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Fig1. Macroscopic view of papillomas Şekil 1. Papillomların makroskobik görünümü
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In animals and man, some forms of cutaneous papillomas are caused by papillomaviruses. Twelve different genotypes of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) have been identified. BPV-1 through BPV-12 are all strictly species-specific. BPV-1 and BPV-2 are associated with fibropapillomas in cattle; these tumors are formed by excessive proliferation of virus-infe...
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... The virus genome consists of three main regions: the early region and late regions encode proteins E1 to E7 and L1 and L2, respectively, while the non-coding "long control region" regulates viral gene transcription and replication (Bernard et al., 2010;Doorslaer et al., 2018;ICTV, 2018). Papillomaviruses have been isolated from mammals, birds, fish and reptiles to date and are highly species Introduction 85 specific (Murphy et al., 1999;Ogawa et al., 2004;Sterling et al., 2014;Tan et al., 2012;Tekelioglu et al., 2017). The papillomaviruses has a high tropism to the mucosal and keratinized epithelium. ...
Diagnosis of canine papillomavirus (CPV) infection by histopathology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy is presented. The study is based on data obtained by examining nonregressing papillomas (warts) from naturally infected dogs with clinical manifestations of CPV infection. Papules on the mouth and lips were common bilaterally in all dogs. Confirmatory diagnosis of sick dogs was made by clinical findings, histopathology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Histopathological examination of hematoxylin and eosin stained papillomas revealed lymphoplasmocytic cell infiltration and fibrosis, parakeratosis in the dermis, papillary proliferation and intranuclear vacuole degeneration in the stratum spinosum. Electron microscopy demonstrated viral icosahedral capsid formation and non-enveloped viral structure of CPV. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated viral particles and virions in the nuclei of infected cells, viral crystal mode formation in the nucleus. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated virions and virus-like particles budding in the infected tissue. The findings of the study reveal that electron microscopy and histopathology are effective and sensitive methods in the diagnosis of CPV infection. Electron microscopy is the only imaging technique that allows direct visualization of viruses, along with affected tissues and cells, due to its nanometer-scale resolution. This study reveals the intracellular and extracellular viral pathogenesis, viral ultra structure and structural components of CPV. Present findings indicate canine papillomavirus causes canine papillomatosis, inclusion bodies are common in nonregressive infection, papillomavirus induces cytopathic effect and pathogenesis, viral particles located in the cell and forms crystal mode in nuclear space.
... Our findings on the pathogenesis of papillomaviruses support previous studies. The virus causes lesions of various sizes and structures in animals raised for milk and meat production, such as goats, cattle, and sheep, resulting in significant economic loss [1,8,28]. A papilloma on an animal's teat, particularly in milker herds, impedes milking and reduces production [13]. ...
... The phylogenetic tree constructed revealed that the BPV isolates were not grouped based on their geographic distribution. However, the isolates obtained in this study shared genetic Previous studies on the histopathology of papilloma cases reported acanthosis, stratum spinosum hyperplasia, koilocytosis, hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, papillomatosis, transformed fibroblasts, and vacuolar degeneration of the dermis stratum spinosum [28,[33][34][35]. In papilloma cases, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis are common, whereas, in fibropapillomas, an increase in the connective tissue, primarily fibroblasts, is the main finding [36]. ...
Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic in nature and cause proliferation in the skin, mucosa, and various internal organs of various animal species. The lesions they cause, specifically in cattle teats, lead to significant economic losses in the milk industry. In this study, we identified the bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) responsible for teat papillomas in cattle. The tissue damage caused by the virus was examined histopathologically using immunohistochemical, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular methods. Additionally, sequence analyses were performed on the isolated field strains to better understand their genetic and phylogenetic relationships with previously reported isolates. Teat papillomatosis was confirmed in the collected samples by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, which were followed by other diagnostic methods. Intranuclear virus particles were found in the epithelial cells during a TEM examination of teat lesions. BPV was detected in seven samples by performing PCR using degenerate primers and specific primers. The positive samples were used for typing through sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. Three isolates from teat tissues with BPV infection were identified as BPV-6, two as BPV-10, one as BPV-2, and one as BPV-8. The five isolates identified through sequence analysis of positive samples belonged to the Xipapillomavirus 1 genus (one), the Epsilonpapillomavirus 1 genus (one), and the Deltapapillomavirus genus (one) (three). Furthermore, type-specific primers were found to be useful for molecular diagnosis of BPV, which occurs in the etiology of teat papillomas, followed by genotyping and primer generation during characterization. The detection of BPV types and their prevalence, biosafety measures in animal breeding, and the importance of vaccine research are all important.
... Most lesions are benign, but depending on various factors such as genetics and environmental conditions they may transform into malign lesions (Dagalp et al. 2017). Primary host of BPVs is cattle and virus infects through skin scratches and other lesions (Tan et al. 2012). Virus can also transmit through contact of milk, semen, and urine, and vertical transmission is also possible (Ata et al. 2018). ...
... There are various reports of different papillomavirus species in Turkey. Most reported BPV genus is Deltapapillomavirus (BPV-1 and BPV-2) and BPV-3, BPV-4, BPV-6, BPV-7, BPV-8, BPV-9, BPV-10, BR-UEL6 like, and BAPV-6 are also found in different studies (Tan et al. 2012;Ataseven et al. 2016;Dagalp et al. 2017;Timurkan and Alcigir 2017;Yıldırım et al. 2021). There are also reports of papillomaviruses in goats (Dogan et al. 2018), dogs (Oğuzoğlu et al. 2017), and horses (Kanat et al. 2019). ...
... The most common BPV genus reported in Turkey by researchers are Deltapapillomavirus, mostly BPV-1 and BPV-2. Other genotypes are also reported such as BPV-3, BPV-4, BPV-6, BPV-7, BPV-8, BPV-9, BPV-10, BR-UEL6 like and BAPV-6 (Tan et al. 2012;Ataseven et al. 2016;Dagalp et al. 2017;Timurkan and Alcigir 2017;Yıldırım et al. 2021). There has also been reports on BPV-1 and BPV-2 crossing host species barrier and causing infection in horses (Kanat et al. 2019). ...
Papilloma and fibropapilloma cases are quite common in cattle breeding, which cause economic losses due to decrease in the production of milk, meat, and also impair the quality of hide. In this study, we aimed to determine viral etiology and investigate p53 expression levels with immunohistochemical methods from a total of 30 cases. The study material was collected between 2013 and 2021 in Kars, Turkey. Paraffin embedded tissues were used for earlier cases in which the freshly specimens could not be provided. Cases were investigated for papillomavirus etiology with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using FAP59/FAP64 and MY09/MY11 primer pairs. In 20 of the 30 cases papillomaviruses were identified, and 10 cases were identified as Bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1), 1 case as BPV-2, 1 case as BPV-12, and 1 case as equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV-2) after sequence analysis. p53 immunostaining was also performed, and the cases were graded according to the positively stained cells. In conclusion BPV-12 was detected for the first time in our country, EcPV-2 was detected first time in cattle indicating cross species infection and p53 was staining most evident in BPV-1 and BPV-2 cases and BPV-12 and EcPV-2 was not stained.
... Intranuclear inclusions in this study were found to be few. The same is the case with previous studies by Al-Salihi et al. and Tan [14,10]. According to Ozsoy et al. [11], found inclusion bodies in basal cells. ...
... Recently, tumor incidence in cattle and buffalo is relatively increased particularly cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors [1]. Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the commonly diagnosed and economically important superficial neoplasms in large animals [2]. Deleterious effects of neoplasm may be limited to localized stress at the site of tumor which may be due to pressing on nerve pass way or may be due to insects' bites which causing infection and frequent bleeding [3]. ...
... In the present study, among the benign masses' papilloma represents the majority (9/28). This result was the same as recorded by [2]. SCC was the most commonly recorded malignant tumor (34/47) and the most commonly recorded neoplasm (34/75). ...
Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with superficial tumors in Egyptian water buffalo and cattle and to present their clinical and immunohistochemical (IHC) features. Design: Case-control study. Animals: A total of 1253 animals were studied (866 cross breeds of cattle and 387 native buffaloes). Eighty-one cases (64 cattle and 17 buffalo) were suffered from tumor like swelling. The Clinical, microscopical, histopathological and IHC of the tumor were assessed. Additionally, different surgical interferences and anesthesia were applied for their excision. Results: Based on clinical, histopathological and IHC examination, neoplasia were diagnosed in 75 animals (92.59%). Generally, the prevalence rate of tumor was higher in Cattle than buffalo (78.66% vs 21.33%). Animals aged <5 years exhibited higher incidence of tumor (70.66%) than other ages. Females showed higher prevalence of tumor (85.33%) than males. The diagnosed benign tumors were papilloma (32.14%), fibroma (28.57%), dermoid (28.75%), myxoma (3.57%), lipoma (3.57%) and lipomyxoma (3.57%). While, the diagnosed malignant tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 72.34%), basal cell carcinoma (14.89%), fibrosarcoma (6.38%), melanosracoma(2.12%), myxosarcoma (2.12%), and teratoma (2.12%). Of the detected tumors, head had the highest occurrence (61.33%) followed by sexual organ and mammary gland (18.66%), trunk (6.66%) and limb (5.33%). IHC analysis of different types of tumor tissues showed higher
... e immunohistochemical technique used for detection of papillomavirus was done according to the method that uses the ABC (streptavidinbiotin-peroxidase) technique [19]. Briefly, tissue sections (5 µm) were dewaxed in xylene and hydrated by a graded alcohol's concentration. ...
... Moreover, nuclear remnants in the stratum corneum showed an abundantly positive reaction. All these results agree with other studies that approved extreme reaction for the papillomavirus antigen [19,23]. ...
... cytoplasm occurred due to some considerable pathway. is pathway damages the p53 protein function to prevent unprepared cell proliferation (tumor suppressor). e strong positive reaction of p53 was documented in various types of animal and human cancers [15,16,19,23,24]. ...
The papilloma viruses are constituted of double-stranded DNA and are a more common lesion in ruminant’s skin in Iraq. The p53 tumor suppressor protein reveals an essential role in cell cycle control. This study intends to investigate the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous papilloma in ruminants in Iraq. Samples had been collected from a total of 10 animals (three cattle, three goats, and four sheep) with multiple papillomatosis lesions. The samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. Clinically, the lesions appeared as multiple various sizes (0.5–11 cm), cauliflower exophytic masses on different parts of the animal’s body. The histopathological features of the epidermis granular layer revealed perinuclear vacuolation (koilocytosis) accompanied by various degrees of hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, orthokeratosis, and parakeratosis. Strong positive reaction for papillomavirus antigen was seen in both epidermal basal and granular layers in the immunohistochemical investigation (IHC). Moreover, all papilloma lesions revealed an intense positive p53 reaction in cytoplasmic and perinuclear of the basal and parabasal layers. In conclusion, this study described the papillomavirus lesions in bovine, ovine, and caprine animals, which were found in different parts areas of the affected animals. All lesions show similar histopathological features with minor variations. PV antigen and p53 protein expression showed positive results in immunohistochemistry that can be used as diagnostic markers for ruminant’s papilloma.
... Recently, tumor incidence in cattle and buffalo is relatively increased particularly cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors [1]. Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the commonly diagnosed and economically important superficial neoplasms in large animals [2]. Deleterious effects of neoplasm may be limited to localized stress at the site of tumor which may be due to pressing on nerve pass way or may be due to insects' bites which causing infection and frequent bleeding [3]. ...
... In the present study, among the benign masses' papilloma represents the majority (9/28). This result was the same as recorded by [2]. SCC was the most commonly recorded malignant tumor (34/47) and the most commonly recorded neoplasm (34/75). ...
Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with superficial tumors in Egyptian water buffalo and cattle and to present their clinical and immunohistochemical (IHC) features. Design: Case-control study. Animals: A total of 1253 animals were studied (866 cross breeds of cattle and 387 native buffaloes). Eighty-one cases (64 cattle and 17 buffalo) were suffered from tumor like swelling. The Clinical, microscopical, histopathological and IHC of the tumor were assessed. Additionally, different surgical interferences and anesthesia were applied for their excision. Results: Based on clinical, histopathological and IHC examination, neoplasia were diagnosed in 75 animals (92.59%). Generally, the prevalence rate of tumor was higher in Cattle than buffalo (78.66% vs 21.33%). Animals aged <5 years exhibited higher incidence of tumor (70.66%) than other ages. Females showed higher prevalence of tumor (85.33%) than males. The diagnosed benign tumors were papilloma (32.14%), fibroma (28.57%), dermoid (28.75%), myxoma (3.57%), lipoma (3.57%) and lipomyxoma (3.57%). While, the diagnosed malignant tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 72.34%), basal cell carcinoma (14.89%), fibrosarcoma (6.38%), melanosracoma(2.12%), myxosarcoma (2.12%), and teratoma (2.12%). Of the detected tumors, head had the highest occurrence (61.33%) followed by sexual organ and mammary gland (18.66%), trunk (6.66%) and limb (5.33%). IHC analysis of different types of tumor tissues showed higher expression of Ki67 in both benign and malignant tumors with variable degree. Conclusion and clinical relevance: superficial tumors have high incidence in cattle compared to buffalo. Papilloma, fibroma and dermoid were the most commonly diagnosed benign tumors. SCC, basal cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma were the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors. Surgical excision of the superficial tumors offers a satisfy solution for the condition. IHC and histopathological examination provides precise techniques for evaluation, and differentiation between benign and malignant tumors.
... Recently, tumor incidence in cattle and buffalo is relatively increased particularly cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors [1]. Papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the commonly diagnosed and economically important superficial neoplasms in large animals [2]. Deleterious effects of neoplasm may be limited to localized stress at the site of tumor which may be due to pressing on nerve pass way or may be due to insects' bites which causing infection and frequent bleeding [3]. ...
... In the present study, among the benign masses' papilloma represents the majority (9/28). This result was the same as recorded by [2]. SCC was the most commonly recorded malignant tumor (34/47) and the most commonly recorded neoplasm (34/75). ...
Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with superficial tumors in Egyptian water buffalo and cattle and to present their clinical and immunohistochemical (IHC) features. Design: Case-control study. Animals: A total of 1253 animals were studied (866 cross breeds of cattle and 387 native buffaloes). Eighty-one cases (64 cattle and 17 buffalo) were suffered from tumor like swelling. The Clinical, microscopical, histopathological and IHC of the tumor were assessed. Additionally, different surgical interferences and anesthesia were applied for their excision. Results: Based on clinical, histopathological and IHC examination, neoplasia were diagnosed in 75 animals (92.59%). Generally, the prevalence rate of tumor was higher in Cattle than buffalo (78.66% vs 21.33%). Animals aged <5 years exhibited higher incidence of tumor (70.66%) than other ages. Females showed higher prevalence of tumor (85.33%) than males. The diagnosed benign tumors were papilloma (32.14%), fibroma (28.57%), dermoid (28.75%), myxoma (3.57%), lipoma (3.57%) and lipomyxoma (3.57%). While, the diagnosed malignant tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 72.34%), basal cell carcinoma (14.89%), fibrosarcoma (6.38%), melanosracoma(2.12%), myxosarcoma (2.12%), and teratoma (2.12%). Of the detected tumors, head had the highest occurrence (61.33%) followed by sexual organ and mammary gland (18.66%), trunk (6.66%) and limb (5.33%). IHC analysis of different types of tumor tissues showed higher expression of Ki67 in both benign and malignant tumors with variable degree. Conclusion and clinical relevance: superficial tumors have high incidence in cattle compared to buffalo. Papilloma, fibroma and dermoid were the most commonly diagnosed benign tumors. SCC, basal cell carcinoma and fibrosarcoma were the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors. Surgical excision of the superficial tumors offers a satisfy solution for the condition. IHC and histopathological examination provides precise techniques for evaluation, and differentiation between benign and malignant tumors.
... The other reason for choosing full genome analysis for this research was to avoid missing these multiple infections and to elucidate the genomic structure of the dominant types circulating previously claimed by two reports in the country. 12,13 Eventually, this data will serve not only to elucidate the genetic structure, but will also contribute to prepare synthetic peptide vaccines for the control of this infection. ...
Papilloma viruses (PVs) induce epithelial tumors in their natural hosts. These
tumors are located on the mammary gland of cattle; therefore, PVs are considered viral agents with significant effects, both economical and on the animals’
health. Also, knowing the diversity of bovine PV (BPV) and its prevalence in
countries worldwide is important to develop optimal diagnostic methods, as
well as methods to fight this infection.
This study characterized the full-length genome of BPV 1 as the dominant type circulating among cattle in Turkey. It is the authors’ opinion that
the results of this work provide useful information for further studies on the
preventative steps that can be taken against BPV infection
... Papillomatosis in cattle is associated with BPV type 1 and type 2 (14,15). The present study showed molecular detection of BPV type-1 in thirty-eight cutaneous samples of cattle papillomatosis in Al-Qadisiyah Governorates using specific primers, these results are similar to those presented by (14)(15)(16)(17). The specific primers were used to identify genotype and characterize BPV type 1, and this finding was confirmed by partial sequencing and studying the phylogenetic tree analysis, so it could be the most suitable assay for characterizing BPV as discovered by (12,18). ...
Bovine fibropapilloma and papilloma occur in different parts of the skin of animals. Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus making benign tumor lesion of together mucosal and cutaneous tissue in cattle. In order to confirm the clinical diagnosis; the study planned to make the molecular detection of BPV (DNA) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from skin lesions and the phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-eight samples of skin lesions were collected from cattle clinically suspected to be infected with bovine papilloma virus from herds in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate in 2016, the primary clinical diagnosis depended on the morphological appearance and features of the lesion. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) was extracted from skin lesions; the DNA was examined by PCR technique using specific primer to BPV-1 /L gene-1. Twenty-two samples out of 38 (57,9%), which were collected from different regions in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, were positive. The sequences of four positive samples of DNA product amplification of (BPV) type-1, L1 gene confirmed the PCR results. These samples had the DNA presented in four accession numbers KY662042-1, KY662043-1, KY662040-1 and KY662041-1. This study proofed that cutaneous bovine papillomatosis related with BPV-1 infection in the cattle herds has affinity to solid skin rather than other epithelial and mucosal tissue. © 2018, University of Mosul - College of Veterinary Medicine. All rights reserved.
