Fig 5-3 - uploaded by J. Eduardo Marquez
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Oryza sativa L. rice plant anatomy (after Wopereis et al. 2009). The plant is here separated into its major components: the roots, the stem (or straw), the tiller, the flag leaves and the grains. The grain is composed of two major parts: the grain endosperm (that which is polished and sold as edible rice) and the grain envelope (or hull). Between the grain endosperm and envelope lies a very thin layer called the rice bran, nowawadays also sold as a food product. The trace metal concentrations within the bran were included in the grain envelope.
Source publication
Through the use of a range of geochemical techniques, this work quantitatively and qualitatively investigated the effect of open-pit coal mining operations on rice paddy soils and rice plants grown for local consumption in the city of Cam Pha in the Quang Ninh province of North-Eastern Vietnam. Bulk chemical analysis of the rice paddy soils suggest...
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Citations
... The final solution was analyzed for bulk trace metal concentrations using flame (AAS vario-6 analytik Jena) and graphite-furnace (Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometer 4110ZL-Perkin Elmer) atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS and GF-AAS) in the Geochemistry Laboratory at the University of Freiburg, Germany. F-AAS and GF-AAS methods had a precision better than 5%, and detection limits of 0.029 mg/kg, 0.015 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg for Cd, Cu and Pb, respectively [26]. In order to validate F-and GF-AAS methods, a NIST reference material (i.e., SRM 2710) with elevated trace element concentrations, was prepared according to the protocol described by US EPA [25] (Table 1). ...
... The sequential extraction of metals from coal, waste rock or soil samples was performed as described below (protocol modified from Tessier et al. [27]). The procedure consisted of five steps: (i) Exchangeable fraction: To 2 g of coal, waste rock or soil sample, 16 mL of 1 mol/L C2H7NO2 (ammonium acetate instead of MgCl2, pH = 7 [26]) were added to the sample and mixed with mechanical shaker at 200 rpm for 1 h (VWR ® Advanced digital shaker-Model 3500). The resulting solution was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 1 h. ...
... The remaining solid sample was dried to a constant weight at 40 °C and its weight was noted down. (v) Residual fraction: To the remaining solid from (iv), 10 mL of 2 mol/L HNO3 (instead of a mixture of HF-HClO4 as in the original protocol [26]) were added to 1 g of the previously dried sample and the resulting mixture was placed in a water bath for 2 h at 90 °C. The solution was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 1 h. ...
The goal of this study was to quantify the mobility and partitioning of trace elements originating from mine waste rocks derived from open pit coal extraction activities. The results showed that native rice plants were adapted to growing in metal contaminated soils, posing a severe health risk to local population. Sequential extraction procedures and bulk soil chemical analyses both suggest enrichment of Cd, Pb and Cu in rice paddy soils. Lead was shown to be evenly partitioned among all mineral and organic phases. Copper was associated with carbonates and organic matter. Smaller fractions of Pb and Cu were also bound to Fe and Mn oxides. Only 25% of Cd, 9% of Pb and 48% of Cu were associated with the exchangeable fraction, considered mobile and thus bioavailable for plant uptake. Effects of Cd, Cu and Pb on local Cam Pha Nep cai Hoa vang, and control Asia Italian rice, showed marked differences in growth. The local Vietnamese variety grew close to control values, even upon exposure to higher trace metal concentrations. Whereas the development of the control rice species was significantly affected by increasing trace metal concentrations. This result suggests toxic trace elements accumulation in the edible parts of crops.
