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... Quando adultos, os indivíduos de Saguinus bicolor (Figura 1) pesam entre 450 e 550 gramas e medem de 28 a 32 cm de comprimento, com uma cauda fina de aproximadamente 38 a 42 cm Gordo et al., 2008). ...
... Assim como outros calitriquídeos, S. bicolor possui uma dieta variada, composta de pequenos vertebrados (anfíbios e lagartos), ovos e filhotes de aves, insetos (Figuras 5 e 6), frutos (Figura 7), goma de algumas árvores e, eventualmente, néctar e flores (Egler, 1992;Gordo et al., 2008). O sauim-de-coleira possui comportamento diurno, iniciando suas atividades pouco depois do amanhecer (entre 06:00 e 06:30), repousando ao final da manhã/ início da tarde (coincidindo com as horas mais quentes do dia) e procurando o local de dormir cerca de duas horas antes do pôr do sol. ...
... A área de vida em fragmentos florestais urbanos de Manaus é bastante variável, tendo sido estimada entre oito e 65 ha (Egler, 1986;. Já em mata primária pode alcançar cerca de 100 ha Gordo et al., 2008). ...
... Quando adultos, os indivíduos de Saguinus bicolor (Figura 1) pesam entre 450 e 550 gramas e medem de 28 a 32 cm de comprimento, com uma cauda fina de aproximadamente 38 a 42 cm Gordo et al., 2008). ...
... Assim como outros calitriquídeos, S. bicolor possui uma dieta variada, composta de pequenos vertebrados (anfíbios e lagartos), ovos e filhotes de aves, insetos (Figuras 5 e 6), frutos (Figura 7), goma de algumas árvores e, eventualmente, néctar e flores (Egler, 1992;Gordo et al., 2008). O sauim-de-coleira possui comportamento diurno, iniciando suas atividades pouco depois do amanhecer (entre 06:00 e 06:30), repousando ao final da manhã/ início da tarde (coincidindo com as horas mais quentes do dia) e procurando o local de dormir cerca de duas horas antes do pôr do sol. ...
... A área de vida em fragmentos florestais urbanos de Manaus é bastante variável, tendo sido estimada entre oito e 65 ha (Egler, 1986;. Já em mata primária pode alcançar cerca de 100 ha Gordo et al., 2008). ...
Reconnecting fragmented habitats by planting forest corridors is becoming necessary to support isolated populations of threatened callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins) in Brazil. Tamarins frequently use tree holes as sleeping sites, but young forests do not provide these; artificial nestboxes offer a potential solution until trees in the corridors reach maturity. However, how effective such nestboxes are in attracting callitrichids and providing safety from predators is unquantified. We tested three features that might be important in the design of callitrichid nestboxes: internal shelves or entrance tunnels, to prevent predators from reaching tamarins in the boxes, and a second exit point to provide an escape route. Seven groups of zoo-housed pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) were given a choice between an unmodified nestbox with a single entrance and a box with one of the three test features. Each group was tested 12-13 times under each choice condition. Tamarins chose to sleep in boxes with tunnels (overall probability of selection = 0.72) and shelves (probability of selection = 0.53) in preference to unmodified boxes, but rarely opted for boxes with two entrance holes (probability = 0.3). A generalised linear mixed model showed that these differences were statistically significant (F = 15.6, df = 2, P < 0.0001). Tamarins spent more time in the hour before retiring in nestboxes with tunnels or shelves than in unmodified boxes, but less time in boxes with two entrances (F = 11.84, df = 2, 53.05, P < 0.0001). They also retired latest and rose earliest if they used boxes with two entrances. To test their susceptibility to predation, boxes of each design were baited and offered to coatis (Nasua nasua), macaques (Macaca nigra), and capuchins (Cebus capucinus and Sapajus xanthosternos). Four trials were conducted for each box type with each species. None managed to obtain bait from boxes with tunnels, but all rapidly retrieved the bait from boxes with two entrances. Pied tamarins therefore preferred nestbox designs (tunnels) offering the most protection from predators.
Aggressive behaviors are widespread among territorial species and asymmetrical aggressiveness may imply differential access to resources. At a larger scale, such asymmetry may also drive shifts in geographic distributions. The pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) is an endangered Amazonian primate species with a small natural range. In recent decades further reduction of its range has been observed coincident with the expansion of the range of the red-handed tamarin's (Saguinus midas), which appears to be encroaching into the area otherwise occupied by the pied tamarin. Here we test if, at range boundaries, red-handed tamarin produces more aggressive vocalizations than the pied tamarin. We performed a series of 96 playback trials presenting both congeneric and conspecific long calls to sixteen groups of red-handed tamarins and fourteen of pied tamarins. We recorded their territorial, agonistic, alarm vocalizations, and the duration of their calling displays after broadcasts. In doing so, we assessed whether agonistic displays were more likely to occur in response to congeneric than conspecific calls in areas of sympatry. We found that the red-handed tamarin was more likely to emit more territorial calls when listening to pied tamarins than to its own species in sympatric areas, but found no differences in vocal responses from either species in relation to agonistic calls or duration of display in sympatric and allopatric areas. Furthermore, the red-handed tamarin emitted more alarm calls when listening to pied tamarin, independently of the geographic circumstances. Overall, we found that acoustic displays may be mediating species interaction in areas of sympatry. Together, these observations are suggestive of behavioral interference, including the competitive displacement of pied tamarin by red-handed tamarins.
The study of animal sound signals can be useful in assisting conservation strategies. Understanding the vocal repertoires of endangered species and the behavioral contexts in which they are given is relevant for monitoring protocols, such as those based on automated sound recordings. The pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) is at risk of extinction because of deforestation and urban growth in its restricted geographic range. Between 2012 and 2015 we studied the vocal repertoire of the species and the contexts in which different signals are emitted. We made focal recordings of eight free-living groups, two rescued individuals, and one temporarily captive group of pied tamarins in Manaus, central Brazilian Amazonia. From the 766 sounds analyzed we identified 12 distinct signals within the range of 2–11 kHz. Most signals were emitted during resting or locomotion. Less frequently emitted signals were associated with intergroup agonistic interactions, foraging, and infant-exclusive vocalizations. These results increased the known vocal repertoire of the pied tamarin providing more reliable baseline data for monitoring the species by means of automated or focal sound recordings.
Pitheciids (Cacajao, Callicebus, Chiropotes, and Pithecia) have experienced habitat loss and fragmentation across their geographic range in South America. Some populations living in habitat fragments live in smaller groups, travel shorter distances, and consume items that are not regularly found in the diets of populations living in continuous habitat; however, these patterns are not consistent across species. I used the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to delineate the geographic range and conservation status of 43 pitheciid species. I calculated the amount of modified land cover within the range of each species, as well as the extent to which the remaining habitat exists in small fragments and the amount of forest lost from 2000 to 2012. Mean forest fragment size ranged from 12 to 12,027 ha, and mean forest loss from 2000 to 2012 ranged from 10.7% for Chiropotes to 0.9% for Pithecia. Critically Endangered and Endangered species represented 20.9% of the pitheciid species, and 46.5% of these species had population trends documented as decreasing. Total modified land cover was greatest for Callicebus species (18.0% of geographic range), followed by Chiropotes (13.8%), Pithecia (4.4%), and Cacajao (1.1%). Species of greater conservation concern had smaller geographic ranges, and a greater percentage of their range consisting of modified land cover than species of lower conservation concern. Species of greater conservation concern also had a greater percentage of forest lost from 2000 to 2012 and a smaller percentage of the remaining forest being protected. Most studies of pitheciids in fragments have concentrated on census data; the behavior of pitheciids in fragments has been examined for only 9 of the 43 species. Increased data on the responses of pitheciid species to forest loss and fragmentation are necessary in order to address pitheciid conservation, especially in areas undergoing severe habitat loss. Am. J. Primatol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Despite broadly overlapping geographic distributions in the central Amazon basin, two congeneric palm species (Attalea attaleoides and Attalea microcarpa) have topographically separated distributions on a local scale in Reserva Ducke near Manaus. Our aim here was to determine if this local scale separation can be linked to (1) seedling stage specialization to different habitat conditions of the two species, and/or (2) environmentally-controlled seed dispersal. We assessed the role of these potential drivers by mapping the local distribution of the two species over a 25-km2 grid and testing for correlation to seed removal and seed germination patterns using seed sowing experiments. 360 seeds of each species were sown in 30 uniformly distributed plots (12 seeds of each species in each plot), and seed removal and germination were subsequently monitored. Adult populations of the two species showed opposite distribution patterns linked to topography. However, there was little evidence for specialization to different habitat conditions at the seedling stage: after 11 months, 26.1% of seeds of A. microcarpa had germinated along the entire topographic gradient, albeit with a tendency toward higher germination in more inclined areas. For A. attaleoides, only 2.2% seeds had germinated, and again along the entire topographic gradient. In contrast, there was evidence for environmentally-controlled seed dispersal: for both species, seed removal was higher in flat areas. Presence of adults did not affect germination or seed removal. Our results suggest that topographically differentiated distributions of A. attaleoides and A. microcarpa may be reinforced by steep slope avoidance by their seed dispersers. A direct environmental control mechanism remains to be identified to explain the consistent topographic associations, but our results show that this mechanism does not work at the seed germination stage.
The common English name for the genus Chiropotes is currently bearded saki. We propose the use of "cuxiú" as the common name for Chiropotes species, arguing that this term not only has deeper cultural and historical roots, but would mesh with the common name currently in use over the vast majority of the genus range. Cuxiú (pronounced "coosh-e- oo") would be phylogenetically and taxonomically more appropriate, and less ambiguous, than the currently used term, and remove the implied close affiliation between Pithecia and Chiropotes. Finally, as an indigenously-derived name, it would fit with the common names in use for the other two genera in the sub-family Pitheciinae (uacari, Cacajao; saki, Pithecia), both of which also have indigenous origins.
In this article, the reproductive system's morphology of three young animals of the species Saguinus midas, from the bauxite mine in Paragominas, is described. The specimens were fixed and preserved in a solution of 10% aqueous formaldehyde, followed by dissection, measurement of the genital organs (uterus, vagina, ovaries, and uterine tubes), and histological processing. The vulva is delimited by the labia, with a clitoris. It is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with sebaceous glands of holocrine secretion. The vagina is an elongated tube with an average length of 26 mm and diameter of 1 mm, presenting a non-keratinized squamous epithelium, disposed between the vestibule of the vagina and cervix, the latter being relatively short. The uterus is simple, has globular shape and is located in the caudal portion of the abdominal cavity, with an average length of 14 mm and average width of 7 mm. It is formed by vascular and serous layers of muscles, and undergoes a bifurcation to form two structures on the bottom of blind sac. The uterine tubes are long and convoluted with an average length of 35 mm (right) and 36 mm (left), consisting of loose connective tissue and muscle layer lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium. The ovaries are large and ellipsoid with smooth surface. Histologically, one animal showed ovulation fosse.
