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INTRODUCCION De las seis especies de flamencos existentes, tres ocurren en Bolivia: el flamenco chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis), el flamenco andino o parina grande (Phoenicoparrus andinus) y el flamenco de James o parina chica (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). Tanto P. andinus y P. jamesi habitan, exclusivamente, en el Altiplano, en los departa-mentos de...
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... Colorada se halla ubicada al suroeste de Bolivia (22°13'22" -22°09'58" S y 67°49'22" -67°43'56" W) a una altura media de 4 278 m.s.n.m., tiene un área total de aproximadamente 60 km 2 (Fig. 1). El clima imperante en la región se caracteriza por su aridez, escasa precipitación, amplia oscilación térmica diaria que puede llegar a extremos de -25°C +25°C, intensa radiación solar, fuertes vientos y baja presión atmosférica. El invierno es seco (mayo-agosto) y con algunas lluvias durante el verano (diciembre-abril). La ...
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... For the six species of flamingo, three of them raised most concern due the decreasing populational trends in the last decades (IUCN 2023), specially the three South American species: Andean Flamingo (estimated population: 77,949 animals), Puna Flamingo (estimated population: 154,001 animals), and Chilean Flamingo (estimated population: 515,530 animals) (Marconi et al. 2021). From the mid-80s to the mid-90s, population of Andean Flamingo declined from near 100,000 to only 34,000, and the populations of Chilean Flamingo and Puna Flamingos faced a drastic population decline in the end of the 20th century, mainly due the quick urbanisation of wetlands surrounding areas and the changes in the environmental conditions for successful breeding (del Hoyo et al. 1992;Rocha 1997;Valqui et al. 2000;Marconi et al. 2011). In more recent years, the effort for wetland conservation and the increasing research in flamingo ecology and management lead to the recovery and stabilisation of some populations, despite some breeding and wintering colonies still present decline trends in current days (Marconi et al. 2021;Delfino et al. 2023). ...
... In more recent years, the effort for wetland conservation and the increasing research in flamingo ecology and management lead to the recovery and stabilisation of some populations, despite some breeding and wintering colonies still present decline trends in current days (Marconi et al. 2021;Delfino et al. 2023). Nevertheless, the true populational assessment for flamingos is still hard due the large distribution of the species, the vagrant behaviour of animals and the inaccessibility of many wetlands, preventing scientists to better measure the true impact of climate change on these species (Rocha 1997;Valqui et al. 2000). ...
... A higher feeding effort in Laguna de Vilama during the breeding season could be associated with a higher energy demand in some adult flamingos during chick rearing since birds breeding in colonies in Bolivia and Chile are known to feed in these nearby wetlands (Rocha 1997, Caziani et al. 2007, Rocha et al. 2009, Derlindati et al. 2010. Lowland wetlands, such as Laguna Melincué, are highly productive habitats (Drago & Quirós 1996, Boveri & Quirós 2007, and it is likely that even in winter (the non-breeding season) they have higher or similar availability of food than high altitude wetlands in summer (the breeding season) (T. ...
The Andean Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus), one of three flamingo species in southern South America makes complementary and alternative use of high Andean wetlands in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru, and lowland wetlands in Argentina over its life cycle. Previous studies have focused on its behavior in Andean sites, but there are no such studies in lowland sites. Therefore, we analyzed the activity patterns, courtship displays, and individual abundance of this flamingo species at two contrasting wetland sites, Laguna de Vilama, located at 4500 m a.s.l. in northwestern Argentina and used in summer during the breeding season, and Laguna Melincue, a lowland wetland located at 84 m a.s.l. in the plains of central east Argentina and used in winter during the non-breeding season. There were marked differences in flamingo abundance and activity patterns between sites and years. In Laguna de Vilama, flamingos were feeding most of the time (95%), whereas at Laguna Melincue, flamingos showed a broader range of behaviors, with only a 60% of time spent feeding. We did not record marching displays at Laguna de Vilama, whereas at Laguna Melincue we recorded marching events in each of the three study years, being more frequent and lasting longer in the year with higher flamingo abundance. The differences in behaviors at these sites are associated with resource quality and availability and with timing of the reproductive cycle, with lowland wetlands providing critical habitats for courtship displays that influence reproductive success of this species breeding colonies in high Andean wetlands.
... A higher feeding effort in Laguna de Vilama during the breeding season could be associated with a higher energy demand in some adult flamingos during chick rearing since birds breeding in colonies in Bolivia and Chile are known to feed in these nearby wetlands (Rocha 1997, Caziani et al. 2007, Rocha et al. 2009, Derlindati et al. 2010. Lowland wetlands, such as Laguna Melincué, are highly productive habitats (Drago & Quirós 1996, Boveri & Quirós 2007, and it is likely that even in winter (the non-breeding season) they have higher or similar availability of food than high altitude wetlands in summer (the breeding season) (T. ...
... For both Puna and Andean Flamingos, distribution patterns were highly consistent across years. In both summer and winter, the sites with the greatest concentrations of individuals coincided with those identified in previous partial surveys since 1975 (Parada 1990, Rocha 1997, Rodríguez and Contreras 1998, Caziani and Derlindati 2000, suggesting predictable seasonal patterns of abundance and distribution. The most important new information about the distribution of these populations comes the southern altiplano in Argentina, In summer, Puna Flamingos were concentrated in a few high Andes wetlands, while Andean Flamingos were more dispersed and occurred in both the high Andes and the Puna. ...
De las cinco especies de flamencos en el mundo, las más raras y menos conocidas son el Phoenicoparrus jamesi y el P. andinus, las cuales coexisten con el Phoenicopterus chilensis en gran parte de su distribución. Nosotros llevamos a cabo cuatro relevamientos simultáneos desde 1997 al 2001 (dos en verano y dos en invierno), para estimar la distribución y abundancia de tres especies de flamencos en Argentina, Bolivia, Chile y Perú, a una escala regional. De 224 humedales relevados, 179 tenían flamencos; 63% de estos se encontraron en los Altos Andes (por encima de los 4000 m), 25% en la Puna (3000 a 4000 m), y los restantes en tierras bajas (por debajo de 3000 m). Los conteos máximos fueron, 64 000 Phoenicoparrus jamesi (verano de 1998), 34 000 P. andinus (verano de 1997), y 83 000 Phoenicopterus chilensis (invierno de 1998). En verano, los Phoenicoparrus jamesi se congregaron en humedales de los Altos Andes, con el 50% de su población en solo tres lagos: Colorada, Grande y Vilama; el P. andinus estuvo más uniformemente distribuido a lo largo de un rango altitudinal (2500 m), y el Phoenicopterus chilensis mostró un patrón más heterogeneo. En invierno, todas las especies se movieron a latitudes más bajas dentro de los Altos Andes y a altitudes más bajas en las planicies centrales de Argentina. Los humedales más importantes de nidificación fueron Colorada, en Bolivia, para el Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Surire y Atacama, en Chile, para el P. andinus y Surire para el Phoenicopterus chilensis. Recomendamos continuar los manitoreos a través de relevamientos estivales simultáneos, y una estratégia de conservación que considere la gran escala espacial y temporal a la que estas especies operan, incluyendo sus migraciones.
... Andean wetlands are threatened by mining, overgrazing and non regulated tourism (Caziani et al. 2001, Caziani et al. 2007, and lowland sites by agricultural and urban activities . Flamingos and many water birds depend on these wetlands (Hurlbert 1973and 1979, Parada 1988a, Rocha 1997, Caziani and Derlindati 2000, understanding their responses to habitat conditions and resources variations, is useful to predict biodiversity losses associated to human activities, and to develop monitoring and management plans. ...
