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Fig. . Estimated mortality for scenarios of household energy futures in SSA. Diseases included are LRIs among children < years of age and COPD among adult women. Estimates account for forecasted demographic change (population growth and aging) and secular trends in background disease and mortality levels. The observed secular (BAU) decline in childhood LRI mortality is a result of factors such as increased coverage and efficacy of pneumonia case management using antibiotics; increased awareness and practice of breastfeeding, which increases child immunity and survival; and other secular trends caused by economic and technological factors (9). Secular (BAU) trends in COPD are upward mainly because of population aging (COPD mortality increases with age). There has been a slight increase in age-specific COPD mortality rates at older ages, possibly due to small increases in smoking among women in Africa, and a slight decrease in age-specific rates in middle ages, possibly due to competing causes of death (mainly human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Similar directions are seen for lung cancer, another disease affected by smoking, which is the main driver of secular COPD rates in Africa. See Fig. S11 for separate estimates by disease.
Source publication
We analyzed the mortality impacts and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by household energy use in Africa. Under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, household indoor air pollution will cause an estimated 9.8 million premature deaths by the year 2030. Gradual and rapid transitions to charcoal would delay 1.0 million and 2.8 million deaths, res...
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Citations
... In fact, gas is more advantageous than charcoal in terms of energy efficiency, the health quality of the food (formation of carbonaceous substances) and the environment. However, their high cost and availability limit their use in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, unlike charcoal which is available and affordable (IEA, 2002;Ellegard et al., 2003;Bailis, 2005;Jonhson, 2009). In addition, it was showed that the type of fuel used affects the formation of HAPs during meat grilling (El Badry et al., 2010;Viegas et al., 2012). ...
... In addition, it has been suggested that the use of coal as a fuel to replace wood shops lead to reduction of household indoor pollution levels and the related deaths. (Bailis, Ezzati, and Kammen 2005;Bakry et al. 2014) Although, the previous damage caused during biochar production, but there are many benefits of utilizing biochar in the production of plants. Lehmann and Rondon (2005) investigated that biochar can be applied to agricultural soil and turn it into a valuable resource to improve crop yield in infertility and acid soils which are scarce in food resources such as the sandy soil. ...
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Background and Aim
In order to achieve improved global health, environmental health risks that could affect this goal have to be reduced as much as possible. This review thus aimed at determining the exposure levels, health risk assessments, and public health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This review was developed using guidelines provided for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Search was done on Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases. A study was included if it was carried out in SSA from 2000 to 2020 and written in English language. Fifty-two studies were finally retained and used for the review. Extracted data included the concentrations of 8 selected priority PAHs (including the PAHs prioritized for their carcinogenic potentials), their sources and reported outcomes. In SSA, PAHs exposure has been linked to the use of unprocessed biomass fuels for cooking, release of poorly treated petrochemical effluents into water bodies, and so on. Related public health effects included the occurrence of respiratory, cardiovascular abnormalities, and so on. Others included destruction of natural biodiversity in soil, water, and atmospheric environmental media. Health risk assessments also buttressed the occurrence of these public health effects of PAHs. In SSA, the region is exposed to a substantial amount of PAHs pollution which is associated with deleterious environmental and epidemiological effects. The adoption of healthier forms of energy, a change of attitude to one that favors environmental sustainability, and proper enforcement of environmental regulations are, however, necessary for attaining environmental sanity in SSA.
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