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Aerial bulbils, which resemble tiny bulbs, develop from axillary buds and facilitate rapid propagation of Lilium. In most species of lily, bulbils are perpetually dormant and little is known about induction of these vegetative structures. Herein, we proposed that strigolactones (SLs) may regulate the induction of bulbils in Lilium. We tested this h...
Lilium longiforum and Lilium bulbiferum are reported as hitherto unrecorded larval host plants of Kaniska canace (Blue Admiral) from Arunachal Pradesh.
The article documents a time line of the dovotion towards Our Lady of Lilies in L-Imqabba and the role of Soċjeta' Mużikali Madonna tal-Ġilju in promoting this devotion during its first 100 years of activity.
Citations
... Furthermore, CWs have achieved the production of effluents that, together with disinfection processes, can be used in the irrigation of agricultural products under arid climatic conditions, contributing to both the reuse of effluents and the circular economy model [18]- [20]. Despite this benefit, the information on the integration of CWs and the use of the resulting effluents as irrigation water for the production of agricultural products is limited, and even more so in combination with soilless cultivation techniques, despite the fact that effluents from other types of wastewater treatment have been used in arid areas [21]- [23]. ...
... On the other hand, Olave et al. [28] showed that the light intensity (luminosity variable) must be controlled to improve the height of the cut flowers cultivated in the Atacama Desert. The reason behind this is that under the arid conditions of this desert, light intensity can exceed 120 klux [23]. However, in this study, luminosity was not controlled, therefore, it is considered as one of the factors that affected the final height reached by the Lilium 'Tresor' flowers grown in this work. ...
The aim of this work is to evaluate the reuse of municipal wastewaters treated through subsurface constructed wetlands (SS-CWs) as irrigation water in cut flower aeroponic cultivation under arid conditions. For this purpose, two experimental aeroponic cultivation systems were installed with the cut flower Lilium ‘Tresor’ planted and irrigated with SS-CWs treated water. The results showed that the quality of the SS-CWs wastewater has to be improved to be used in irrigation. Despite that, Lilium ‘Tresor’ grew under arid conditions with normal stem diameters and number of flowers but with heights under 0.65 m, which would restrict their commercialization to local markets. Water electrical conductivity (> 2300 μs/cm) and luminosity (> 120 klux) were factors that affected plant height. When compared to other cultivation systems, the aeroponic cultivation system used between 10 % and 20 % of the amount of water needed to produce Lilium ‘Tresor.’ Thus, this work showed the feasibility to produce cut flowers using an aeroponic cultivation system under arid conditions and irrigated with SS-CWs effluents. Likewise, it was detected that improvements to water quality and luminosity must be made for industrial scaling.
... In this sense, lily plants of this work did not have shade because they were separated from the outside only by anti-aphid mesh. Olave et al. [53] showed that for lily plants developed in the coastal desert of the Atacama, the height increased from 0.38 to 0.69 m when brightness was reduced four times from 38 to 9 klux. Thus, Olave et al. [53] indicated that the luminous intensity would be the most important variable to control, in order to produce lily flowers with commercial quality for export under arid conditions (>0.65 m, [38,39]) such as those from the Atacama Desert, where light intensity can exceed 120 klux [53]. ...
... Olave et al. [53] showed that for lily plants developed in the coastal desert of the Atacama, the height increased from 0.38 to 0.69 m when brightness was reduced four times from 38 to 9 klux. Thus, Olave et al. [53] indicated that the luminous intensity would be the most important variable to control, in order to produce lily flowers with commercial quality for export under arid conditions (>0.65 m, [38,39]) such as those from the Atacama Desert, where light intensity can exceed 120 klux [53]. Fig. 6 shows the water consumption expressed as the percentage of water used for irrigation in each experimental unit. ...
... Olave et al. [53] showed that for lily plants developed in the coastal desert of the Atacama, the height increased from 0.38 to 0.69 m when brightness was reduced four times from 38 to 9 klux. Thus, Olave et al. [53] indicated that the luminous intensity would be the most important variable to control, in order to produce lily flowers with commercial quality for export under arid conditions (>0.65 m, [38,39]) such as those from the Atacama Desert, where light intensity can exceed 120 klux [53]. Fig. 6 shows the water consumption expressed as the percentage of water used for irrigation in each experimental unit. ...
This work aims to evaluate the cultivation of cut flowers irrigated with treated wastewater in a soilless cultivation technic such as aeroponics in arid climates. In addition, information about the state of water resources in the Atacama Desert, focusing on the wastewater management, is showed to explain the context where this study was developed. In this arid environment, two experimental aeroponic units were planted with the cut flower Lily Tresor. For irrigation, municipal wastewater treated by treatment wetlands was used. Moreover, the water resource information of the Atacama Desert was analyzed. Thereby, in the Atacama Desert average annual rainfall is 87 mm/yr, and agriculture represents 72% of the total used water (10.29 m3/s). Furthermore, less than 10% of the treated municipal wastewater is reused despite the treatment coverage close to 100%. Meanwhile, the Lily Tresor was developed under the experimental conditions, but its commercialization would be limited to national markets, because height (stem length) is less than 0.65 m. In this regard, the Electrical Conductivity (> 2300 µs/cm) in irrigation water and luminosity (> 38 klux) were factors that affected the growth of Lily Tresor. Finally, between 10% and 20% of the water for producing Lily Tresor in comparison to other cultivation systems was used. This result shows the efficient water use by the aeroponic cultivation system. Thus, the cut flowers production in soilless cultivation systems such as aeroponics under extreme arid conditions and irrigated with treated municipal wastewater is possible. However, for industrial scaling, improvements in water and luminosity management must be done.
Evaluación de hortalizas de frutos y ornamentales regados con agua residual tratada de la ciudad de Calama y agua del río Loa cultivado bajo invernadero pasivo en dos formatos de cultivos sin suelo - sacos de fibra de coco y canaletas con mezcla de turba + perlita = 50:50. Se utilizó para la producción de agua de riego un filtro de carbón activado y destiladores solares pasivos para abatir sales, boro y otros metaloides. Se llevaron registros de pH y CE a la entrada y salida del sistema de riego e información climática, para determinar la demanda de agua de los cultivos.
The Atacama Desert situated along the northern Chile is known as the driest desert in the world. For several years, the Research and Development Center in Water Resources (CIDERH), Arturo Prat University has been promoting applied research to encourage the use of wetlands for treating polluted waters in this unique environment and its communities. Focused on gathering information using mesocosms set-ups and designing prototypes, CIDERH installed two experimental units on the coastal area at 37 m.a.s.l. (Iquique)., and another experimental unit placed on the mountains area about 1000 m.a.s.l. (Pampa del Tamarugal) for gathering information on reuse. The purpose was to evaluate the constructed wetlands as an alternative for wastewater treatment and reuse in small towns geographically distanced in the desert. Taking this experience into account, this chapter includes an introduction describing the geographical distribution, demographics, climatology, and water resources for the Atacama Desert, and further discusses wastewater topics. This encompasses characteristics, regulations (i.e. management, discharge, and reuse), and both large scale (urban) and small scale (rural) treatment technologies. Beyond this assessment, a description of the performance of various experiments based on subsurface flow wetlands to treat municipal wastewater is presented. The efficiency of wetlands that contain various types of plants filled with reactive substrate is tested. Finally, the reclamation of treated effluent as irrigation water is discussed whilst considering the need for sustainable water management in arid areas to comply with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The test of ornamental flowers growing in aeroponic systems irrigated with effluents treated with different wastewater treatment technologies (including treatment wetlands) provides an interesting result for this chapter. The large-scale application of these technologies constitutes an opportunity for the sustainability of water resources and improvements in the quality of life. This will benefit inhabitants of the multiple sparsely populated and remote communities of the vast territory that constitutes the Atacama Desert.
Since 1999, the University of Dar es Salaam and partner institutions have been conducting research, mainly in Tanzania, East Africa on various topics with the main objective of developing constructed wetlands (CW) technology as a wastewater treatment system that is effective in costs, sustainability and performance. The research involved both pilot and full-scale CW and the following topics have been covered: design based on mass transfer processes and pathogen removal, substrate and macrophyte selection, coupling of CW with other treatment systems, agricultural reuse of wastewater, and wildlife habitat services. This chapter presents a summary of the results obtained from some of these studies. The results show that improved design and configuration by increasing flow velocity improves mass transfer coefficients. Novel substrates such pumice and use of indigenous macrophytes greatly improve the performance and sustainability of the treatment system. Coupling with other treatment systems such as waste stabilization ponds can improve the overall performance. CW have the potential to remove pathogens, including helminth eggs or larvae and protozoa cysts or oocysts. Inclusion of pathogen removal in the design equation greatly improves the accuracy of the design procedure to predict the hygienic quality of the effluent. Treated effluent has acceptable quality for reuse in, for example, paddy farming. CW improve general aesthetics and support biodiversity such as birds. For this technology to continue performing sustainably, more robust operations and management programs must be in place.
