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RESUMO Os fungos muscícolas ainda são pouco conhecidos para a Antártica, tanto em sua taxonomia quanto na ecologia. No sentido de identificar as espécies ocorrentes em Stinker Point – Ilha Elefante – Antártica e fornecer alguns dados taxonômicos e ecológicos realizou-se o presente levantamento. As atividades de campo foram realizadas em fevereiro d...
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P. sphinctrinus (Fr) Quél. and P. foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schröt. are described from Sri Lanka for the first time. Both were collected from elephant dung in dry zone forest reserves of Sri Lanka. Identity was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal repeat unit, using the primers ITS1F and ITS4B. T...
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... Tojo et al. (2012) proposed Pythium polare (Oomycota) to be the species affecting Sanionia uncinata on King George Island. Pawłowska et al. (2017) recovered and proposed Psychronectria hyperantarctica as the phytopathogenic fungus causing fairy rings, in line with previous work by Putzke and Pereira (2012). Most recently, Rosa et al. (2020a) reported that fairy rings host multiple fungal taxa, which might therefore act in consortium in causing the disease. ...
Since the nineteenth century, a ring-forming disease attacking Antarctic mosses has been reported. However, to date, only the effects on the mosses themselves are known. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to investigate the effects on the moss epiphytic algal community at different stages of disease progression. As the disease progressed, algal species richness decreased, although overall abundance was not significantly affected. Prasiolales appeared unaffected, whereas Ulotrichales were more sensitive. Trebouxiales dominated the advanced disease stage, suggesting a possible benefit from the disease, either through the elimination of competition or creation of new niches. Infection is responsible for moss death, leading to habitat loss for other organisms, but pathogenic effects on algae cannot be ruled out. Our data indicate that the disease not only impacts mosses but also other groups, potentially resulting in loss of Antarctic biodiversity. This study provides the first report of the disease effects on epiphytic algal communities of Antarctic bryophytes.
... Tojo et al. (2012) proposed Pythium polare (Oomycota) to be the species affecting Sanionia uncinata on King George Island. Pawłowska et al. (2017) recovered and proposed Psychronectria hyperantarctica as the phytopathogenic fungus causing fairy rings, in line with previous work by Putzke and Pereira (2012). Most recently, Rosa et al. (2020a) reported that fairy rings host multiple fungal taxa, which might therefore act in consortium in causing the disease. ...
We evaluated fungal and bacterial diversity in an established moss carpet on King George Island, Antarctica, affected by ‘fairy ring’ disease using metabarcoding. A total of 127 fungal and 706 bacterial taxa were assigned. Ascomycota dominated the fungal assemblages, followed by Basidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Monoblepharomycota. The fungal community displayed high indices of diversity, richness and dominance, which increased from healthy through infected to dead moss samples. A range of fungal taxa were more abundant in dead rather than healthy or fairy ring moss samples. Bacterial diversity and richness were greatest in healthy moss and least within the infected fairy ring. The dominant prokaryotic phyla were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria. Cyanophyceae sp., whilst consistently dominant, were less abundant in fairy ring samples. Our data confirmed the presence and abundance of a range of plant pathogenic fungi, supporting the hypothesis that the disease is linked with multiple fungal taxa. Further studies are required to characterise the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and their host Antarctic mosses. Monitoring the dynamics of mutualist, phytopathogenic and decomposer microorganisms associated with moss carpets may provide bioindicators of moss health.
... Moss carpet health has been a subject of research attention since the early years of Antarctic terrestrial research 6 . One of the most frequently reported concerns relating to moss health is that of attack by initially unidenti ed organism(s) resulting in the formation of a concentric ring ('fairy ring') visible on the surface of the carpet which eventually results in the death of the moss 1,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 . Most recently, Rosa et al. 14 recorded the development of fairy rings on previously unreported moss species from new locations in the western Antarctic Peninsula region, suggesting that the disease is more widespread in maritime Antarctica than previously believed and may be increasing in prevalence. ...
... Tojo et al. 12 proposed Pythium polare (Oomycota) to be the species affecting Sanionia uncinata on King George Island. Pawłowska et al. 13 recovered and proposed Psychronectria hyperantarctica as the phytopathogenic fungus causing fairy rings, in line with previous work by Putzke and Pereira 15 . Most recently, Rosa et al. 14 reported that fairy rings host multiple fungal taxa, which might therefore act in consortium in causing the disease. ...
... Previous studies have concluded that the causative agent of the fairy ring disease in Antarctica is Psychronectria hyperantarctica, identi ed using classical morphological techniques from its fruiting body 9,13 . However, despite the potentially high taxonomic resolution of the metabarcoding approach, we did not detect sequences of P. hyperantarctica in any samples. ...
We evaluated fungal and bacterial diversity in an established moss carpet on King George Island, Antarctica, affected by ‘fairy ring’ disease using metabarcoding. These microbial communities were assessed through the main stages of the disease. A total of 127 fungal and 706 bacterial taxa were assigned. The phylum Ascomycota dominated the fungal assemblages, followed by Basidiomycota , Rozellomycota , Chytridiomycota , Mortierellomycota and Monoblepharomycota . The fungal community displayed high indices of diversity, richness and dominance, which increased from healthy through infected to dead moss samples. Bacterial diversity and richness were greatest in healthy moss and least within the infected fairy ring. Chalara sp. 1, Alpinaria sp., Helotiaceae sp. 2, Chaetothyriales sp. 1, Ascomycota sp. 1, Rozellomycota sp. and Fungi sp. were most abundant within the fairy ring samples. A range of fungal taxa were more abundant in dead rather than healthy or fairy ring moss samples. The dominant prokaryotic phyla were Actinobacteriota , Proteobacteria , Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria . The taxon Cyanobacteriia sp., whilst consistently dominant, were less abundant in fairy ring samples. Microbacteriaceae sp. and Chloroflexi sp. were the most abundant taxa within the fairy rings. Our data confirmed the presence and abundance of a range of plant pathogenic fungi, supporting the hypothesis that the disease is linked with multiple fungal taxas. Further studies are required to characterise the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and their host Antarctic mosses. Monitoring the dynamics of mutualist, phytopathogenic and decomposer microorganisms associated with moss carpets may provide bioindicators of moss health.
... Wilson (1951) stated that the rings spread on average around 8 cm/year, although he was unable to identify the conditions that favoured ring formation. Putzke and Pereira (2012) Hawksworth (1973) as the causative agent of fairy ring mosses] as Psychronectria hyperantarctica, with the material obtained from Bryum sp. with visible moribund rings. According to Kauserud et al. (2008), cultivation of obligate parasites of mosses has not yet been achieved and few phylogenetic studies have been performed on these organisms. ...
... Previous Antarctic studies have reported rings from Signy Island (South Orkney Islands), the Marguerite Bay area (including Avian Island), and the northern maritime Antarctic South Sandwich Islands (Hawksworth 1973;Longton 1973;Fenton 1983). In the South Shetland Islands, which harbour some of the greatest plant diversity in the maritime Antarctic, there has been only a single report from Elephant Island (Putzke and Pereira 2012) and a few studies mentioned on King George Island (Tojo 2012;Pawłowska et al. 2017). ...
... Recently, Pawłowska et al. (2017) recognized Psychronectria hyperantarctica as the causative agent of fairy rings in mosses. It is notable that the fungi C. turfosorum, B. megaspora, Epibryon chorisodontii, and P. hyperantarctica, all previously and regularly reported as causative agents of the fairy rings on mosses (Hawksworth 1973;Putzke and Pereira 2012;Ochyra et al. 2008;Pawłowska et al. 2017), were not identified in our analyses. However, although different fungi have been implicated as the phytopathogenic agents that generate fairy rings, the existing studies did not apply molecular approaches. ...
We surveyed the distribution and diversity of fungi present in moss fairy rings from the South Shetland Islands. In the different islands accessed, the mosses Bartramia patens, Brachythecium austrosalebrosum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Pohlia nutans, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Sanionia uncinata, Syntrichia magellanica, and Syntrichia saxicola were infected with fairy rings. Among them, B. patens, B. pseudotriquetrum, P. nutans, P. alpinum, S. magellanica, and S. saxicola were reported for the first time as species susceptible to infection with fairy rings. From five different fairy ring moss species sampled, we isolated 40 fungal taxa identified as belonging to the genera Alpinaria, Cadophora, Cladosporium, Chalara, Cosmospora, Drechmera, Glarea, Gyoerffyella, Hymenoscyphus, Juncaceicola, Melanodiplodia, Mortierella, Mycosysmbioses, Pseudogymnoascus, Phoma, and Velucrispora. A high level of fungal richness was associated with the infected mosses, and Mortierella was the dominant genus. However, most of the fungi were present as minor components of the fungal assemblages. Among the mosses studied, S. uncinata harboured the greatest fungal diversity. Some fungal taxa present have previously been reported as opportunistic plant pathogens, including Cladosporium sp. and Phoma herbarum. We hypothesize that some of the fungi recovered from fairy ring mosses might represent secondary opportunistic pathogens and contribute to the reduced natural defences of the infected mosses, thus accelerating the dissemination of the pathogenic fairy rings in the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, the presence of fairy rings on previously unreported moss species suggests that the disease may be becoming more widespread in Antarctica.
... But, Tojo et al. (2012) have identified Pythium polare causing brown discolouration in the same moss species. Putzke and Pereira (2012) also identified T. hyperantarctica causing the same discolouration in S. uncinata. These data suggest that different species of fungi may be associated with the brown discolouration in this moss species. ...
In Antarctica, fungi occupy different niches and interact with different living things; but its importance in these niches and interactions is still poorly understood. An example of an interaction reported from Antarctica involves fungi and the Antarctic mosses, in which the fungi formed rings on the carpets of mosses. However, due to the complexity of these fungi, information about these is limited, and they have not been completely characterized yet. The Antarctic region is vulnerable to climatic change, and abiotic factors can influence the growth of fungi. This may impact the pathogenic interactions between the mosses and the fungi. The aim of this study was to identify, characterize, and evaluate the pathogenic potential of a fungus isolated from moss samples Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske. The material for this study was collected from King George Island during the Brazilian Antarctic Expedition XXXI. Through taxonomic, molecular, and phylogenetic methods, the isolate was identified as belonging to the genus Trichoderma. The isolate inhibited the growth of the moss Physcomitrium acutifolium Broth. in vitro and caused complete discolouration of its gametophytes. The physiological characterization of the isolate revealed that it was psychrotolerant with optimal growth at 20 °C, producing amylase and protease at temperatures of both 10 and 30 °C and cellulase at 10 °C only. These results suggest that an increase in temperature may enhance the occurrence of ring-forming fungi in mosses in Antarctica.
... -Polytrichum juniperinum and Huea coralligera -Sphaeorophorus globosus -Usnea aurantiacoatra -Syntrichia saxicola association (Figure 2b and 2c, respectively). e same association was the most frequently found in Elephant Island (Pereira & Putzke, 1994;Putzke & Pereira, 2012). Two associations were found only in a single island, one composed by a fruticose lichen (Usnea spp.-Polytrichastrum alpinum) and the other by a dimorphic lichen (Cladonia metacorallifera -Sanionia uncinata, Figure 2d) both in lower frequencies in the King George Island. ...
... -Polytrichum juniperinum and Huea coralligera -Sphaeorophorus globosus -Usnea aurantiacoatra -Syntrichia saxicola association (Figure 2b and 2c, respectively). e same association was the most frequently found in Elephant Island (Pereira & Putzke, 1994;Putzke & Pereira, 2012). Two associations were found only in a single island, one composed by a fruticose lichen (Usnea spp.-Polytrichastrum alpinum) and the other by a dimorphic lichen (Cladonia metacorallifera -Sanionia uncinata, Figure 2d) both in lower frequencies in the King George Island. ...
The aim of this work was to report on the lichen-moss association in the ice-free areas of Elephant Island, King George Island, Nelson Island and Deception Island. e study started with the classi cation and description of the plant communities based primarily on phytosociological and biodiversity data. All data were obtained from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012 austral summers. 12 most frequent lichen-moss association species based on all island records were found. e most frequent association in both studied areas involved foliose-crustose lichen with a moss carpet species, such as Psoroma cinnamomeum Malme with Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loesk. e occurrences for each island as well as the common association found in all sampled islands are demonstrated.
Echinoderm species composition from the shallow coast of Admiralty Bay was assessed from specimens collected
during the austral summers of 2008/9 and 2010/11. eir density, diversity and community structure at four sampling stations in
two bathymetric zones [shallow (20 – 30 m) and deep (50 – 60 m)] were compared. We tested the following hypotheses based on
previous environmental and biological data: 1) echinoderm density is lower in the shallowest zones; 2) diversity from the deepest
zone is higher; 3) community structure diers among stations and bathymetric zones. e hypothesis that the total density is
lowest in the shallowest zone was rejected, and density diered only among stations. Diversity diered only between stations, but
lowest values occurred mainly in the shallowest zones. PERMANOVA analysis showed that assemblages diered between depths,
there being an interaction with stations. Environmental condition dierences (e.g., sediment texture) between areas and depths
probably induced the highest abundance of the sea star Odontaster validus and the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri in the
shallowest zone, and that of the brittle stars Ophionotus victorae and Amphioplus acutus in the deepest zone. ese results will
support future investigations that should also incorporate multiple spatial and temporal scales.
