (Conti & Waddill 1982;Herzog & Todd 1980;Moscardi et al. 2012). ...
The velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (VBC) is widely distributed in the Americas and causes severe damage to soybean foliage. This insect presents high ecological plasticity, a feature that is of great importance to understand its genetic diversity and potential gene flow to assist in resistance management strategies. With this objective, we developed microsatellite markers for VBC and applied them to five populations from Brazil. Nine primers were polymorphic, with high values of polymorphic information content (PIC > 0.5), and 134 alleles were identified in 155 individuals. These primers indicated deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for all populations (observed heterozygosity, H o = 0.48, expected heterozygosity, H e = 0.76), with moderate to high levels of genetic diversity and a moderate fixation index (F ST = 0.14) among the populations. Analysis of population structure indicated the formation of two principal clusters. The northern one can be divided into the two populations that formed the cluster, with high genetic differentiation between them. The other cluster is formed by three populations, and we found evidence of low gene flow between them in the south–north direction, indicating that these populations may be migratory in certain conditions. These findings indicate that the designed primers were effective in describing the genetic diversity of VBC, with major implications for integrated pest management. Given the little gene flow and the high genetic diversity of populations, they present great potential to become resistant to control practices, which can lead to increased management costs.
... Soybean leaves are attacked by multiple herbivores such as several species of Lepidoptera (Moscardi et al., 2012), and by several species of mites such as green mite Mononychellus planki, two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae among other species such as Tetranychus desertorum, Tetranychus gigas and Tetranychus ludeni (Guedes et al., 2007;Roggia et al., 2008). There are still few studies investigating the biological control of pest mites on soybean. ...
Plant-induced resistance can be an important component of soybean mites biological control programs. This work evaluates the preference of predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to soybean plants under single and multiple herbivory conditions by two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), and velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using a Y olfactometer, the following scenarios were evaluated: soybean with no infestation and soybean infested with A. gemmatalis; soybean infested with T. urticae and A. gemmatalis, and soybean infested with T. urticae and with both T. urticae and A. gemmatalis. Volatile compounds released by plants were analyzed and identified by a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer with a solid phase micro-extraction ion-trap. The predatory mite N. californicus preferred soybean plants infested with T. urticae compared to those infested with A. gemmatalis. Multiple infestation did not interfere with its preference to T. urticae. Multiple herbivory of T. urticae and A. gemmatalis modified the chemical profile of volatile compounds emitted by soybean plants. However, it did not interfere with the search behavior of N. californicus. Out of the 29 identified compounds only five promoted predatory mite response. Thus, regardless of single or multiple herbivory by T. urticae with or without A. gemmatalis, the indirect induced resistance mechanisms operate similarly. As such, this mechanism contributes to an increase in the encounter rate between predator and prey for N. Californicus and T. urticae, and the efficacy of biological control of mites on soybean.
... Soybean production can be affected by weeds, diseases, and pests throughout the production cycle. Major lepidopteran soybean pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), and the Spodoptera complex (Noctuidae) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Stink bugs represent another group of important soybean Pyrethroid and neonicotinoid 0.14 + 0.10 1.00 * Corresponds to the concentration for the Active Ingredient (I.A.). ...
Pesticides are commonly used to control weeds, diseases, and pests in soybean crops, although natural enemies are also key components of integrated pest management programs protecting soybean from pests. The predatory mite Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma is commonly found in soybeans associated with tetranychid mites. We determined the compatibility of some pesticides used in Brazilian soybean fields with N. idaeus on the basis of their lethal and sub-lethal effects. We assessed the acute toxicity of pesticides that are considered harmless to females of N. idaeus and evaluated the effects on the mite offspring. Acephate as well as imidacloprid and bifenthrin were most toxic to adult females and were classified as harmful. Chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, and the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid mixtures were classified as slightly to moderately harmful. Immatures of N. idaeus were able to develop and reach the adult stage when treated with chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, glyphosate, and teflubenzuron, but immature survival was reduced to 42 and 64% for offspring of females treated with chlorantraniliprole or teflubenzuron, respectively. Reproduction was most affected in females exposed to chlorantraniliprole and teflubenzuron; these females had daily oviposition rates of 0.5 and 0.4 egg/female/day, respectively, and mean fecundities of 2.7 and 5.8 eggs/female, respectively. On the basis of sublethal effects and life table parameters, chlo-rantraniliprole was classified as moderately harmful, while the other pesticides tested were classified as harmless. In considering the use of pesticides while targeting the conservation of N. idaeus as a predator of important pests in soybean crops, one must prioritize pesticides that will most likely have less harmful effects on this predator in the field.
... Dentre os fitopatógenos que atacam plantas de algodão, temos a mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci) inseto considerado praga que ataca partes aéreas do algodoeiro. Apesar do nome comum de mosca-branca, devido a sua aparência similar a um díptero, este inseto trata-se de um hemíptero da família Aleyrodidae (Moscardi et al., 2012). A B. tabaci é um inseto polífago, com ciclo de vida que passa pelas fases de ovo, ninfa (compreendendo vários estádios: ninfa I, II, III e IV/pupário) até chegar a fase adulta. ...
A cultura do algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) é uma agrícola que sofre constantemente com ataques de insetos praga. Dentre esses insetos, descrevemos a mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci) que é um inseto polífago que apresenta danos diretos e indiretos nesta cultura agrícola. O principal método de controle desta praga é o uso de inseticidas, com mecanismos de ação distintos. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência após aplicação de diferentes opções de inseticidas para o controle das ninfas de mosca-branca na cultura do algodoeiro. Os tratamento foram distintos: 1-Testemunha; 2-Ciantraniliprole (35 g i.a ha-1); 3 Ciantraniliprole (40 g i.a ha-1); 4-Ciantraniliprole (45 g i.a ha-1); 5-Ciantraniliprole (50 g i.a ha-1); 6-Ciantraniliprole + óleo mineral (35 g i.a ha-1 + 756 g i.a ha-1); 7-Acetameprido + Piriproxifem (60 g i.a ha-1 + 30 g i.a ha-1); 8-Abamectina + Ciantraniliprole (20 g i.a ha-1 + 5 g i.a ha-1) e 9-Sulfoxaflor + espalhante adesivo (96 g i.a ha-1 + 4,5 g i.a ha-1). Foram realizadas 2 aplicações foliares, com intervalos de 10 dias (23/02/21 e 05/03/21), utilizando-se pulverizador costal com pressurização por CO2, dotado de barra de pulverização, com volume de calda de 150 L ha-1. No momento das aplicações a cultura encontrava-se entre os estádios V7 e B4, respectivamente. Foi realizada avaliação prévia da infestação e após a aplicação 3, 7 e 10 após primeira (DA1A) e 3,7 e 10 após a segunda aplicação (DA2A). As avaliações foram realizadas sobre a contagem do número de ninfas de mosca-branca em 10 folhas em cada parcela com o auxílio de uma lupa binocular estereoscópica (20x). Os dados foram transformados (√x+K) pelo software estatístico SASM®. Sendo interpretado pelo teste de média Scott-Knott com 5% de significância. Conclui-se que a aplicação com Acetamiprido + Piriproxifem (60 g i.a ha-1 + 30 g i.a ha-1) e o Ciantraniliprole nas doses (40 e 50 g i.a ha-1) se destacaram em relação aos outros tratamentos sobre Bemisia tabaci.
... Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a widespread pest, known for causing damage to diverse species of cultivated crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and recently gaining more attention in soybean (Oliveira et al. 2001, Baldin et al. 2017. The whitefly B. tabaci MEAM1 was first reported in Brazil in 1991 (Lourenção and Nagai 1994), and its importance in soybean noted in the 2000's (Moscardi et al. 2012, Vieira et al. 2016. Three other members of the species complex are present in Brazil, two from the New World (NW1 and NW2) group (Marubayashi et al. 2013) and the Mediterranean (MED) (Barbosa et al. 2015). ...
Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a key insect pest in soybean fields in Brazil but data are lacking on the relationship between pest abundance and crop yield and quality. Controlled infestation studies were conducted on caged soybean plants in the field over a two year period at two sites in Brazil. Differences in temperature in the two years affected population growth of B. tabaci, reaching 413 nymphs per leaflet in the first year, and 179 the second year even when the average temperature was 3ºC higher. Higher temperatures promoted a shorter lifecycle and nearly one more generation. Yield was affected with losses up to 500 kg/ha in 2017/2018 and 1,147 kg/ha in 2018/2019. A decrease in the weight of a thousand grains of 18 and 33 g was observed in the first and second year, respectively. No significant differences were observed in grain germination, but estimated losses in protein content were up to 440 kg/ha at the highest infestation level. Pest density and yield data were used to estimate economic injury levels (EILs). EILs ranged from 2.5 to 25.67 nymphs per leaflet and 0.17-1.79 adults per leaflet over a range of control costs, soybean production values, and control efficacies. These results should provide data useful toward development of pest management decision making tools.
... The VBC is native to tropical and subtropical areas of the western hemisphere and was first found in Florida in 1903 (Hinds, 1930). This pest is broadly distributed in Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina (Panizzi & Correa-Ferreira, 1997;Moscardi et al., 2012), with up to six generations per year. Despite being considered a primary pest of legumes, e.g. ...
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda and the velvet bean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis are pests that can cause severe defoliation of peanut plants during any development stage throughout the Americas. This study aimed to evaluate effects of a bioinsecticide, neem oil, and two peanut cultivars on feeding preference, period of development, and mortality of FAW and VBC. Furthermore, wax content was estimated to correlate with peanut resistance. In the laboratory, feeding preference was tested under choice and no-choice assays. First and third instar larvae were released into Petri dishes containing leaves from the cultivars IAC Runner 886 or IAC Caiapó, with or without the application of either 0.15% or 0.30% neem oil. Considering the peanut cultivars, IAC Runner 886 was the least consumed by FAW third-instar larvae, in choice and no-choice tests. Similarly, the cultivar IAC Caiapó was the least consumed by VBC third instar larvae in no-choice test. When neem oil was added to these cultivars, FAW first-instar larvae exhibited feeding deterrence behaviors, whereas third-instar larvae also were deterred by neem oil but in only the free-choice assay. The first instar VBC larvae exhibited feeding deterrence to neem oil in the no-choice assay only. Overall, no larvae subjected to neem oil application completed the larval cycle. This study showed that certain peanut cultivars and neem oil are indeed promising options for managing FAW and VBC and opens the door to further study these options in the field. The relationship between wax content with peanut resistance is discussed.
... In Brazil, A. gemmatalis is considered a key pest of soybean, but this species can also attack other vegetables. Due to the wide diversity of the Brazilian flora, this insect may survive in different host species that are available throughout the year, serving as a food source to this pest in the intercrop period [7][8]. ...
... Anticarsia gemmatalis, in its growth, passes through six larval instars [7,9]. In the first three instars, its food requirement and consumption are low; the greatest economic impact and damage to the plants occur from the fourth to the sixth instars, in which each individual can consume from 100 to 120 cm 2 of leaf area. ...
Anticarsia gemmatalis, commonly known as soybean caterpillar, causes important economic losses in soybean crops. Synthetic pesticides are the standard practice to control this insect. However, the indiscriminate use of these substances has increased the resistance of this pest. Thus, it is necessary to search for different control alternatives that are also more environmentally friendly. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of Lavandula dentata L. essential oil (EO) and its activity on A. gemmatalis. The major compounds of essential oil were 1,8-cineole (31.5 wt.%), camphor (16.6 wt.%), and fenchone (15.9 wt.%). Bioassays were performed with third-instar caterpillars. EO concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% v/v were diluted in Tween-80® 0.5% v/v and incorporated into the artificial diet given to caterpillars. Water, Tween-80® 0.5% v/v, and novaluron 0.075% w/v were added as negative and positive controls. For the aversion tests, soybean leaf discs were immersed in solutions with 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0% v/v of EO, plus a negative control (water), and offered to caterpillars. In the bioassay, 100% mortality was observed from the concentration 0.6% v/v of the essential oil of L. dentata in 24 h; without statistical difference from 0.4 and 0.5% v/v. There was no important change in mortality between 24 and 72 h. In the aversion test, all EO treatments caused deterrence of caterpillars when compared to control, but without difference between EO concentrations. It was observed that L. dentata EO can be used as an alternative in the control of A. gemmatalis.
... Velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818, is one of the main defoliating caterpillars in the soybean crop (Haase et al. 2015). However, the losses provided by the species in the field vary from 3 to 75% in conventional soybean cultivars (Silva et al. 2003;Moscardi et al. 2012). ...
... In the 1990s, the control of A. gemmatalis in Brazil was carried out, starting with chemical insecticides such as organochlorines and organophosphates. However, problems provided to man and the environment have led to restrictions on the use of these pesticides (Moscardi et al. 2012). Currently, this pest control is carried out with insecticides selective to the environment and cultivars of transgenic soybean that expresses only the toxin Cry1Ac from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915 (Bernardi et al. 2012). ...
Bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner, 1915 are widely used to control lepidopteran in several crops. However, surviving insects exposed to the sub-lethal concentration of Bt-based bioinsecticides can suffer a multitude of effects on the biological conditioning known as hormesis. Here, we aimed to provide a clearer understanding of the biological conditioning of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818), exposed to different concentrations of a Bt-based bioinsecticide, by assessing life table parameters over three generations. We defined five sub-lethal concentrations (LC5, LC10, LC15, LC20, and LC25) from the response curve estimate of A. gemmatalis. Deionized water was used as a control. We assessed the parameters of eggs-viability and the duration of the stages, incubation, larval, pre-pupal, pupal, adult, pre-oviposition and total biological cycle. Data were used to construct the fertility life table using the two-sex program. The survival curves showed greater variation in the proportion of individuals at each development stage using the LC25. The sub-lethal concentrations did not influence the incubation-eggs period, pre-pupal and pupal. However, the larval and adult stages using LC25 and LC10 were the most affected. Changes in sex ratio were observed using LC20 and LC5. The toxic effect of Bt-based bioinsecticide interfered mainly in the parameters of fertility, sex ratio, net reproduction rate (R0), and gross reproduction rate (GRR).
... As lagartas pertencentes à subfamília Plusiinae têm grande importância na cultura da soja devido aos elevados danos ocasionados pela desfolha e a dificuldade de controle (Sosa-Gómez et al. 2010). Entre as espécies de Plusiinae, as mais importantes em soja são Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) e Rachiplusia nu (Guenée, 1852) (Moraes et al. 1991;Moscardi et al. 2012). As duas espécies são controladas pela soja Bt, porém, na safra de 2020/21 observou-se em diversas regiões a ocorrência de lagartas falsa-medideira em áreas de cultivo de soja Bt. ...
Loopers are important defoliators in several crop species. Among the loopers attacking non-Bt soybean cultivars, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) was the most common. The use of trangenic Bt soybean in appromately 70% of the soybean fields in Brazil led to a decrease in the loopers in these fields. However, technical field specialists and soybean producers recently observed Plusiinae larvae damaging transgenic Bt soybean, posing a risk over the Bt technology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and confirm the catterpillar species feeding on transgenic Bt soybean fields in Brazil. Larvae and soybean leaf samples were collected in 12 soybean-producing locations from four Brazillian States. Soybean leaf samples were tested to confirm whether they were transgenic Bt. Larvae were reared in artificial diet and submitted to feeding trials on non-transgenic and transgenic Bt soybean leaves. The species identification was perfomed by amplicon sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of eight larvae per local. All 12 populations fed in the transgenic Bt soybean and the sequencing analysis of COI determined that they belong to Rachiplusia nu (Guenée, 1852) with 100% similarity to the COI sequences available in NCBI for this species. These results suggest that the R. nu species is not controlled by the genetic modification event present in the tested soybean variety and highlights the need for additional looper management control strategies, such as insecticide application, for controlling this insect pest in transgenic Bt soybean.
