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Fig. S1. Stomatal opening induced by PEG stress in grass pea and pea leaves. Seven-day-old seedlings were treated by 20% PEG 6000 for 5 days. Three plants were sampled for each experimental replication and five leaves were sampled from each plant. AGrass pea leaf with PEG treatment; B-Grass pea leaf without PEG treatment; C-Pea leaf with PEG treatment; D-Pea leaf without PEG treatment. Arrows indicate stomata in grass pea and pea leaves. Bar = 50 um.
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Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), a legume crop in arid and semi-arid areas, is widely acknowledged as highly drought tolerant. We report here an analysis of grass pea and garden pea seedlings stressed with 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) for five days. While leaf margins of grass pea curled inward after PEG stress, leaves of pea failed to displa...
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Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) is a temperate grain legume crop with a great potential for expansion in dry areas or zones that are becoming more drought-prone. It is also recognized as a potential source of resistance to several important diseases in legumes, such as ascochyta blight. Nevertheless, the lack of detailed genomic and/or transcriptomic...
Background. Tempeh is a food product obtained from legumes by means of solid-state fermentation with Rhizopus sp. Our previous research proved that mixed-culture inoculum may also be successfully applied. The objective of present research was to study the proteolytic activity of R. microsporus var. chinensis and A. oryzae during tempeh-type ferment...
The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the inoculant on the content of biogenic elements in ten foreign varieties of white lupine (Lupinus albus) and three varieties of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) of Slovak origin. Rizobine was used as the inoculum before sowing. Dried and homogenised seed samples were mineralised using concentr...
Potassium is the third major nutrient required by most crops for their growth and development. It plays an important role in increasing yield of legume crops but it has been ignored by the grass pea growers of the world. A field experiment was conducted at Pulse Research Sub-Station, Tandojam to test the growth and yield performance of four grass p...
Plants growing under natural conditions are constantly exposed to ultraviolet (UV), primarily UV-A, radiation. Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a legume species resistant to harsh growing conditions, such as drought, salinity or periodic flooding. Due to the advantageous composition of seeds, it is used for consumption in such regions as South As...
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... Известно, что ключевым процессом физиологической реакции растений на засуху является продукция активных форм кислорода (АФК), которая вызывает прогрессирующее окислительное повреждение тканей, задержку роста и, в конечном итоге, гибель клеток [7]. ...
The article presents the results of a study of the influence of plastoquinone derivatives: 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) and 10-(6′-methylplastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ3) on the resistance of grain crops to soil moisture deficiency. The object of the study were seedlings of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar “Sokol” and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar “Kalym”. The growth rates of plants were studied for 14 days under normal conditions and with a lack of moisture, pre-treated with 2.5 nm solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3. It has been shown that treating seeds with solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3 increases the growth rate of the studied crops under conditions of lack of moisture compared to the control. Also, in the roots and leaves of 14-day-old barley seedlings, an analysis of the transcriptional activity of the genes SodA1, SodB, GR, GST1, GST6, Cat1, Cat2, Apx1, encoding oxidative stress proteins, was carried out. It was shown that a decrease in soil moisture by 1.8 and 2.0 times compared to the control reduces to varying degrees the weight of roots and leaves in 14-day-old barley seedlings and increases the transcriptional activity of all studied genes in both leaves and roots. Treatment of seeds with solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3 under conditions of moisture deficiency increases the dry weight of barley roots and leaves and reduces the transcriptional activity of the studied genes in the roots. Keywords: PLASTOQUINONE DERIVATIVES, SkQ1, SkQ3, MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS, ROS, SOIL MOISTURE DEFICIENCY, STABILITY, TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE ACTIVITY
... Its robustness under adverse conditions, in particular to both water deficit and waterlogging stresses, salinity and temperature extremes (Araújo et al., 2015;Dixit et al., 2016;Malik et al., 2015;Tokarz et al., 2020;Vaz Patto et al., 2006;Wiraguna et al., 2020) has been linked with its content on β-Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), a naturally occurring amino acid derivative (Jiao et al., 2011;Xing et al., 2001). In addition, improved performance of the antioxidant machinery and osmotic adjustment mechanisms have been pointed out as a possible basis for the exceptional stress resilience of grass pea (Jiang et al., 2013;Malik et al., 2015;Piwowarczyk et al., 2017;Talukdar, 2012;Tokarz et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2016). ...
... Waterlogging conditions primarily cause hypoxia stress at the root level, imbalances on oxygen levels and entrapment (hence accumulation) of ethylene in the roots as first and main triggers of the overall plant response (Sasidharan and Voesenek, 2015). A switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation occurs, leading to hampered growth and development of aerial parts (Jia et al., 2021;Jiang et al., 2013;Karamanos, 1978;Palta et al., 2010;Pan et al., 2019) and eventually to plant death (Sasidharan and Voesenek, 2015). ...
... Regarding the multi-tolerant accession that was identified (PI283546), its relative stability in the gas-exchange parameters across the three water conditions, namely the carbon assimilation and transpiration rates, along with the maintenance of photosystem II's vitality (as assessed with chlorophyll a fluorescence traits), guaranteed the continued photosynthate production indirectly observed through TDB and R/S traits. The increase in pigment contents and possibly also an enhanced antioxidant and osmoregulatory capacity (Fratianni et al., 2014;Jiang et al., 2013;Rathi et al., 2019;Zhou et al., 2016) might be important contributors to the aforementioned stability of gas-exchange parameters and photosystem II's vitality. ...
... Oxidative stress may also interact with the excitotoxicity mechanism to exacerbate the damage caused by BOAA. [18] ...
Lathyrus ( Lathyrus sativus ) pulse is better known as the causative agent of a crippling neurological disorder called Lathyrism. Patients suffer from gradual progressive increasing spasticity and bony changes, which ultimately result in crippling stages throughout life. The present literature aimed to discover the L. sativus existence beyond Lathyrism. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords. We have taken reference to previously published literature on the Lathyrus and Lathyrism. In the current literature, we have found that Lathyrus is nutritionally rich and tolerant to different kinds of environmental stress, and it could be included in human meals or used to feed animals. In India, Lathyrus is banned due to its proposed neurotoxicity. However, the literature suggests that alone, Lathyrus cannot cause Lathyrism. Other factors like environmental factors such as availability of water in paddy fields, associated genetic disorders, and metal content of soil decide the amount of beta-N-oxalyl-amino-L-alanine and Oxalyl-diamino-propionic acid (ODAP) in Lathyrus seeds and its effects. There are new technologies and physical methods that can minimize the toxic nature of Lathyrus . A low ODAP containing Lathyrus is an economic cereal for poor people and grazing animals.
... The combined effect of heat + drought stress further intensified this decline which might impact various components of the photosynthetic machinery, including the D1, D2, and CP47 proteins of PSII, as well as the activity of RuBisCo, which is a crucial enzyme for carbon fixation [55]. Similar observations on chlorophyll content have been reported previously in grasspea [56][57][58] exposed to drought stress, lentil [44,45] and chickpea [37] under heat and combined heat + drought stress. Several stress-tolerant grasspea genotypes [56,58] and other crops [59,60] have been found to accumulate proline in response to water loss. ...
... Similar observations on chlorophyll content have been reported previously in grasspea [56][57][58] exposed to drought stress, lentil [44,45] and chickpea [37] under heat and combined heat + drought stress. Several stress-tolerant grasspea genotypes [56,58] and other crops [59,60] have been found to accumulate proline in response to water loss. Our findings are consistent with those results, as a higher concentration of proline under stressful conditions was generally observed. ...
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is recognized as a highly drought-tolerant legume. However, excessive consumption of its seeds and green tissues causes neurolathyrism, a condition characterized by an irreversible paralysis of the legs induced by a neurotoxin amino acid called β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). The present study investigated the effects of heat, and combined heat + drought during the reproductive phase on physiological and phenological parameters, yield-related factors, ODAP content, and seed protein of 24 genotypes representing 11 Lathyrus species under controlled conditions. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant effect (p < 0.001) of stress treatments and genotypes for all the traits. In general, heat stress individually or in combination with drought expedited phenology, reduced relative leaf water content, stimulated proline synthesis, and influenced chlorophyll concentration; the effects were more severe under the combined heat + drought stress. ODAP content in seeds ranged from 0.06 to 0.30% under no-stress conditions. However, under heat stress, there was a significant increase of 33% in ODAP content, and under combined stress (heat + drought), the increase reached 83%. Crude protein content ranged from 15.64to 28.67% among no stress plants and decreased significantly by 23% under heat stress and by 36%under combined stress. The findings of this study also indicated substantial reductions in growth and grain yield traits under both heat stress and combined heat + drought stress. Six accessions namely IG 66026, IG 65018, IG 65687, IG 118511, IG 64931, and IG65273 were identified as having the most favorable combination of yield, protein content, and seed ODAP levels across all conditions. ODAP content in these six accessions varied from 0.07 to 0.11% under no stress and remained at moderate levels during both heat stress (0.09–0.14%) and combined stress (0.11–0.17%). IG 66026 was identified as the most stable genotype under drought and heat stress conditions with high protein content, and low ODAP content. By identifying those promising accessions, our results have established a basis for forthcoming grass pea breeding initiatives while paving the way for future research exploration into the fundamental mechanisms driving ODAP variation in the presence of both heat and drought stress conditions.
... Lambein and his coworkers (1944) hypothesized β -ODAP as a carrier molecule for zinc ions whereas Zhou et al. (2001) consider this toxin as a scavenger for hydroxyl ions. It also plays an important role in drought tolerance and in resistance to oxidative stress (Jiang et al. 2013;Jiao et al. 2011). Quereshi and his coworkers (1977) surveyed 250 genera from Fabaceae for this uncommon amino acid. ...
Lathyrus aphaca L. is a crop of rabi season with a strong potential both as human food, animal feed and fodder. It contains a non-protein amino acid β -ODAP which causes degeneration of motor neurons i.e., neurolathyrism. A total of 10 populations growing in different areas of Jammu region of J&K UT and its adjoining areas were selected and subjected to HPLC for the quantification of their respective β-ODAP contents. Of these 10, three grouped into one subcluster having low quantity of β-ODAP. The plants of these populations will be useful in breeding programmes and can be further used as a substitute for green pea.
... The common grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) plant has a highly versatile potential for use; it is used as green herbage, hay, and grain feed in animal nutrition, as a green manure plant in improving the soil structure, and in human nutrition. L. sativus (Vaz Patto et al. 2006, Özyazıcı, Açıkbaş 2019, which is successfully grown in areas where other legumes do not provide sufficient yield and drought problems are experienced, is tolerant to salt stress and resistant to periodic flooding, and can be grown in very poor and heavy clay soils (Jiang et al. 2013, Tokarz et al. 2021. The plant is also rich in protein and essential amino acids, and contains 18.2-34.6% ...
This study was performed to determine some forage quality properties and macronutrient content of common grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes under semi-arid climatic conditions. Twenty-four different common grasspea genotypes, 22 lines, and 2 registered cultivars were used as plant material. In the study, a field experiment was established according to a randomi-zed block experimental design with 3 replications under the ecological conditions of Siirt province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye in 2016 and 2017. The study investigated the acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratio, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, crude protein (CP) ratio, relative feed value (RFV), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) properties. Furthermore, the Ca/P and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios, which are important for the health of animals, were also found. According to the averages of the two-year research results, the ADF ratio was determined to vary between 28.92-33.44%, the NDF ratio between 35.13-40.47%, the CP ratio between 22.30-25.78%, RFV between 146.75-176.80, P between 0.393-0.427%, K between 2.13-2.46%, Ca between 1.267-1.378%, and Mg between 0.230-0.257%. The Ca/P and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios changed between 3.14-3.48 and 0.720-0.918, respectively. According to the research results, the common grasspea genotypes grown under semi-arid climatic conditions produced feed of "very good-top quality" standards. It was revealed that most genotypes examined in the study were sufficient to meet the needs of ruminates in terms of P, K, Ca, and Mg. However, some genotypes were insufficient, especially in terms of Mg.
... Drought-stressed rice plant cells produced O 2 ·− , which hampered electron transport in the chloroplast, and O 2 ·− may have been converted into H 2 O 2 , which may have caused metabolic abnormalities in drought-stressed plants (Price 1989;Wang et al., 2005). Jiang et al. (2013) and Pyngrope et al. (2013) observed H 2 O 2 and O 2 ·− as brown patches and dark blue patches, respectively, in water stressaffected plants. ...
Water stress management is one of the most significant issues in agricultural and crop research. Water stress affects more than 42 million hectares of rice cultivation lands in Asian countries. The current scenario constraints are the production of rice with higher quality to improve global food security and meet the food demands of the growing world’s population. The present study investigates the effects of water stress on two rice varieties, (Aduthurai-ADT) ADT-45 and ADT-49, and characterizes the growth, physiological, biochemical and antioxidant activities of the rice cultivars. Histochemical staining with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) was used to detect drought-induced ROS species. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) spectra were performed on the control and drought samples. The results showed a decrease in shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, RWC and decreasing photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b. The content of carotenoids, reducing sugars, starch, proline and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in drought-tolerant plants, while the protein and amino acid content dropped. A high level of free radical accumulation has been detected in drought-imposed samples in both rice varieties by histochemical staining. Enzymatic antioxidants such as Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POX), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were increased in drought-induced plants compared to the control of two rice varieties, scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) species. Besides, (ESR was used to confirm that the remarkable signals indicating free radical accumulation were higher water-deficit plants than in control plants. ESR spectroscopy is a reliable approach for distinguishing between tolerant and sensitive rice types. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify various functional groups in drought-imposed and control samples. FTIR was used in the study to get significant insights into a plant stress response and to find novel drought tolerance features. The present study reveals that the rice variety ADT-49 was more drought resistant than ADT-45. Our findings demonstrated that drought affects growth and physiological metabolism, giving a significant basis for drought escape or tolerance in developing new varieties. In order to increase the drought tolerance mechanism in rice crops, further investigation is needed on the application and function of plant hormones under drought stress circumstances.
... Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea) is a significant annual cool-season grain legume crop grown in a number of regions of the world (Dixit et al., 2016). The grass pea is adapted to low-input farming systems (Vaz Patto et al., 2006;Lambein et al., 2019) due to its resilience to abiotic challenges such as drought, salt, flood and waterlogged circumstances (Kumar et al., 2011;Jiang et al., 2013;Zhou et al., 2016). Grass pea is mostly produced in developing countries and mainly cultivated by resource-poor farmers on small fields in marginal and sub-marginal soil lands to supply high nutritional value (Diane, 2016). ...
Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea) is an annual legume crop commonly cultivated in marginal areas and used as human food and animal feed for many years. Also, grass pea seeds might be a sufficient source of various crucial nutrients for both human and animal nutrition, especially during times of famine. This study was conducted to characterize 15 superior grass pea genotypes grown two locations (Antalya and Isparta) with respect to fatty acids, oil content and oil yield. The linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid present in all grass pea genotypes, with its contents ranging from 39.38% (GP213) to 42.61% (GP150). Lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid and erucic acid were found at trace levels, meanwhile oleic acid was determined as the second excess fatty acid in all genotypes, ranging from 19.12 to 21.41%. The amounts of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were calculated to be between 23.82-28.57%, 19.63-22.36%, and 51.06-54.43%, respectively. The oil ratios and oil yields of the genotypes varied between 0.59 and 0.80% and between 0.90 and 23.91 g plant-1, respectively. The significance t-test for mean values indicated that there weren’t significant differences between the locations for all fatty acid features and oil content except for the oil yields (p=0.001). These presented data can be used as selection criteria in further breeding studies to develop new grass pea cultivars.
... The L. cicera was detected as stress resistant, whereas the L. aphaca was the susceptible one. Grass pea has acquired various morphological drought resistance qualities, such as thin leaves, winged borders on stems for reduction of transpirational losses and maintaining a higher water level for photosynthesis during moisture deficit (Jiang et al. 2013;Lambein et al. 2019). Shoot and root architecture, as well as distribution pattern and ecophysiological measures like water extraction, are the most important features that indicate drought resistance in grass pea . ...
... The root architecture of grass pea is well developed, robust, and penetrating, with increased root depth and biomass that will facilitate efficient moisture uptake (Bultynck et al. 2004;Blum 2011;Franks 2013;Fenta et al. 2014;Koevoets et al. 2016). Earlier reports pointed out some adaptive mechanisms in grass pea to mitigate drought stress through modifying opening and closing of stomata, over accumulations of various osmoprotectants like proline and soluble sugars for improving water use efficiency coupled with upregulation of the genes related with various antioxidative enzymes like catalase (CAT), peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) for scavenging reactive oxygen species (Jiang et al. 2013). An interesting study conducted on grass pea using 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) as drought stress revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content was almost 1.5 folds increased upon polyethylele glycol (PEG) treatment while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was uplifted by 1.3 folds (Jiang et al. 2013). ...
... Earlier reports pointed out some adaptive mechanisms in grass pea to mitigate drought stress through modifying opening and closing of stomata, over accumulations of various osmoprotectants like proline and soluble sugars for improving water use efficiency coupled with upregulation of the genes related with various antioxidative enzymes like catalase (CAT), peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) for scavenging reactive oxygen species (Jiang et al. 2013). An interesting study conducted on grass pea using 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) as drought stress revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content was almost 1.5 folds increased upon polyethylele glycol (PEG) treatment while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was uplifted by 1.3 folds (Jiang et al. 2013). Additionally, the same study depicted that proline and soluble sugar contents increased by six folds and two folds, respectively in the PEG treated grass pea leaves. ...
Worldwide, abiotic stresses including heat and drought are the major obstructions that threaten the agricultural production. Development of climate-resilient cultivars is the easy and economical way to combat drought and heat stress with limited resources. Plants do follow adaptation strategies to mitigate the impact of stress and lead to alteration in some of the morphological traits such as leaf rolling, leaf angle, cuticular wax content, stomatal conductance, deep root system, altered signalling and metabolic pathways. Targeting such traits along with the economical yield will help to identify suitable genotypes which perform better under stress environment. The basic step is to explore the available physiological trait variation among the cultivars, germplasm set and wild relatives to main stream alleles of importance to breeding material from the donor parent. Conventional and advanced breeding strategies can be implemented to develop climate-resilient cultivars with the suitable breeding and screening methods. As a key factor hybridization and selection along with the implication of advanced breeding methods like MABB, MARS, GS and transgenic approach make it easy and accurate to develop varieties in less time. Linkage, QTL and genome-wide association mapping helps to identify the genomic region of interest to target during marker-aided breeding approaches. A cocktail of breeding methods from conventional to transgenic may help in the development of high-yielding climate-resilient varieties which can help to serve farmers to escape from glitch of crop loss due to dry spell during cropping season. The recent advancement and methodologies regarding drought and heat tolerance breeding in wheat are discussed in this chapter along with the difficulties posed.KeywordsDroughtHeatWheatPhysiological breedingMolecular markers
... p < 0.01), indicating that ROS action was closely related to a decrease in photosynthesis. To scavenge excessive ROS in adverse environments, plants have evolved a highly efficient antioxidant defense system that includes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents, such as SOD, POD, CAT, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbate, reduced glutathione, and carotenoids [74,75] [13,77]. The SOD and CAT activities of Manihot esculenta became enhanced to maintain the balance of ROS when drought intensity was increased [78]. ...
Gymnocarpos przewalskii is a rare Tertiary relict species, mainly distributed in desert areas of northwestern China. Changes in rainfall have a significant impact on the physiological characteristics of desert plants. In the present study, the effects of five simulated rainfall levels on the gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and antioxidant system of G. przewalskii were studied. The results show that with increased rainfall the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate increase significantly. The reduction in Pn is caused by stomatal and non-stomatal limitations under decreased rainfall. Decreased rainfall markedly improves the instantaneous water-use efficiency of leaves. With increased rainfall, the maximum photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency, and light utilization range significantly increase. Under reduced rainfall, the chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, and steady-state optical quantum efficiency decrease and photoinhibition is caused in the PSII system. A rainfall reduction of 30% leads to massive production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, causing obvious peroxidation damage. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in the leaves are significantly enhanced to remove excess reactive oxygen species and alleviate the injury to photosynthetic apparatus. Our study reveals the effect of rainfall changes on the photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant system of G. przewalskii, and can improve understanding of the adaptive strategies of desert plants under future precipitation changes in northwestern China.
