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Promedio de las eficiencias de remoción para los distintos parámetros en los cuatro HC. Nota: Las barras verticales denotan las desviaciones estándar. Las letras sobre las columnas verticales (a, b y c) indican las diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) con el test de Fisher LSD. Fuente: Elaboración propia
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p>Ectoparasite control in the livestock sector involves the use of chemicals to prevent production losses. In small farms that produce milk in the Córdoba department, the use of the pumping system for the cattle bath is common between farmers. In this work, cypermethrin degradation efficiency was evaluated in three lab-scale subsurface flow constru...
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... Solo uno (1) de los trece (13) tipos de plaguicidas organofosforados fue detectado, la Cis-Permetrina (P30) en concentraciones de 22 ng/g en la estación Bahía Solano para el año 2015. Este tipo de contaminante está presente en la actividad ganadera, especialmente utilizado para el control de ectoparásitos (Negrete et al., 2016). ...
... No obstante, de los doce tipos de plaguicidas analizados, se detectó un registro plaguicida organofosforado correspondiente a Cis-Permetrina (P30), con valor de 18,2 ng/g para la estación Frente a ríos en 2015. Este tipo de plaguicidas se relaciona al control de ectoparásitos en actividades económicas como la ganadería (Negrete et al., 2016). ...
... Se registró Cis-Permetrina (P30) de menor a mayor cantidad en las estaciones frente Sur Timbiquí, Bocana río Saija, Bocana Timbiquí, F. Bocana Timbiquí y Frente Norte Timbiquí, cuyas concentraciones estuvieron entre 9,1 y 72,3 ng/g. Se conoce que en el departamento del Cauca existe un gran porcentaje de suelo para ganadería (CCCAUCA, 2017), cabe mencionar que este tipo de sustancia plaguicida se asocia al control de ectoparásitos, el cual al bañar el ganado, cierta cantidad de esta mezcla de aguas residuales pueden terminar en el río y sus desembocaduras(Negrete et al., 2016). Por otro lado, de las 167 muestras de plaguicidas analizadas durante el periodo de estudio, un 45,5% estuvieron por debajo del límite de cuantificación del método utilizado por LABCAM y, un 51,5% fueron valores no detectados (Figura 14-13). ...
Con el propósito de vigilar la calidad ambiental de los ecosistemas marinos y costeros del Caribe y Pacífico colombianos, y hacer seguimiento a las actividades y fuentes de contaminación que los afectan, desde el año 2001 se creó la “Red de Vigilancia para la Conservación y Protección de las Aguas Marinas y Costeras de Colombia (REDCAM)”, un programa nacional de cooperación interinstitucional para el monitoreo ambiental marino, coordinado por el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), con la participación de las 12 corporaciones autónomas regionales con injerencia marina, CORALINA, CORPOGUAJIRA, CORPAMAG, C.R.A., CARDIQUE, CARSUCRE, CVS, CORPOURABÁ, CODECHOCÓ, CVC, CRC y CORPONARIÑO, y apoyada por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MinAmbiente). La REDCAM tiene como objetivo principal Contribuir con las bases científicas sobre la calidad ambiental marino costera de Colombia, así como mantener una red de vigilancia que comprenda la franja marino-costera, de manera que posibilite el manejo integrado y aprovechamiento sostenible de sus aguas, sedimentos y recursos naturales asociados.
... A pesar de que estos pesticidas representan un beneficio en la eliminación y prevención de estos parásitos, su impacto ambiental negativo requiere estrategias efectivas de manejo y tratamiento de sus residuos. En la actualidad, las granjas ganaderas no cuentan con un tratamiento adecuado para las aguas residuales que se generan como producto de sus actividades y en las que se han detectado residuos de plaguicidas, tales como la cipermetrina y algunos sinérgicos como el Butoxido de Piperonilo, además de altas cargas de materia orgánica (Marrugo-Negrete et al., 2016), lo cual se refleja en altos valores de parámetros fisicoquímicos como la DQO, que se relaciona directamente con la cantidad de compuestos orgánicos oxidables en una muestra liquida. ...
Las actividades ganaderas, además de utilizar grandes volúmenes de agua, generan una alta carga de contaminantes, especialmente de tipo orgánico, los cuales llegan directamente a las fuentes de agua natural alterando la calidad de las mismas. Debido a lo anterior, el objetivo del siguiente trabajo fue encontrar las condiciones óptimas de operación de un sistema de fotocatálisis heterogénea con TiO2 mediada con luz solar para el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes del baño de ganado; para ello se especificaron dos niveles de pH (5,0 y 7,0) y dos niveles de concentración de TiO2 (0,4 y 0,6 g/L). En cada tratamiento se recircularon 40 L del agua residual en un colector parabólico compuesto solar durante 240 minutos. La eficiencia del sistema y la cinética de degradación se determinaron en términos de la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO). Las remociones de DQO en los tratamientos fueron mayores al 50 %, mientras que el diseño experimental Taguchi y la mejor relación señal/ruido (RS/R) mostraron que las condiciones óptimas de operación se obtienen para un pH igual a 5,0 y una concentración de TiO2 de 0,6 g/L alcanzando remociones del 83,2 %. La cinética de degradación fue de primer orden con mayores velocidades de reacción para las mayores cantidades de UV acumulada (>142,9 W h/m2). Por lo tanto, la fotocatálisis heterogénea con TiO2 mediada por luz solar resulta ser un tratamiento viable para la remoción de contaminantes de tipo orgánico en efluentes afectados por el desarrollo de actividades ganaderas.
... However, the input concentrations were much lower than those in the present study. Marrugo et al. (2016) also evaluated the removal of cypermethrin in livestock wastewaters, using subsurface flow wetlands planted with Cyperus papyrus, Limocharias flavas, Alpinia purpurata, and an unplanted bed, where removals of cypermethrin ranged from 83 to 98% using horizontal subsurface flow wetlands. Vymazal and Březinová (2015) emphasized the nature of the pesticide as a key factor in the removal mechanisms within constructed wetland systems. ...
In Colombia, small-scale livestock farming occupies an important area for the production of milk and meat. By 2012, about 400,000 small farmers depended solely on dairy activity. However, there exists a predominance of informality in around 44% of these farmers for the execution of the different field tasks and even in the productive stages (Jaramillo and Areiza 2013). It is precisely this informality that poses a greater risk to the deterioration of the environment, in the sense that it can lead to the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, the use of which is given great attention by the fact that they may pose a potential risk to human health, due to its possible presence in the finished wastewater (Marquez 2008).
El presente informe técnico contiene el diagnóstico de calidad de aguas marinas y costeras en un contexto nacional, donde se presentan los resultados del índice de calidad ambiental marina - ICAMPFF, el análisis de información sobre las variables fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y contaminantes recolectados en agua y sedimentos, en las estaciones REDCAM distribuidas entre los 12 departamentos costeros del país. Adicionalmente, se presentan los resultados de macrobasura y microplásticos en arena de playa y manglar, mostrando el estado de contaminación en las estaciones monitoreadas con el fin de levantar línea base que contribuya al conocimiento técnico – científico y referente para proponer estrategias sostenibles para contrarrestar la contaminación por microplásticos y basura marina
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are affordable and reliable green technologies for the treatment of various types of wastewater. Compared to conventional treatment systems, CWs offer an environmentally friendly approach, are low cost, have fewer operational and maintenance requirements, and have a high potential for being applied in developing countries, particularly in small rural communities. However, the sustainable management and successful application of these systems remain a challenge. Therefore, after briefly providing basic information on wetlands and summarizing the classification and use of current CWs, this study aims to provide and inspire sustainable solutions for the performance and application of CWs by giving a comprehensive review of CWs’ application and the recent development of their sustainable design, operation, and optimization for wastewater treatment. To accomplish this objective, thee design and management parameters of CWs, including macrophyte species, media types, water level, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR), are discussed. Besides these, future research on improving the stability and sustainability of CWs are highlighted. This article provides a tool for researchers and decision-makers for using CWs to treat wastewater in a particular area. This paper presents an aid for informed analysis, decision-making, and communication. The review indicates that major advances in the design, operation, and optimization of CWs have greatly increased contaminant removal efficiencies, and the sustainable application of this treatment system has also been improved.
Abstract: Water issues are still here, urbanization and industries generate different types of wastes which then affect water. Many technologies have been introduced for water treatment and efforts are being made to improve and maintain water quality, while also providing easily available and low-cost technologies. Several methods which are easily available but due to high cost, they cannot be introduced everywhere, especially rural areas. Recently, constructed wetlands have been proven to be an efficient technology to treat water. With its biological, physical and chemical treatment, constructed wetland technology becomes the best choice by many countries around the world. Existing research shows that COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen), TSS (Total suspended solids) etc. have been removed to a significant degree by using constructed wetlands. This technology is a system of different materials, such as gravel, vegetation and recently introduced tool knows as biochar. The combination of these makes the system efficient for water treatment but some factors such as area, weather conditions, type of wastes do matter. Selection of constructed wetland type and suitable plants is very important. In this paper, efficiency of constructed wetland system, its mechanism, the types of plants used in the system and role of plants to enhance the efficiency of the wetland system from all over the world are widely reviewed and discussed.
Featured Application: This study describes the importance of the use of ornamental flowering plants in constructed wetlands as wastewater treatment systems, as well as highlighting which species have been tested in terms of their ability to adapt and remove contaminants so that they can be used in new designs of domiciliary, rural and urban wetlands, generating better water cleaning, aesthetic landscape and economic potential. Abstract: The vegetation in constructed wetlands (CWs) plays an important role in wastewater treatment. Popularly, the common emergent plants in CWs have been vegetation of natural wetlands. However, there are ornamental flowering plants that have some physiological characteristics similar to the plants of natural wetlands that can stimulate the removal of pollutants in wastewater treatments; such importance in CWs is described here. A literature survey of 87 CWs from 21 countries showed that the four most commonly used flowering ornamental vegetation genera were Canna, Iris, Heliconia and Zantedeschia. In terms of geographical location, Canna spp. is commonly found in Asia, Zantedeschia spp. is frequent in Mexico (a country in North America), Iris is most commonly used in Asia, Europe and North America, and species of the Heliconia genus are commonly used in Asia and parts of the Americas (Mexico, Central and South America). This review also compares the use of ornamental plants versus natural wetland plants and systems without plants for removing pollutants (organic matter, nitrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous compounds). The removal efficiency was similar between flowering ornamental and natural wetland plants. However, pollutant removal was better when using ornamental plants than in unplanted CWs. The use of ornamental flowering plants in CWs is an excellent option, and efforts should be made to increase the adoption of these system types and use them in domiciliary, rural and urban areas.
The vegetation in constructed wetlands (CWs) plays an important role in wastewater treatment. Popularly, the common emergent plants in CWs have been vegetation of natural wetlands. However, there are ornamental flowering plants that have some physiological characteristics similar to the plants of natural wetlands that can stimulate the removal of pollutants in wastewater treatments; such importance in CWs is described here. A literature survey of 87 CWs from 21 countries showed that the four most commonly used flowering ornamental vegetation genera were Canna, Iris, Heliconia and Zantedeschia. In terms of geographical location, Canna spp. is commonly found in Asia, Zantedeschia spp. is frequent in Mexico (a country in North America), Iris is most commonly used in Asia, Europe and North America, and species of the Heliconia genus are commonly used in Asia and parts of the Americas (Mexico, Central and South America). This review also compares the use of ornamental plants versus natural wetland plants and systems without plants for removing pollutants (COD, BOD, nitrogen and phosphorous compounds). The removal efficiency was similar between flowering ornamental and natural wetland plants. However, pollutant removal was better when using ornamental plants than in unplanted CWs. The use of ornamental flowering plants in CWs is an excellent option, and efforts should be made to increase the adoption of these system types and use them in domiciliary, rural and urban areas.
