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In this study, a biomembrane surface fermentation was used to produce red pigments of Penicillium novae-zelandiae, and the significant improvement in pigment production by the addition of 0.4 g/L of tyrosine demonstrated that the red pigments probably contained betalain. Therefore, one red pigment was purified, and identified as 2-decarboxybetanin...
Citations
... The LEfSe analysis also revealed that Penicillium, Blastobotrys, Phialemonium, Marasmius, and Pseudogymnoascus were significantly enriched in rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus. Previous studies have confirmed that orange-red to red pigments, carotenoids, and betalain could all be derived from Penicillium [43,59,60]. ...
The synthesis of betalain using microorganisms is an innovative developmental technology, and the excavation of microorganisms closely related to betalain can provide certain theoretical and technical support to this technology. In this study, the characteristics of soil microbial community structures and their functions in the rhizospheres of white-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) and red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) were analyzed. The results show that the soil bacterial and fungal compositions in the rhizospheres were shaped differently between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. Bacterial genera such as Kribbella and TM7a were the unique dominant soil bacterial genera in the rhizospheres of H. undatus, whereas Bradyrhizobium was the unique dominant soil bacterial genus in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus. Additionally, Myrothecium was the unique dominant soil fungal genus in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus, whereas Apiotrichum and Arachniotus were the unique dominant soil fungal genera in the rhizospheres of H. undatus. Moreover, TM7a, Novibacillus, Cupriavidus, Mesorhizobium, Trechispora, Madurella, Cercophora, and Polyschema were significantly enriched in the rhizospheres of H. undatus, whereas Penicillium, Blastobotrys, Phialemonium, Marasmius, and Pseudogymnoascus were significantly enriched in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Penicillium were significantly higher in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus than in those of H. undatus.
... Among them, Q20 increased from over 93% to over 97%, and Q30 increased from over 86% to over 91%. Q20 and Q30% represented the number of base that Phred numerical value is higher than 20 and 30 accounted for the percentage of the total bases, which reflected the sequencing accuracy (Wang et al. 2018). Therefore, the high Q20% and Q30% of samples indicated that the sequencing datasets were very credible. ...
Chlorella vulgaris is a biomass energy provider with promising potential to help alleviate the energy crisis. Streptomyces sp. hsn06, as an actinomycete, can harvest C. vulgaris biomass safely and efficiently through flocculation activity, and proteins contribute greatly to the flocculation effect. However, potential flocculation protein-related genes are unclear. The mycelia of strain hsn06 after culture with glucose as the sole carbon source exhibited significantly higher flocculation activity as well as higher protein contents than those cultured with starch as the carbon source. To further explore the flocculation mechanism, the mycelia of strain hsn06 with distinct flocculation activities after culture with different carbon sources were examined by transcriptome analysis. We found that 403 genes were differentially up-regulated in mycelia cultured with glucose, compared to those cultured with starch as the carbon source. Five significantly differentially expressed protein-related genes were determined and confirmed by qRT-PCR, which indicated that three of the selected genes were potential flocculation-related genes. These results advance our understanding of potential flocculation-related genes during the harvesting of microalgal biomass.
... As the understanding of metabolomics continues to deepen, several metabolites that were used to be only produced in plants have been produced in microorganisms. For example, betalain in Penicillium novaezelandiae [12]; lawsone, an orange-red pigment, in Gibberella moniliformis [13]; and Taxol and related taxanes in Aspergillus niger [14]. Regarding to the production of anthocyanins from microorganisms, there is no clear confirmation before even though some of the activities of anthocyanin-related genes such as PAL, C4H and 4CL have been detected during Alternaria sp. ...
Background:
Anthocyanins are common substances with many agro-food industrial applications. However, anthocyanins are generally considered to be found only in natural plants. Our previous study isolated and purified the fungus Aspergillus sydowii H-1, which can produce purple pigments during fermentation. To understand the characteristics of this strain, a transcriptomic and metabolomic comparative analysis was performed with A. sydowii H-1 from the second and eighth days of fermentation, which confer different pigment production.
Results:
We found five anthocyanins with remarkably different production in A. sydowii H-1 on the eighth day of fermentation compared to the second day of fermentation. LC-MS/MS combined with other characteristics of anthocyanins suggested that the purple pigment contained anthocyanins. A total of 28 transcripts related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was identified in A. sydowii H-1, and almost all of the identified genes displayed high correlations with the metabolome. Among them, the chalcone synthase gene (CHS) and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase gene (C4H) were only found using the de novo assembly method. Interestingly, the best hits of these two genes belonged to plant species. Finally, we also identified 530 lncRNAs in our datasets, and among them, three lncRNAs targeted the genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis via cis-regulation, which provided clues for understanding the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin production in fungi.
Conclusion:
We first reported that anthocyanin can be produced in fungus, A. sydowii H-1. Totally, 31 candidate transcripts were identified involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, in which CHS and C4H, known as the key genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, were only found in strain H1, which indicated that these two genes may contribute to anthocyanins producing in H-1. This discovery expanded our knowledges of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and provided a direction for the production of anthocyanin.
... Nowadays, people promote natural instead of synthetic colorants for foodstuffs, because they are not harmful to human health. [1][2][3][4][5] Natural dyes have a wide range of shades that are isolated from different parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, and fruits. 4 There are different methods of extraction for natural colors, such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and solid-phase extraction. ...
Currently, the demand for natural colorants is increasing instead of synthetic colorants for foodstuff, because they are harmless to human health. Betalain is group of compounds containing nitrogen and water soluble pigment. Betalain is classified into two main classes, betacyanin which is the condensation of betalamic acid with cyclo-DOPA and betaxanthin which is the conjugation of amino acid or amines with betalamic acid. They are used to color various foods and medicines. Betalain is different from anthocyanin because betalains contain nitrogen in their structures. It is interesting to hear that betalains and anthocyanins are individually significant but they have not seen together in the same plant. Their stability influenced by various factors such as, temperature, pH, water activity and light. In this review basic chemistry of betalains, classes, subclasses, their sources and biosynthesis, factors affecting their stability, health and food industry applications are discussed. Moreover, mentioned work signifies the potent anticancer, antioxidant and antimalarial activities of betalains, furthermore provides a help to do more scientific work on it.
... Generally, microorganisms can not only save the production cost, but also increase the pigment yield [10,11]. So far, many compounds that we used to thought they were plant-derived have been founded in microorganisms, such as betalain in penicillium novae-zelandiae [12], lawsone, an orange-red pigment in gibberella moniliformis [13], taxol and related taxanesin Aspergillus niger [14] etc. However, no clear studies shown that anthocyanins can be produced from microorganisms directly. ...
Background Anthocyanins are common substance in people's production and life. Usually it was used as a natural dye, more and more studies have shown that anthocyanins have potential preventive and / or therapeutic effects on human health, such as improving cardiovascular function and treating obesity. However, anthocyanins are generally thought to occur only in natural plants. The difficulty of mass production limits the application of anthocyanins in industry. Production of anthocyanins from microbial fermentation is not restricted by time, space and environmental conditions as compared with plants, which makes it more anxious to obtain anthocyanins from microorganisms. Here, we firstly reported a fungus, Aspergillus sydowii H-1which can produce anthocyanins under the specific fermentation, and analyzed its metabolome and transcriptome. Results All of the 31 gene loci related to anthocyanins synthesis pathway were identified in A. sydowii H-1, and almost all of those genes display high correlation with the data from metabolome. Among them, chalcone synthase gene (CHS) and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase gene (C4H) were only found using denovo assembly without reference, and interestingly, the best hits of these two genes all belong to plant species. Therefore, the plant-derived genes, CHS and C4H, may be one of the reasons why A. sydowii H-1 can produce anthocyanins. We also identified 530 lncRNAs in our datasets, and among them, three lncRNAs targeted to the genes related to anthocyanins biosynthesis via cis-regulation, which likewise provide clues for the underlying mechanism of anthocyanins’ production in the fungi. Conclusions In this study, we discovered a fungus, Aspergillus sydowii H-1, which can produce anthocyanins under the specific fermentation condition. It’s the first report that anthocyanins can be produced in non-plant species.
Biological carbon sequestration is an important part of the wetland carbon sink, and improving wetland ecological carbon sink capacity could play an important role in mitigating global climate change. Suaeda salsa is an important ecological protective screen and tourism resource in coastal wetland. Betacyanins contained in S. salsa is an important natural plant pigment, which has the value of landscape ecology, food and
medicine. To study the role of S. salsa in wetland remediation and landscape ecology, is of great importance for restoring degraded coastal wetlands and improving their carbon sink capacity. In this paper, the main metabolic pathways, the research progress of the regulation mechanism of the betacyanins synthesis, and the influence of external factors on the betacyanin synthesis were summarized. Meanwhile, after using Citespace and VOSviewer softwares, cluster analysis was carried out with the keyword “Betacyanins” as the theme. Also, the relevant research of hotspots and difficulties were summarized, some suggestions and prospects were put forward for the future development of the study on the regulation of betacyanin synthesis of S. salsa. The aim of this review article is to give consideration to both ecological and economic benefits, and provide reference for adding a "Red Beach" to the coastal wetlands in Shanghai.
