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Fig. A1. Face of M. molossus (MZUSP 8331) (A) and M. (Molossops) temminckii (MZUSP 15410) (B). Note the unwrinkled face in both species and facial papillae with a small and spoonlike hair arising from the center of each papilla. Molossus bears a patch of spoonlike hairs under the nostrils and a membranous keel over the rostrum (also recorded in Promops). In Molossus, the ears are very close or touching each other and the antitragus is rounded, while in Molossops the ears are more widely separated and the antitragus has a basal constriction, a pointed tip, and plicae posteriorly (plicae not shown). Abbreviations: at = antitragus; el = lobe inside the ear; fl = papilla; rk = rostral keel; sh = spoon-like hairs.
Source publication
No presente trabalho, realizei uma revisão sistemática da família Molossidae Gervais, 1995 (Mammalia: Chiroptera) empregando a metodologia cladística e caracteres morfológicos. Como objetivos, propus a elucidação das relações de parentesco entre os grupos de espécies, o reconhecimento e a definição dos gêneros e a proposta de uma nova classificação...
Citations
... Freeman (1981b), on the basis of external and skull characters, distinguished two groups of molossines: the Mormopterus and the Tadarida groups. Gregorin (2000) using a cladistic analysis recovered two subfamilies, Tomopeatinae and Molossinae, and two tribes within the latter, Molossini and Tadaridini. More recently, Ammerman et al. (2012) carried out the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Molossinae using DNA sequence and proposed four tribes: Molossini (New World taxa), Tadarini (Old World taxa), Cheiromelini and Mormopterini. ...
Molossid bats exhibit a great diversity of size and skull morphology which likely reflects differences in diet a trophic function and may be indicative of the degree of resource partitioning and ecological overlap in the group. We explored the morphofunctional variation of the skull in molossids from Argentina, where 18 species occur, and are representative of the vast South American Southern Cone region. We measured 18 craniodental variables in 377 specimens representing all 18 species. We performed a multivariate analysis using craniodental variables, with and without correcting for body mass variation, and applied a comparative phylogenetic method to determine the importance of phylogeny in morphofunctional variation. The specimens distribution in morphospace showed a clear segregation between species on the basis of skull size and morphological differences that related with prey selection, and associated with other important factors such as echolocation and flight. Our results highlighted that the morphological pattern observed was determined principally by the evolutionary history of the family, as we identified major events of expansion of occupied morphospace with the origination of large species such as those in Eumops as well as small species of Molossops and Cynomops. Our findings suggest that the joint effects of history, size and functional morphology boosted the evolution of Neotropical molossids and facilitated the coexistence of related species.
... Before two recent studies were conducted (Lamb et al., 2011;Ammerman et al., 2012), few systematic analyses of Molossidae had been completed and none have included all of the genera in the family. Previous studies involved phenetic morphological analyses (Freeman, 1981;Legendre, 1984), analysis of skull morphology (Freeman, 1981), examination of dental morphology (Legendre, 1984), and a cladistic morphological analysis (Gregorin, 2000). These analyses showed a general lack of agreement in proposed relationships. ...
The earliest diverging lineages in the subfamily Molossinae have not been well established. The genera Cheiromeles and Mormopterus have been found in separate studies to be the oldest lineage, however no previous studies using a molecular approach have included an analysis of sequence data from Cheiromeles and Mormopterus together in the same study. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that recombination activating gene 2 (Rag2) sequence data support the basal divergence of Cheiromeles in the Molossinae subfamily. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of Rag2 sequences from 64 molossid bats (representing 13 genera, 31 species) and five outgroup taxa (Antrozous pallidus, Myotis daubentoni, M. velifer, M. yumanensis, and Natalus stramineus) obtained from GenBank resulted in the placement of Cheiromeles as the most basal lineage within a monophyletic Molossinae. Mormopterus was placed as sister to the rest of Molossinae (excluding Cheiromeles).
... Many authors (Czaplewski et al. 2003b;Gregorin 2000;Legendre 1984) considered the large posterolingual cusp of some molossid taxa as a hypocone because of its position and size. Czaplewski et al. (2008) called it a hypocone in Chiroptera if it was large and separate from the postprotocrista on the talon. ...
We reviewed topographical homologies in the upper tooth morphology of bats and analyzed the implications to relationships among higher taxa within Chiroptera. A standardized terminology for the upper molars of bats is proposed, taking into consideration the nomenclature adopted for tribosphenic mammals. Major patterns of variation in crown morphology of chiropteran upper molars were reevaluated, and 2 new structures were identified: mesoconule and mesoconule crista. The main controversies in the literature regarding terminology and structural identity in the upper molars of chiropterans are discussed. Forty-eight dental morphological characters are presented for extant bats and the extinct Icaronycteridae, with the exception of Pteropodidae, which has lost the tribosphenic dental pattern. These were combined with 191 characters of other morphological systems from the literature. The tree obtained from parsimony analyses mostly agrees with previous proposals based on morphology. However, major differences were found: the position of Noctilionoidea at the base of the radiation of modern microchiropterans, which formed a trichotomy with Yinochiroptera (including Emballonuridae) and the remaining Yangochiroptera; Antrozoinae disassociated from the other Vespertilionidae, forming a poorly supported clade with Mystacinidae and Molossidae; and the relationship between the sister taxa Myotinae and Miniopterinae within Vespertilionidae.
... Revisions also contributed to the refinement of species distribution in the country: Eumops patagonicus was confirmed in Brazil, correcting its distribution in the southern cone of South America (González 2003, Bernardi et al. 2009); the vulnerable Chiroderma doriae is now not restricted to the Atlantic Forest sensu stricto, being also present in more open and xeromorphic areas (Gregorin 1998b); Natalus stramineus had its distribution extended beyond the Amazon Basin, down to the Cerrado of Central Brazil (Taddei & Uieda 2001); after records in Pantanal, Molossus pretiosus was included in the country list, extending its known distribution by nearly 3000km (Gregorin & Taddei 2000); Promops centralis had its distribution extended through the Amazon Basin (Gregorin 2000); Neoplatymops mattogrossensis and Molossops neglectus had their distributions extended by hundreds of kilometres based on specimens from Amazonas, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Gregorin 1998a, Gregorin & Taddei 2000; and Thyroptera discifera was recorded in the Atlantic Forest, extending its known distribution nearly by 1300km to the west . Some taxonomic studies have suggested disruptive distributions for some Brazilian bat species and indicated the potential for the division of species in complexes of new ones (Tavares 2008). ...
Brazil is the second most bat species‐rich country in the world, but the available information on the occurrence and distribution of bat species in Brazil is still heterogeneous and fragmented.
We review the occurrence and distribution of bat species in Brazil, analyse the spatial performance of inventories conducted to date and identify knowledge gaps. We also identify the main factors contributing to the recent increase in the knowledge of the Brazilian bat fauna, and make suggestions for maintaining this momentum into the near future.
We plotted record coordinates on a map, grouped them in 0.5 degrees of latitude × 0.5 degrees of longitude grid cells, and analysed records for each of the five terrestrial biomes in Brazil, and for the 1439 priority polygons for the conservation of Brazilian biodiversity.
We identified 5502 formal bat records in Brazil, indicating that less than 10% of the country is minimally surveyed, and that for nearly 60% of Brazil there is not a single record of bat species. Record coverage varies from 79% in the Atlantic Forest to 24% in Amazonia, but none of the Brazilian biomes is well surveyed for bats. Bat species have been recorded in only 15% of the priority areas for Brazilian biodiversity conservation.
If the current rate of recording bats in empty grid cells (10% every 4 years) was maintained, it would take 33 years for all cells to have a single record. If the current rate of recording ≥20 species in a grid cell (0.8% per year) was maintained, it would take 200 years for the bat fauna of Brazil to be minimally surveyed. Alarmingly, most of the data‐poor areas are at the expansion frontiers of the agro‐business, near the surrounding deforestation fronts.
We make recommendations for scientific research on bats in Brazil, to ensure the conservation of this ecologically important taxon.
... Freeman (1981) recognized Nyctinomops as a valid genus, with which we concur. Species of Nyctinomops are distinguishable from other molossid species in having 1) deeply wrinkled upper lips, 2) ears touching each other over forehead, 3) upper incisors parallel and separated from each other by a gap due to a narrow and long maxillary emargination, 4) long and narrow rostrum, 5) very deep basisphenoid pits, 6) plagiocrest and protoloph paralleling each other in the first two upper molars, and 7) two pairs of lower incisors (Freeman 1981, Legendre 1984, Gregorin 2000, Gregorin & Taddei 2002. ...
There is a lack of knowledge of the biology and distribution of Nyctinomops aurispinosus. Herein, we report the southernmost record of this species, from the city of Curitiba (25° 25' S and 49° 15' W, 920 m), state of Paraná, Brazil, and summarize its distribution in South America.
... Our cladogram was rooted in Molossus because recent data (Gregorin, 2000) has shown that this genus is phylogenetically far from Tadarida. Analyses considering either ordered or unordered multi-state resulted in a single most parsimonious tree presenting the same topology (Fig. 2). ...
A fossil cranium from Rusinga Island, Kenya, is described as a new species of free-tailed bat, Tadarida rusingae (Chiroptera, Molossidae). The sediments where the skull was found are dated by Potassium–Argon assay at about 17.5–18.0 million years before present (early Miocene). Comparisons with fossil molossids and all the extant species of Tadarida show that T. rusingae is distinguished by its large size, well developed posterior sagittal crest, deeply domed palate, and several features of the upper molars. This skull represents one of the most complete fossil molossid bats known.
... O nome Tadarida é usado em vez de Rhizomops (proposto por Legendre, 1984) e de Nyctinomus (como sugerido por Hand, 1990). Não há indícios suficientes para aceitar as modificações nomenclaturais desses autores (Gregorin, 2000). ...
... ex., Peterson, 1965), aqui seguimos a opinião de autores mais recentes que tratam o táxon como subgênero (p. ex., Freeman, 1981;Legendre, 1984;Koopman, 1993;Gregorin, 2000). ...
... Gardner, 1977;Freeman, 1981) como também pela sua relação filogenética mais próxima a Molossus e Promops (cf. Gregorin, 2000). ...
Artificial key for identification of Brazilian molossids (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Increased fieldwork on bats in Brazil and the importance of these animals for public health evidence a need for consistent keys to identify species. Molossid bats are the second most species-rich family of bats occurring in Brazil. This paper provides an artificial key to species of free-tailed bats. We recognize 24 species for Brazil, including Eumops maurus, E. dabbenei, and Molossus currentium, presumably occurring in the country, and E. patagonicus, which we consider valid. We also provide some taxonomic comments.
Brazil holds nearly 15% of world's bat species richness, and most of it is present in the Amazonian biome. Here we present an updated compilation of bat species for the Brazilian Amazonia, with records of 146species, belonging to nine families and 64 genera. At least 46 of those species are currently restricted to the Amazonian biome. Pará State is the species richest (120 spp.) and the Amazonian portion of Maranhão the least (21 spp.). Nine species were recorded in all the Amazonian States, and 28 are restricted to a single state. The species list for the region is not yet completed and is very likely that the Brazilian Amazonia holds more than 160 species of bats. We indicated priority areas for inventories in the region, and discuss some factors that can contribute to a further increase in the knwoledge of the regional bat fauna.
Brazil holds nearly 15% of world’s bat species richness, and most of it is present in the Amazonian biome.
Here we present an updated compilation of bat species for the Brazilian Amazonia, with records of 146 species,
belonging to nine families and 64 genera. At least 46 of those species are currently restricted to the Amazonian
biome. Pará State is the species richest (120 spp.) and the Amazonian portion of Maranhão the least (21 spp.).
Nine species were recorded in all the Amazonian States, and 28 are restricted to a single state. The species list
for the region is not yet completed and is very likely that the Brazilian Amazonia holds more than 160 species
of bats. We indicated priority areas for inventories in the region, and discuss some factors that can contribute to
a further increase in the knwoledge of the regional bat fauna.
Previous understanding of the relationships among genera of bats in the family Molossidae was based largely on phenetic analyses of morphological data. Relationships among the genera of this family have not been tested with molecular data and, thus, the objective of this study was to construct a phylogeny of representative members of free-tailed bats using DNA sequence data from 1 mitochondrial locus (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 [NW]) and 3 nuclear loci (dentin matrix protein 1 exon 6 [DMP1], beta fibrinogen intron 7 [beta FIB], and recombination activating gene 2 [RAG2]) for members of the subfamily Molossinae and outgroups from the families Vespertilionidae and Natalidae. Data for each gene were analyzed separately using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods and also analyzed in a single combined analysis of a total of 3,216 base pairs. Divergence times were estimated from the combined data set using BEAST analysis. Few intergeneric relationships were significantly supported by mitochondrial data; however, monophyly of most genera was supported. Nuclear results supported a Chaerephon-Mops clade; a New World clade consisting of Eumops, Molossus, Promops, Molossops (including Neoplatymops), Cynomops, and Nyctinomops; and a basal divergence for Cheiromeles. Divergence analysis suggested a Paleocene origin for the family and a split between molossids in the Old World and New World around 29 million years ago. Generally, relationships recovered in our analyses reflected biogeographic proximity of species and did not support the hypotheses of relationship proposed by morphological data.
