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Hongos con valores altos de abundancia en las zonas de estudio: A = Laccaria amethystina, B = Craterellus lutescens, C = Suillus decipiens, D = Craterellus ignicolor, E = Cantharellus minor, F = Coltricia cinnamomea.
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Lagunas de Montebello National Park is a protected natural area located in Chiapas, Mexico. Among the vegetation types of the park are pine, oak and montane cloud forests, which host rich communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Knowledge about these organisms is poor. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the inventory of ectomycorrhizal fungi in...
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Cortinarius is an important ectomycorrhizal genus that forms a symbiotic relationship with certain trees, shrubs and herbs. Recently, we began studying Cortinarius in China and here we describe three new species of Cortinarius subg. Telamonia based on morphological and ecological characteristics, together with phylogenetic analyses. Cortinarius lac...
Citations
... A second genome from Laccaria, that of Laccaria amethystina LaAM-08-1, was obtained with paired-end second-generation sequencing technology, also from a monokaryotic strain [34]. L. bicolor and L. amethystina are host generalists and widely distributed; in contrast, L. trichodermophora is restricted to Northern and Central America, and has a strong preference for pine hosts [27,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. However, it can shift hosts when outside of its natural distribution [45][46][47]. ...
Genome assembly and annotation using short-paired reads is challenging for eukaryotic organisms due to their large size, variable ploidy and large number of repetitive elements. However, the use of single-molecule long reads improves assembly quality (completeness and contiguity), but haplotype duplications still pose assembly challenges. To address the effect of read length on genome assembly quality, gene prediction and annotation, we compared genome assemblers and sequencing technologies with four strains of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria trichodermophora . By analysing the predicted repertoire of carbohydrate enzymes, we investigated the effects of assembly quality on functional inferences. Libraries were generated using three different sequencing platforms (Illumina Next-Seq, Mi-Seq and PacBio Sequel), and genomes were assembled using single and hybrid assemblies/libraries. Long reads or hybrid assemby resolved the collapsing of repeated regions, but the nuclear heterozygous versions remained unresolved. In dikaryotic fungi, each cell includes two nuclei and each nucleus has differences not only in allelic gene version but also in gene composition and synteny. These heterokaryotic cells produce fragmentation and size overestimation of the genome assembly of each nucleus. Hybrid assembly revealed a wider functional diversity of genomes. Here, several predicted oxidizing activities on glycosyl residues of oligosaccharides and several chitooligosaccharide acetylase activities would have passed unnoticed in short-read assemblies. Also, the size and fragmentation of the genome assembly, in combination with heterozygosity analysis, allowed us to distinguish homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains isolated from L. trichodermophora fruit bodies.
... The diversity of fungi in this state spans approximately 850 species. Recent research suggests a fungal diversity between 20,000 and 49,000 species (Chanona-Gómez et al. 2007;Ruan-Soto et al. 2013;Kong et al. 2018). Efforts are currently being made to document this diversity, which is threatened by land use change. ...
Two new species of sequestrate fungi are described from south Mexico based on morphological and molecular evidences. Here we describe Elaphomyces castilloi characterized by the yellowish mycelial mat, dull blue gleba and ascospores of 9.7-11.5 µm; Entoloma secotioides is characterized by the secotioid basidi-omata, sulcate, pale cream pileus, and basidiospores of 7-13 × 5-9 µm. Both species grow in montane cloud forest under Quercus sp. in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Descriptions, photographs, and multilocus phylogeny for both species are presented.
... Taxonomic identification of specimens was carried out through a macro and micro morphological characterization using specialized identification keys (e.g. Kuo, 2013) and by referring to other studies carried out in the region (Kong et al., 2018;Chanona-Gómez et al., 2007, 2019. Ectomycorrhizal status was based on Comandini et al. (2012), and nomenclature follows Index Fungorum (2020). ...
While forest management impacts the ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) community, most of the evidence regarding such effects has been obtained from temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere and little is known of their prevalence in highly diverse tropical habitats. This study analyzes the responses of the EMF community in managed tropical montane forests in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. EMF community composition and diversity were evaluated over a 2-year period along a gradient of structural and microclimatic conditions of the forest associated with the stages of a cycle of silvicultural practices (R = release cutting, T = thinning, and F = final regeneration cutting), as well as in a mid-successional unmanaged forest (UF) as a reference system. The silvicultural practices involve varying intensities of tree harvesting (≈ 20% in T to ≈ 80% in F). It is hypothesized that: (1) diversity and composition of EMF communities are influenced by changes in forest conditions, principally as a result of canopy cover alteration due to forest management, and (2) late forest successional conditions are associated to more diverse EMF communities, while more intensive silvicultural practices reduce their diversity. A total of 75 EMF species were recorded. Diversity analysis using Hill numbers showed a close relationship between diversity and forest conditions: total species richness, 0 D = 5.7 ± 0.6 in F up to 11.7 ± 1.3 in UF; richness of abundant species, 1 D = 4.1 ± 0.4 in F up to 7.5 ± 0.4 in UF; richness of very abundant species 2 D = 3.3 ± 0.3 in R up to 5.5 ± 0.3 in UF. Canopy cover (9.8 ± 4% in F and 80.6 ± 5% in UF) was the main factor affecting EMF diversity, mainly due to its influence on herbaceous cover, tree species richness (path analysis, R 2 = 0.32; p < 0.05), and microclimatic variables. Turnover of the most abundant EMF species from the most intensive management practice towards the later successional forest conditions was observed. Late successional conditions allow for maintenance of more diverse EMF communities, while more intensive practices reduce their diversity (p < 0.05, in both cases). Rare fungal species appear to be more vulnerable to highly intensive management , and account for most of the EMF diversity in UF. The results indicate the importance of preserving relatively undisturbed species-rich forest stands near intensively managed stands in order to maintain biological integrity of the EMF community and ecosystem functioning in tropical montane forests.
... Fr. and Craterellus confluens Berk. & M.A. Curtis have been reported from different regions of Mexico (Berkeley 1867;Guzmán and Sampieri 1984;Guzmán 1985;Guevara et al. 2004;Pérez-Moreno et al. 2008;Garibay-Orijel et al. 2009; Kong et al. 2018;Corona-González 2019). Craterellus confluens was described by Berkeley (1867) from Mexico (Orizaba at central Veracruz state), in a locality relatively close to one of the current study sites in the Municipality of Zentla, Veracruz. ...
Two new species of yellow Cantharellus and a new record of Cantharellus tabernensis associated with tropical species of Quercus are presented, based on the taxonomic study of fresh specimens and in a phylogenetic analysis of transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (tef-1α) and the large subunit of the ribosome (nLSU) sequences. One of the new species proposed here, corresponds to a choice edible mushroom, which, in our molecular phylogeny, resulted in it being related to the group of species around C. lateritius and sister with Craterellus confluens type specimen. This latter is here formally transferred to Cantharellus and consequently a new name, Cantharellus furcatus, is proposed to replace the homonym Cantharellus confluens (Schwein.) Schwein. 1834 a later synonym of Byssomerulius corium. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions accompanied with illustrations and a taxonomic discussion are presented for each species.
... centroamericana crece en encinares tropicales. El taxa que aquí se describe hasta ahora sólo se conoce de Costa Rica y México, para este último citado del estado de Chiapas (Kong et al., 2018). Ascoma de 50-55 mm, en forma de espátula, con un surco o depresión en la parte media; estípite diferenciado, cilíndrico, con la superficie completamente hirsuta, de color negro, los pelos son más claros a café obscuro. ...
... Giachini (2004) considered many species to be widely distributed, ranging from tropical to temperate regions, but more locally abundant in the tropics and subtropics. Some of them are ectomycorrizal, such as Phaeoclavulina abietina with Pinus, Betula and Pseudotsuga (Herrera et al. 2002; Norvell and Exeter 2004); P. flaccida with Pinus and Quercus (Dong-Hun et al. 2003); P. zippelii with Acacia, Casuarina and Eucalyptus (Sims et al. 1997); and P. cyanocephala with Abies (Estrada-Torres 2007). Many species of Phaeoclavulina are found in the United States and Europe, but are less known and poorly studied in Latin America and Africa. ...
Species of Phaeoclavulina (formerly genus Ramaria, subgenus Echinoramaria) have been reported in temperate, tropical and subtropical areas of the world. In Mexico, these species occur from sea level to 3200 m. Based on 132 distribution records of 22 species, patterns of species rarity and richness were determined using a grid-cell system of 1° x 1° latitude/longitude. The highest species richness areas were Sierra Madre Oriental and Serranías Meridionales, while species were rare in the areas of Jalisco (Pacific coast and Altiplanicie), Guerrero and Oaxaca (Serranías Meridionales) and Chiapas (Serranías Transístmicas). The distribution of eight species was modeled and the precision and accuracy of these models were analyzed based on kappa concordance tests. The models for the temperate species sets (list the species) presented high kappa values while the tropical species sets (list the species) presented low kappa values. When we maximized the variation of the models, we found congruence between the richness zones identified in the grid-cells. The ecological-morphological segregation of the Mexican species was evaluated with a PCA analysis, resulting in two groups. The first included species inhabiting mainly tropical and subtropical areas (list the species) characterized by more evident basidiospore ornamentation consisting of large spines. A second group of species (list the species) inhabits mainly temperate forests in higher altitudes and these species have less evident basidiospore ornamentation consisting of small warts. The current known distribution of these fungi is intimately correlated with environmental factors. Based on our results, we propose priority conservation areas based on taxonomic richness and higher corrected weighted endemism index values which coincide with the analysis of potential distribution of these species; the montane systems of central and southeastern Mexico and the northwestern part of the Yucatan peninsula. These temperate fungi could grow in several other neighboring Natural Protected Areas, but their presence must be confirmed. The situation with the tropical species is more critical as there are few neighboring Natural Protected Areas where these fungi could have special protection.
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
El género Cortinarius está constituido por hongos ectomicorrícicos caracterizados por un velo parcial a modo de “cortina” aracnoide, esporada, color marrón óxido a marrón anaranjado ocráceo y basidiosporas rugosas, arrugadas o verrugosas y sin poro apical. Cortinarius hesleri se ubica en el subgénero Telamonia; se reconoce principalmente por sus basidiomas de colores que abarcan desde los tonos rojos a los anaranjados. Se encuentra distribuida en Norteamérica en Canadá y los Estados Unidos de América. Los inventarios fúngicos facilitan el reconocimiento de especies para una determinada área geográfica. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar a C. hesleri como primer registro para México.
Métodos:
Se recolectaron especímenes en los bosques de Quercus del municipio Victoria en el estado de Tamaulipas, México. Se elaboró una descripción macro y micromorfólogica de la especie, se tomaron fotografías macroscópicas in situ y fotografías e ilustraciones de las estructuras microscópicas, para su posterior análisis e identificación taxonómica mediante la literatura especializada correspondiente. Los ejemplares estudiados se depositaron en el herbario micológico José Castillo Tovar del Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria.
Resultados clave:
Los especímenes estudiados cumplen con las características de la descripción original de la especie, así mismo con las del hábitat al que está asociado y en el cual se distribuye. Cortinarius hesleri es descrita por primera vez para México. Se caracteriza por sus basidiomas de color anaranjado, esporas ornamentadas y elipsoides de (7-)8-10(-12) × (5-)5.5-7 µm y por su asociación con especies vegetales del bosque mixto de Quercus-Pinus.
Conclusiones:
Cortinarius hesleri se encuentra distribuido ampliamente desde la parte norte y este de Estados Unidos de América, alcanzando su distribución más meridional actualmente conocida en el estado de Tamaulipas en México. Por su potencial asociación ectomicorrícica con especies forestales de los géneros Quercus, Pinus y Carya, C. hesleri pudiera encontrarse distribuido junto a estas especies de plantas en otros sitios del noreste y la parte oriental hacia el sur de México.
Antecedentes:
El Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montebello es un Área Natural Protegida con alta diversidad biológica y cultural. En el territorio habitan pobladores Chuj y Tojolabales, y son ellos quienes utilizan los hongos. Se tiene poca información sobre el conocimiento maya de los hongos en la zona.
Objetivo:
Describir el conocimiento tradicional sobre los hongos en Antelá y Tziscao, Municipio de La Trinitaria.
Métodos:
Se realizaron entrevistas dirigidas a los habitantes de ambas comunidades, salidas a diferentes zonas de vegetación para la recolección de hongos y se llevó a cabo la determinación taxonómica de los ejemplares recolectados.
Resultados y conclusiones:
En la comunidad de Antelá se conocen 16 especies de hongos y 18 nombres en Tojolabal. En Tziscao conocen 15 especies y 21 nombres en Chuj. Se obtuvo información sobre diferentes aspectos del conocimiento tradicional de los hongos. Hay aspectos de éste (ej. concepto y origen de los hongos, factores para fructificar) que se comparten con otras regiones del país, en la zona se utilizan pocos hongos comparando con los datos de diversidad registrados. Se utilizan hongos tanto de ambientes conservados como de zonas perturbadas. Se recolectó una especie no descrita de hongo (Lactarius aff. deliciosus) conocida localmente como K’anchaya.
This paper comprises a contribution to the knowledge of macromycetes from Chiapas Highlands and Lacandon Rainforest, México. Species that are of interest to several Mayan and Mestizo peoples are listed. Furthermore, ecological and ethnomycological data comparing the highlands and lowlands of this state are presented. Interviews and collections were carried out from 2009 to 2013 in 8 communities across 17 vegetation types in both ecological zones (primary vegetation and transformed enviroments). Two hundred and thirty-one culturally significant taxa distributed in 9 use categories were registered. Fifty-two percent of the species are used in some way. One-hundred and forty species were collected in tropical premontane rainforests, mainly in lingicolous substrates. Furthermore, 91 species are from temperate forests. Despite having collected a larger number of morphospecies in the lowlands, more species are used in the highlands. In general, the observed patterns are well explained by the ecological features of the fungic communities, however, others are emminently cultural in nature.
The distribution and endemicity patterns of Gomphales in Mexico are analyzed here for the first time. Richness and corrected endemism were obtained from a dataset of 3,483 records for 97 species, using a cell-grid system of one degree per side. The central region of Mexico (Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Hidalgo and Estado de México states), which includes most of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental biogeographic provinces, had the highest richness values, but Mexican areas in the Pacific Coast (Jalisco and Michoacán states) and southeastern Mexico (Oaxaca and Chiapas states) had the most distinctive composition, as measured by the corrected endemism index. Two main distributional patterns were recovered: a) montane: at elevations above 1000 m on coniferous, pine-oak, oak and cloud forests, typified by the presence of species of Ramaria and Clavariadelphus, b) lowlands: at elevations below 1000 m mainly in evergreen, rainforest and deciduous tropical forests characterized by the presence of four tropical species of Lentaria, two tropical species of Gomphus endemic to Mexico, and four tropical species of Phaeoclavulina. The eight species of Gomphales endemic to Mexico have very restricted distribution, mostly in non-protected areas, and are not considered under special protection programs. The present contribution delineates general patterns of distribution for the Gomphales, and documents its diversity and endemism in Mexico.
