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Fig. S1. SEM images for real-time polyaniline morphology transition after aging nanofibers in ethanol for (a) 0 days, (b) 3 days, (c) 7 days, and (d) 15 days, respectively.
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Three dimensional (3D) crystals of organic/polymer semiconductors are expected to form high-quality 3D electronic devices. Here, we firstly reported a novel approach for preparing 3D π-π stacked crystals of polyaniline and polypyrrol and show how they self-assemble in suitable solution environment. 1D nanofibers changed into 0 nanospheres in ethano...
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Engineering conducting polymer thin films with morphological homogeneity and long-range molecular ordering is intriguing to achieve high-performance organic electronics. Polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interest due to its appealing electrical conductivity and diverse chemistry. However, the synthesis of large-area PANI thin film and t...
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... These hydrogels combine the advantages of conductive polymers with the unique properties of doublenetwork (DN) hydrogels [17][18][19], resulting in supercapacitive [20], photoelectric [21], and strain-sensing capabilities [22]. Among various conductive polymers, polyaniline (PANI) [23,24] has gained popularity due to its well-established preparation process, low cost, excellent photoelectrochemical properties, and distinctive conduction mechanism [25,26]. When incorporated into the DN hydrogel system, PANI facilitates the separation of photogenerated charges and enables the ECDNHs to respond to different wavelengths of light. ...
The high integration and multifunctionality in flexible electronic device play an important role in its development. In this study, we developed multifunctional hydrogels integrated with supercapacitive, photoelectric, and strain-sensing capabilities. The hydrogel composite consists of PAM/PVA matrix with polyaniline (PANI) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as conductive components. Two different acid dopants, citric acid (CA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), were employed to investigate their impact on photoelectrochemical capabilities of hydrogels. Both CA-doped and HCl-doped hydrogels exhibited remarkable supercapacitive performance, achieving areal capacitances of 492 mF/cm ² and 538 mF/cm ² , respectively. Furthermore, both hydrogels demonstrated photosensitivity towards shorter wavelengths such as ultraviolet (380 nm) and blue (475 nm) light. Lastly, the proposed hydrogels serving as highly sensitive strain sensors was verified through effectively sensing arm bending movements.
... Over the last decade, there has been increased interest in the development of new functional materials using intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) [1,2]. This reflects the growing demands in technologies such as electrorheological fluids [3], organic lightweight batteries, conductive packaging [4], smart sensors and switches [5], energy storage materials [6] etc. ICPs are an interesting class of materials that combine the electrical, optical and magnetic properties typical of metals with the mechanical properties, chemical stability and processability typical of conventional polymers [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
... Because they offer additional properties such as lightweight, ease of preparation and low cost as compared to metallic conductors, these polymers are being considered as substitutes for inorganic semiconductors [12]. Recent studies have combined ICPs with polymers, inorganic materials, or even metals to form composites in the form of individual coated particles [1,2]. This approach combines the good characteristics of two or more constituent materials usually yielding functionalities superior to those of the individual materials [13]. ...
We report the synthesis of stable conductive macroporous materials by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) in the presence of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs). The presented method allows, without using any pore generating agent, to prepare conductive highly porous materials with tunable properties. In particular, by changing the composition, i.e. ratio between poly(aniline-(2-acrylamido-2- methylpropanesulfonic acid)) (PANI-PAAMPSA) and PS-NPs, we were able to modulate structure moieties of PANI-PAAMPSA on the surface of PS-NPs as well as the size and internal structure of the formed microclusters. The materials exhibited high porosities up to 80% and surface areas up to 18m²/g depending on the ratio between PS and PANI-PAAMPSA. In addition, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was observed that the PANI-PAAMPSA coating serves as a thermal barrier for PS-NPs. Such a high thermal stability of the prepared microclusters, up to 350°C, was confirmed by the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Despite the presence of non-conductive PS-NPs, the synthesized composite materials exhibited specific conductivities in the order of 10⁻³ Scm⁻¹, comparable to aniline-based conductive polymers studied in the literature.
The high integration and multifunctionality in flexible electronic device play an important role in its development. In this study, we developed multifunctional hydrogels integrated with supercapacitive, photoelectric, and strain-sensing capabilities. The hydrogel composite consists of PAM/PVA matrix with polyaniline (PANI) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as conductive components. Two different acid dopants, citric acid (CA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), were employed to investigate their impact on photoelectrochemical capabilities of hydrogels. Both CA-doped and HCl-doped hydrogels exhibited remarkable supercapacitive performance, achieving areal capacitances of 492 mF/cm2 and 538 mF/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, both hydrogels demonstrated photosensitivity towards shorter wavelengths such as ultraviolet (380 nm) and blue (475 nm) light. Lastly, the proposed hydrogels serving as highly sensitive strain sensors was verified through effectively sensing arm bending movements.
The bio-inspired hierarchical structure of polyaniline (PANI) was fabricated in the pore surface of polymer film through interfacial polymerization. The porous polystyrene (PS) honey-comb patterned (HCP) film containing benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was first fabricated by the breath figure (BF) method under humid conditions, further, the film was immersed into aniline hydrochloride aqueous solution for the interfacial polymerization of PANI. The interfacial polymerization of the HCP porous film led to the biomimetic growth of PANI in fractal configuration for a bio-inspired snowflake or leaf-like pattern in the pore surface. The bio-inspired structure of PANI in the HCP porous film through interfacial polymerization is explained by the diffusion-leading aggregation (DLA) by the reaction of aniline monomer into an aqueous solution and self-assembled BPO in the pore surface. The morphology of the bio-inspired PANI structure in the HCP film was highly sensitive to pH, and revealed the conductivity variation over several orders of magnitude (10⁻³ to 10⁻¹ S/cm) similar to a smart material. Due to the high pH sensitivity, the film can be applied in various biomedical sensing applications.
Polypyrrole (PPy)‐based hybrid nanocomposites of organic and inorganic hybrid materials are not restricted for academic research, but nowadays, they are useful to design innovative industrial applications such as fuel cell, solar cell, catalysts, sensors, energy, and medical applications. In recent applications, PPy and its hybrid composites have been emerged as promising sensors due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this article, the role of PPy‐based hybrid nanocomposites for the improvement in sensing applications has been discussed in detail. Along with this is the systematic discussion of the synthesis techniques of PPy sensory hybrid nanocomposites that provides a better understanding of this research area. Finally, certain limitations of PPy and its hybrid nanocomposites‐based sensor are also discussed for sensing. Polypyrrole based hybrid nanocomposites for gas sensing.
The features of the morphology and properties of thin films of polyaniline redoped with a mixture of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and N-methylpyrrolidone are studied. The films have a developed morphology formed by chaotically distributed fibril-like structures. It is shown that formation of the developed morphology is accompanied by an increase in the dopant concentration, an increase in the specific electrical conductivity of the film, and a decrease in the band gap energy of the polymer. Formation of the fibrillar structure of the polyaniline film is explained by the self-assembly of doped polyaniline molecules suspended in solution.
In this paper, bi-functional polyaniline/polyacrylamide (PANI/PAAm)-hydrogel is fabricated. The hydrogel has capacitive performance and can be used for monitoring human motions. The effect of polyaniline doped with two different acids on the properties of hydrogels was researched. The first type of PANI-hydrogel is doped with hydrochloric (HCL) and the second one with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). One application of these two kinds of hydrogels were prepared to serve as solid electrolytes in supercapacitors with sandwich structure. The sandwich structure was constructed by introducing two PANI-films reinforced parts on both sides of the PANI-hydrogel. Supercapacitors with sandwich structure possess areal capacitance of 635mF/cm² (HCL-PANI-hydrogel) and 1022mF/cm² (PTSA-PANI-hydrogel). In this structure, PANI-hydrogel provide channels for ion transport as a solid electrolyte. In addition, the PANI-hydrogel can be utilized as the sensitive sensors as well. By employing I-v curve and I-t curve to characterize the performance of the sensor, the hydrogel material can be used as a wearable sensor with sensitivity to slight deformation. This is a sensitive sensor that it can respond to the speed and amplitude of the bending movement of the arm. The effective bi-functional property results indicate that the hydrogel, capacitive and conductive PANI-hydrogel, has great piezoelectric sensitivity as the sensors, which has become promising materials for wearable sensors and solid electrolytes.
The spectroscopic and photophysical properties of organic materials in the films are widely influenced by their molecular packing morphology and intermolecular interactions. Here, regioisomeric phenanthridine deriatives were syhthesized. The UV-vis spectra and scanning electron microsopy (SEM) images show that these molecules can form different self-organizations in the films. Scanning tunneling microsopy (STM) and DFT calculation are utilized to reveal their intermolecular interactions by visualizing the molecular packing in the self-assembly adlayers. The different intermolecular Br···N halogen bond, H···Br hydrogen bond, and Br···Br bond are the dominated factor to form the different nanostructures and different morphologies in the films. This work provides a new viewpoint on explore the “molecule-packing-properties” relationship in order to rational control the properties of organic materials through designing the moelcules.
