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Distribución geográfica de Alouatta caraya (modificado a partir de Oklander et al., 2019) a la izquierda, y a la derecha, ubicación del sitio de estudio con detalle de los parches de bosques (> 0.2 ha) obtenidos de la clasificación de una imagen Sentinel 2; además, se muestran los caminos internos, los límites de la Estancia Ana María y los registros de grupos de A. caraya.
Source publication
The northeast of the Argentinean Chaco Park constitutes the main habitat of the black and golden howler monkey, Alouatta caraya, and has the highest deforestation rate of the country, in the period 2007-2018 there was an annual loss of 7% in this region that corresponds to approximately 2,600,000 ha. We evaluate landscape attributes that can influe...
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There is extensive knowledge about the visual system and the implications of the evolution of trichromatic color vision in howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) related to food selection; however, information about the other sensory systems is limited. In this study we assessed the use of touch, sniffing, and taste in fruit evaluation by 20 adult mantled...
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Citations
... However, these two primate species have higher dispersal and movement capacity than the other ones and generally occupy naturally fragmented landscapes in the humid Chaco [90,112]. For example, in eastern Chaco and northern Corrientes provinces, isolated forest fragments dominate the landscape, and even very small (<2 ha) and isolated ones are occupied by social groups of A. caraya [90,113]. This suggests that these two species frequently move and disperse through open areas, something not frequent in the other three primate species. ...
... However, little information exists on habitat quality and the determinants of primate densities in Argentina. Very few density estimates exist for the primates of Argentina, even for the relatively well-studied species such as S. nigritus, A. caraya, and A. azarae, for which data are available for just one or a few locations each [45,46,48,57,113]. ...
Argentina lies within the southernmost distributional range of five neotropical primates, the brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba, the black-and-gold howler monkey Alouatta caraya, the black-horned capuchin Sapajus nigritus, the Azara’s capuchin Sapajus cay, and the Azara’s owl monkey Aotus azarae; the first three of which are globally threatened. These species occupy different ecoregions: the Alto Paraná Atlantic forest, the Araucaria moist forest, the humid Chaco, the Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna, the Paraná Ffooded savanna, and the Southern Andean Yungas. The recently approved National Primate Conservation Plan of Argentina calls for identifying priority areas to focus conservation actions for these species. We used species distribution models to estimate species ranges and then used the Zonation software to perform a spatial conservation prioritization analysis based on primate habitat quality and connectivity to identify potential areas of importance at national and ecoregional levels. Only 7.2% (19,500 km2) of the area inhabited by primates in Argentina is under protection. Outside the current protected areas, the top-ranked 1% and 5% priority areas identified in our analysis covered 1894 and 7574 km2, respectively. The top 1% areas were in the Atlantic forest of Misiones province, where S. nigritus, A. guariba, and A. caraya are distributed, and in the humid portion of eastern Chaco and Formosa provinces, where A. azarae and A. caraya are present. The top 5% areas included portions of the Yungas, where S. cay is the only primate present. Priority areas in Chaco and Formosa provinces are particularly relevant because of the paucity of protected areas and the high deforestation rate. The endangered A. guariba population will benefit from the better protection of the priority areas of Misiones. The potential priority areas proposed herein, considered within a context of a broad participatory process involving relevant stakeholders and local people, will help guide new and innovative conservation policies and practices while supporting management objectives.
... Black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya, Humboldt, 1812) inhabit several ecoregions in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia (Brown and Zunino, 1994;Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015) and show a remarkable variation in density across their distribution (Zunino et al., 2001;Bicca-Marques et al., 2008;Agostini et al., 2015;Jardim et al., 2020;Gorostiaga et al., 2021). These differences could be attributed to resource availability, interspecific competition, or the effect of epidemic diseases like yellow fever (Holzmann et al., 2010;Kowalewski et al., 2011;Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015;Oklander et al., 2019). ...
Black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) inhabit several eco-regions in South America with the highest population densities in riverine forests. Dam construction for electricity production represents a severe human alteration of ecosystems with consequences for primate conservation. To evaluate the possible loss of genetic diversity in A. caraya, we analysed and compared the genetic structure of the species across 22 study sites in Argentina (14), Paraguay (1), and Brazil (7). Four of these study sites (referred to as flooded) were sampled before dam-linked flooding which most likely caused a drastic decline or functional extinction of these populations. The genetic variability of 256 individuals was evaluated using 10 autosomal microsatellites (STRs) and 112 individuals by sequencing a fragment of 507 bp of mtDNA. DNA was extracted from tissue, blood, and faecal samples. Significantly higher values of genetic variability were observed for the flooded populations both in mtDNA and STRs. Population genetic structure showed a K = 1, 2, or 5 depending on the method, separating Argentinian and Paraguayan sites from Brazilian sites and, in the case of K = 5, two clusters were mostly represented by flooded populations. Isolation-by-distance analyses showed that geographic distances influence gene flow. Analytical methods, such as Pairwise Fst’s and Nei’s and regression model of Harpending and Ward, were concordant in detecting significant genetic structuring between flooded and remaining sites examined. Although some sites have very low sample sizes, these samples are of great importance since these sampling sites are currently flooded. Our results show that the study sites where dams were built had the greatest genetic diversity. As A. caraya is currently severely threatened by yellow fever outbreaks, the remaining populations may be more vulnerable to disease outbreaks due to impoverished genetic variability. Accordingly, it is essential to implement management actions to conserve the remaining populations. Our results underline the importance for Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) to include data on the genetic structure of species in the affected sites prior to their alteration or destruction. These genetic data are also remarkably important for determining where to relocate specific individuals to help avoid biodiversity loss.
