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Síntomas de antracnosis en frutos de papaya Maradol, crecimiento en PDA y forma de conidios de los aislamiento identificados como C. gloeosporioides (A, B y C) y C. dematium (D, E y F). Figure 1. Symptoms of anthracnose in Maradol papaya fruits, growth on PDA and conidia shape of isolates identified as C. gloeosporioides (A, B and C) and C. dematium (D, E and F).
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Anthracnose is a limitation of papaya fruits' life, mainly caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, although it is possible to find other Colletotrichum species causing diseases in the same crop. In order to control anthracnose in Yucatán, several fungicides are recommended, but not all of them are allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency (E...
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... results showed that in the three locations both symptoms of anthracnose were observed. From the pink-salmon sunken spots straight, elongated conidia were obtained, with both rounded ends, from 14.4 to 18.3 µm long and 4.3 to 5.6 µm wide, which were identified as C. gloeosporioides ( Figure 1A, 1B, 1C and Table 2). From the sunken dark spots curved hyaline conidia were obtained, with both rounded ends , from 25.1 to 26.3 µm long and 3.5 µm wide, these isolates were identified as C. dematium. ...
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Fruit of papaya ( Carica papaya L.) stored at 15 mm Hg and 10°C for 21 days immediately after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides developed less anthracnose during 5 days of ripening at room temperature than fruit stored for the same period at normal pressure. Fungistasis occurred in pure culture at low pressure and the infection proces...
Anthracnose is a limitation of papaya fruits' life, mainly caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, although it is possible to find other Colletotrichum species causing diseases in the same crop. In order to control anthracnose in Yucatán, several fungicides are recommended, but not all of them are allowed by the Environmental Protection Agency (E...
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Citations
... Varias especies de Colletotrichum han sido identificadas como agentes causales de antracnosis en la fruta de papaya en países como México, Brasil y Trinidad y Tobago, entre ellas, C. gloeosporioides s.s., C. truncatum (sinónimo C. capsici), C. magnum, C. fructicola y C. brevisporum (Marquez-Zequera et al., 2018;Nascimento et al., 2010;Rampersad, 2011;Santamaría-Basulto et al., 2011;Vieira et al., 2013). ...
Introducción. La antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum spp., es la principal enfermedad poscosecha de la papaya en todo el mundo. Diferentes países han identificado por técnicas moleculares nuevas especies del género asociadas a frutas tropicales. Objetivo. Identificar, mediante técnicas morfológicas y moleculares, las especies de Colletotrichum asociadas a la antracnosis en papaya en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Durante el 2014 y 2015, se establecieron 129 aislamientos monospóricos de Colletotrichum spp. aislados a partir de lesiones de antracnosis en frutos recolectados en Parrita, San Carlos y Guácimo, Costa Rica. Todos los aislamientos se caracterizaron por morfología de colonia y PCR con imprimadores taxón especie específicos para las especies C. gloeosporioides s.l. y C. acutatum s.l., respectivamente; así como con imprimadores especie específicos para C. magnum y C. truncatum. La identificación de las especies se confirmó mediante análisis multilocus, con base en la secuencia parcial de los genes actina (ACT), β-tubulina (TUB2), gliceraldehído-3-fosfato deshidrogenasa (GAPDH), quitina sintasa 1 (CHS) y la región ITS. El análisis filogenético se basó en los criterios de máxima verosimilitud y análisis Bayesiano. Resultados. Seis especies: C. fructicola, C. tropicale, C. theobromicola del complejo C. gloeosporioides, C. simmondsii del complejo C. acutatum, C. truncatum y C. magnum s.l., se asociaron a la antracnosis en frutos de papaya. C. magnum s.l. fue la especie más frecuente. Temperaturas superiores a los 18 °C permitieron el desarrollo de cinco especies, C. theobromicola, C. fructicola, C. tropicale y C. magnum s.l., las cuales presentaron un crecimiento acelerado, mientras que C. simmondsii tuvo un crecimiento lento. Conclusión. El análisis multilocus permitió identificar a especies pertenecientes de los complejos C. gloeosporioides y C. acutatum. Este es el primer informe de C. fructicola, C. tropicale, C. theobromicola y C. simmondsii asociadas a la antracnosis en frutos de papaya en Costa Rica.
... Correo-e: alheli.roman.alba@gmail.com Introducción La antracnosis es una enfermedad causada principalmente por Colletotrichum gloesporioides que limita la vida útil de los frutos de papaya (Carica papaya L.) (Santamaría et al., 2011). Se encuentra distribuida en áreas tropicales y subtropicales a nivel mundial (Rojo-Báez et al., 2017). ...
El trabajo presenta el diagnóstico sobre las necesidades de capacitación de los docentes de la zona escolar V025 del Estado de México.
... Correo-e: alheli.roman.alba@gmail.com Introducción La antracnosis es una enfermedad causada principalmente por Colletotrichum gloesporioides que limita la vida útil de los frutos de papaya (Carica papaya L.) (Santamaría et al., 2011). Se encuentra distribuida en áreas tropicales y subtropicales a nivel mundial (Rojo-Báez et al., 2017). ...
El artículo explica la metodología que aplica para determinar las emisiones de gases contaminantes de los vehículos fuera de carretera (off road) y su aplicación a un motor diésel, según las normas ISO 8178-4: 2006 y 40 CFR 1065: 2019.
... Besides, the product can also be effective against other vine pathogens such as Phomopsis viticola inhibiting the viability of the spores and its mycelial growth (Król, 2005). However, although chlorothalonil showed more than a 50 % inhibition effect in this study, it should be used carefully as a mild activity has been documented on C. gloeosporioides and C. dematium (Santamaría, et al., 2011) and resistance in other Colletotrichum species (Andriani, et al., 2017). ...
Anthracnose is considered one of the most important diseases of grape crops. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effect on potato dextrose agar (PDA) of four fungicides: benomyl (Benlate® 50 WP), carbendazim (Belico ® 500 SC), chlorothalonil (Odeon® 720 SC), and dodine (Syllit ® 400 SC) using three concentrations on a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate. This species complex causes anthracnose on the Red Globe grape variety. The concentrations of each fungicide were: benomyl at 0.5, 0.25, and 1 g.L-1; carbendazim at 0.6, 0.3, and 1.2 mL.L-1; chlorothalonil at 2.4, 1.2, and 4.8 mL.L-1, and dodine at 1.6, 0.8, and 3.2 mL.L-1. Evaluated the inhibition of mycelial growth and the sporulation of the fungus. The fungus mycelium exposed to the commercial dose of the fungicides was observed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). We used a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and five repetitions. Our results showed a degree of differential efficacy for the four fungicides and their effects were directly proportional to the dose used, benomyl and chlorothalonil being the most efficient in controlling the mycelial growth of the fungus. At the commercial dose, sporulation was inhibited at a higher rate by benomyl showing no statistically significant differences with the other products except chlorothalonil and dodine when the recommended dose was reduced by half. The damage observed by ESEM on the fungus mycelium ratified the effect obtained in vitro, i.e., deformed hyphae and irregular growth. The results of this study, complemented by electron microscopy, are promising for the appropriate selection of the best fungicides for controlling anthracnose on grape fruits, subject to the timely and correct diagnosis of the disease.
... La incompatibilidad se presenta a nivel del punto de unión del patrón-injerto, se manifiesta a través del estrangulamiento ocasionado por la obstrucción del xilema y floema debido a la reducción de la circulación normal de los nutrientes del suelo, ocasionando la muerte prematura; es uno de los principales problemas que se presenta en los injertos (Sequeira et al., 2014). La enfermedad de la antracnosis en la guanábana es causada principalmente por el hongo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, aunque es posible encontrar otras especies de Colletotrichum causando enfermedades en un mismo cultivo de anonáceas (Santamaría et al., 2011). El hongo Colletotrichum spp. ...
Teniendo como objetivo determinar la compatibilidad de multipatrón / yema y evaluar incidencia y severidad de la antracnosis en guanábana, a nivel de vivero, se realizó la investigación en Chanchamayo, Junín. Iniciándose con la colecta de semilla de ecotipos de Annona squamosa (anona) y Annona muricata (Blanca, Amarilla, y Negra), para generar el multipatrón. Las yemas fueron extraídas de plantas madres seleccionadas provenientes de campos en producción. Se realizaron 17 injertaciones diferentes de multipatrón-yema con el método púa central en condiciones de invernadero, siendo evaluada su compatibilidad bajo el diseño BCR. Se registraron variables de porcentaje de germinación, compatibilidad multipatrón/yema y severidad de antracnosis mediante escala Logarítmica Diagramática. Los resultados determinaron que la germinación de semilla de los ecotipos Blanca (T1) y Amarılla (T4) fue de 100% y negra (T7) 74%. La injertación de patrón Blanca con yema Indalsa-063 presentó 94% de compatibilidad, generando plantas clónales BI01008; el patrón Negro con yema Indalsa-130 con 91% de compatibilidad generando plantas clónales NI02010; las otras injertaciones tuvieron valores menores del 89%, obteniendo 308 clones injertados compatibles. Los clones injertados sobre patrón de plantas nativas de Anona, Negra y Amarilla presentaron 0 % de severidad de antracnosis a los 60 días después del trasplante.
... Se ha documentado ampliamente a C. gloesosporiodes como una hongo fitopatógeno que permanece en estado de latencia en los huertos de aguacate, esperando condiciones ambientales propicias para su desarrollo y dispersión, tales como humedad relativa arriba del 90% y temperatura por debajo de los 29 ºC (Basulto et al., 2011). Algunos de los síntomas característicos que se presentan en las hojas, flores y frutos suelen ser marchitez de puntas, clavo o viruela, sarampión, entre otros, generando, a su vez, manchas irregulares de tonalidades salmonadas que posteriormente se tornan grisáceas, marrones o negras debido a la presencia de apresorios, acérvulos y conidios (Maeda, 2014). ...
... Colletotrichum gloesosporiodes has been widely documented as a phytopathogen that remains in a state of latency in avocado orchards, waiting for adequate conditions for its development and dispersal, such as a relative humidity above 90% and a temperature below 29 °C (Basulto et al., 2011). Some of the characteristic symptoms that appear on leaves, flowers and fruits are usually wilted tips, clove or smallpox, measles, and others, producing, in turn, irregular, salmon-colored spots that later turn grayish, maroon or black due to the presence of apressories, acervuli and conidia (Maeda, 2014). ...
The present study contributes to the knowledge of the spatial distribution of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in avocado orchards in the State of Mexico. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Coatepec Harinas, Tenancingo, Donato Guerra and Temascaltepec. Geostatistical methods were used to determine the spatial distribution of anthracnose. Samples were conducted biweekly during the months of July to December 2018. By randomly selecting 200 trees per municipality, they were geographically geo-referenced using a Trimble eTrex model navigator. The spatial distribution of anthracnose in avocado cultivation showed differences in each of the municipalities evaluated, adjusting to different geostatistical models (Gaussian, spherical and exponential), which were validated by the cross-validation method. The spatial distribution of anthracnose was obtained with maps drawn up through ordinary krigeado. These maps revealed that the municipality of Tenancingo had the highest anthracnose density, compared to the municipalities of Coatepec Harinas, Temascaltepec and Donato Guerra. The spatial distribution of anthracnose in the four municipalities presented aggregation and localized sources of infection. This study concludes that geostatistical methods are an alternative to improve disease management programs such as anthracnose and help to adequately conduct control.
... According to Castellanos et al. (2015), phosphorus serves as an inductor of resistance by strengthening the anatomical structures and inducing biochemical signals for plant defense against pathogens. Likewise, strobilurins (Azoxystrobin) have been efficient in the management of C. gloesporoides in papaya (Santamaría et al., 2011). Concerning Mancozeb, Ferreira et al. (2009) mention that this active ingredient is ineffective against C. gloesporoides under in vitro conditions; accordingly, these results contrast our findings. ...
... for Azoxystrobin agree to those demonstrated by Santamaría et al. (2011), who obtained 87.5% effectiveness against C. gloesporoides in papaya. The response to phosphorus differs from the reports by Mogollón andCastaño (2011), Hameed (2011) and Silva (2016), who mention that this product induces resistance and decreases the symptoms of Mycosphaerella spp. in Musa balbisiana AAB by 5.9%; the severity of Fusarium verticilium in Solanum melongena by 7.5%, and inhibited the presence of Colletotrichum musae in banana fruits by 28%. ...
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is one of the most limiting diseases of yellow passion fruit, reducing crop production by more than 80%. This research aimed to assess anthracnose management strategies on yellow passion fruit crop sanitation and yield. We assessed the effect of alternating fungicide applications (//) every 15 days with foliar nutrients on the severity of anthracnose and crop yield in a commercial crop in San Isidro district (Montería), located at coordinates 8°44'52.7'' N, 75°52'53.2''W and 75m.a.s.l. We conducted this research in two experiments; in the first, we assessed the response of the disease index (DI) after the application of the following treatments: T1=Manazeb (Mancozeb) // Potassium phosphite (Foscrop), T2=Mancozeb // Potassium (Terramin potassium), T3=Mancozeb // Calcium (Terramin calcium), T4=Trichoderma spp. (Fitotripen) // Copper oxychloride, T5=Azoxystrobin (Amistar) // Mancozeb, and T6=Control sprayed with water. In the second experiment, we selected the best treatments, as follows: T1 = Amistar // Mancozeb; T2 = Terramin potassium // Mancozeb, and T3 = Control. We evaluated DI, percent of affected fruits, number of fruits/ha, and yield (Kg/ha). The results from the first experiment showed that T1 and T5 controlled anthracnose, reducing the levels of severity by 39.69% compared to the control (T6). In the second experiment, T1 decreased the levels of foliage severity by 29.04% and increased the number of fruits/ha and yield by 200% compared to the control. Overall, the fungicide application of Azoxistrobin alternating with Manazeb constitutes an effective alternative to control anthracnose in yellow passion fruit cultivation.
... Adicionalmente, es muy frecuente encontrar otras especies de Colletotrichum spp. causando enfermedades en un mismo cultivo (Santamaría, Díaz, Gutiérrez, Santamaría & Larqué, 2011). Los principales signos de la antracnosis se observan como tejido necrótico hundido donde una masa conidial se origina en el tejido afectado por el patógeno (Peres, Kuramae, Dias & De Souza, 2002). ...
La búsqueda de alternativas para el control de la antracnosis es determinante para prevenir el desarrollo del agente causal en los cultivos que son susceptibles a dicha enfermedad. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad in vitro a una cepa de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides identificada con claves taxonómicas y técnicas moleculares con tres compuestos fenólicos (catecol, orcinol y resorcinol). Para evaluar la efectividad de cada compuesto se determinó el área de crecimiento micelial en milímetros cuadrados (mm 2) con el software ImageJ ® , validándolo con un análisis estadístico con el software SAS®. En los bioensayos el resorcinol a una concentración de 200 partes por millón (ppm) presentó menor acción de inhibición de crecimiento micelial a diferencia del catecol y orcinol. Los resultados mostrados sugieren al catecol y orcinol como posibles blancos de estudio como ingredientes activos de los fungicidas usados para el control del fitopatógeno asociado a la antracnosis en frutos de importancia económica. Palabras clave: Carica papaya; inhibición; radial; PCR. Recibido: 1 de febrero de 2018
... En frutales y hortalizas como mango (Mangifera indica L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth.) y chile (Capsicum annuum L.) se han probado algunas de estas formulaciones con resultados satisfactorios en el control de antracnosis, especialmente con la aplicación de difenoconazol, hidróxido de cobre, mancozeb, azoxistrobina, prochloraz y extracto de lavanda (Lavandula stoechas Lam.) (Zavala et al., 2005;Arias & Carrizales, 2007;Santamaría et al., 2011;Gaviria et al., 2013;Pérez-León et al., 2015;Linu & Jisha, 2017;Villacís et al., 2017). ...
... The six antagonists of Streptomyces and en la reducción de la severidad de C. gloeosporioides (Santamaría et al., 2011). ...
... gloeosporioides (Santamaría et al., 2011). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antagonism of six strains of microorganisms on Colletotrichum theobromicola Delacr, the causal agent of anthracnose in soursop (Annona muricata L.) inflorescences in Nayarit, Mexico. Three strains of Trichoderma (T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum), three strains of Streptomyces [Streptomyces sp. (A7), S. tubercidicus (A19), and S. viridochromogenes (A27)] and seven commercial fungicides Maxtrobyn® (azoxystrobin SC), ExCitrus® (Citric extract + quercetin), Canelys® (Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract), Hidrocu® PH (Copper hydroxide), Pull75WG® (cuprous oxide), Score® 250 EC (Difenoconazole) and Switch® 62.5 WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) were used. The fungicides doses were: D1 (half of the recommended dose), D2 (recommended dose), and D3 (recommended dose plus half of it), according to the doses recommended by the manufacturer. The six antagonists showed more than 80 % of radial growth inhibition, the genus Streptomyces was the most efficient inhibiting up to a 90 % the growth of C. theobromicola. Strain A27 completely inhibited the fungi (100 %), followed by strains A19 (96.18 %) and A7 (90.4 %). SCORE® 250 EC, Canelys® and Hidrocu® PH fungicides showed a 100 % in vitro inhibition of C. theobromicola with the three doses analyzed. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of Streptomyces spp. strains and commercial fungicides for the control of C. theobromicola, which can be further used in the integrated management for controlling anthracnose in soursop.
... Para el uso de fungicidas es importante tener conocimiento sobre cuáles pueden utilizarse y dosificarlos muy cuidadosamente ya que la papaya es muy sensible a una gran cantidad de plaguicidas y coadyuvantes químicos (Vásquez et al., 2015). Para el control químico de la antracnosis se han recomendado los fungicidas azoxystrobin, benomilo, captan, clorotalonil, imazalil, mancozeb, prochloraz y thiabendazol (Santamaría et al., 2011). El Sphere Max 535 SC contiene una mezcla innovadora de dos fungicidas. ...
Papaya crop (Carica papaya L.) faces pathologies mainly of fungal etiology. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., causal agent of anthracnose, represents one of the most severe diseases that reduce the productivity of plantations. For this reason, the present study was carried out on one hectare of papaya cultivar 'Maradol Roja' at the Research Institute of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops (INIVIT), with the objective of evaluating the technical effectiveness of the fungicide Sphere Max 535 SC (trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole) for the control of anthracnose at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 L ha-1 and Biobeno (Benomilo), the latter as a commercial reference. A completely randomized design was used; five applications were made with a frequency of 20 days. The severity of the disease was evaluated, as well as the technical effectiveness of the formulations used. The severity increased gradually, reaching its maximum values at 100 days. In the plots treated with Benomilo, the severity of the disease was higher, reaching an average of 22.3 %. The variants corresponding to Sphere Max 535 SC were more effective than Benomilo, with values of 57,8 and 61,5 % of effectiveness, respectively.
