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Infection with High Risk (HR) Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the main aetiological agent of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) and also associated in a subgroup of other neoplasms, including Oropharyngeal Squamous cell Carcinoma (OPSCC). HPV infection, in genital as in oral mucosa can also be subclinical or associated with benign proliferati...
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... has involved in a variety of benign oral lesion such as common wart (verruca) ( Fig. 1 and 2), condyloma acuminatum ( Fig. 3), squamous cell papilloma (SCP) (Fig. 4 and 5) and focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) (Fig. 6). These are asymptomatic exo- phytic growths, single or multiple, with surface smooth or warty, white or pinkish depending on the degree of epithelial keratiniza- tion; from the histological point of view are characterized by epithelial polyclonal proliferation, koilocytosis and dyskeratosis [83][84][85]. The lesion may affect any part of the oral surface, more frequently on the tongue, the soft palate and the lips. These lesions are in most cases clinically indistinguishable and their differential diagnosis is based on histopathology. Condyloma acuminatum is characterized by a central core connective tissue in a treelike struc- ture covered with epithelium presenting acanthosis (ie hyperplasia of the spinous layer), koilocytosis (ie presence of cells with pykno- tic and irregularly shaped nuclei surrounded by a perinuclear vacuo- lation), parakeratosis (i.e. abnormal formation of horn cells of the not keratinized epithelium caused by the persistence of nuclei, in- complete formation of keratin, and moistness and swelling of the horn cells) associated with the presence of chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis. Oral SCPs are a small benign growth that begins in squamous epithelial cells. The lesion appears as a soft, pedunculated mass with numerous finger-like projections. The pro- jections may be long and pointy or short and rounded if keratin (skin-forming protein) has built-up round the lesion. Less kerati- nized lesions are pink or red in color and resemble a raspberry, whilst heavily keratinized lesions are white and look like the head of a cauliflower. The covering squamous epithelium shows a nor- mal maturation pattern, although occasional papillomas demon- strate pronounced basilar hyperplasia and mild mitotic activity which could be mistaken for mild epithelial dysplasia may or may not be found in the superficial layers of the epithelium. The SCP differs from the oral condyloma acuminatum in that its surface projections are typically more elongated and more often pointed. It will usually have considerably more keratin on its surface and is much less likely to contain koilocytes in large numbers. The ver- ruca vulgaris is also characterized by a proliferation of hyperkera- totic stratified squamous epithelium arranged into finger-like or pointed projections, each with its connective tissue core. It differs from SCP in that elongated rete ridges tend to converge toward the center of the lesion, producing a "cupping" effect. Also, a promi- nent granular cell layer (hypergranulosis) exhibiting coarse, clumped keratohyaline granules is typically found and abundant koilocytes are often seen in the superficial spinous layer. Eosino- philic intranuclear viral inclusions are sometimes noted within the cells of the granular layer, a feature never found in the SCP. The HPV-related etiology of these lesions is suggested by the presence of LR HPV DNA, such as HPV -2, HPV-4 and HPV-57 (warts), HPV-6 and HPV-11 (SCPs and condylomas), HPV-32 and HPV-13 (FEH), in more than 80% of cases ...
Citations
... On the other hand, lrHPV infections affecting the buccal mucosa can induce the development of benign oral papillary lesions, the most common of which are the following: condyloma acuminatum (CA), squamous papilloma (SP), verruca vulgaris (VV) and multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) [22]. Another manifestation of lrHPV infection is recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), affecting newborns and children infected by HPV-positive mothers through transplacental transmission or during vaginal delivery [23]. ...
... The conflicting results in the literature regarding the prevalence of oral HPV infection and its association with genital infection may be due to the diversity of oral sampling procedures and HPV detection methods, as well as the different interpretations of "concurrence" and "concordance" data [22,23,26]. ...
Knowledge of human papillomavirus transmission from the genital tract to the oral mucosa remains unsatisfactory, with poor and often inconsistent literature results. The increase in HPV-associated oral malignancies prompts further analysis of the simultaneous detection of the virus in the two anatomical areas and on the identification of genotypes to be included in future vaccines. Therefore, in this retrospective study, we evaluated orogenital HPV concurrence, hrHPV, lrHPV and type-concordance in 337 samples, as well as the prevalence of the most common genotypes not included in HPV vaccines. Concurrence was found in 12.5% (31/248) of cases, hr-concordance in 61.3% (19/31) and lr-concordance in 12.9% (4/31). Finally, type-concordance was found in 32.3% (10/31) of concurrent infections. Regarding the identification of non-vaccine genotypes, the significantly prevalent genotypes in the anogenital area were HPV66 (12.6%, p < 0.0001), HPV53 (11.1%, p < 0.0001), HPV51 (8.7%, p < 0.0001), HPV42 (8.2%, p < 0.0001) and HPV68 (5.6%, p = 0.0034) in women and HPV66 (14.6%, p = 0.0058), HPV42 (12.2%, p = 0.0428), HPV51 (12.2%, p = 0.0428), HPV53 (12.2%, p = 0.0428), HPV70 (12.2%, p = 0.0428) and HPV73 (12.2%, p = 0.0428) in men. Considering the results of our study, we recommend including the high-risk genotypes HPV51, HPV68, HPV53 and HPV66 in future HPV vaccine formulations.
... Moreover, while the early detection of HPV-related cervical cancer can be aided by screening tests, such as the Pap smear and HPV test [12], there are currently no secondary prevention measures for either HVP-related OSCC or oral benign lesions [12]. Consequently, the prevention of oral HPV infection and related lesions mainly relies on primary prevention strategies aimed at infection control through vaccination and education [13,14]. and -58 genotypes; and Cervarix (Bivalent; GSK, Brentford, UK) against . ...
... Patient education regarding HPV transmission routes, virus-related mucocutaneous and oral lesions, and awareness of possible latent or persistent HPV infection, especially if sustained by the so-called high-risk viral genotypes, can help limit viral transmission [8,27,28]. Similarly, sexual education encouraging safe practices, such as condom use and barriers during oro-genital intercourse [14,19,29], and promoting healthy lifestyles, such as by supporting smoking cessation [30], as tobacco smoking is significantly associated with HPV infection [31], are critical prevention strategies [14,29]. ...
... Patient education regarding HPV transmission routes, virus-related mucocutaneous and oral lesions, and awareness of possible latent or persistent HPV infection, especially if sustained by the so-called high-risk viral genotypes, can help limit viral transmission [8,27,28]. Similarly, sexual education encouraging safe practices, such as condom use and barriers during oro-genital intercourse [14,19,29], and promoting healthy lifestyles, such as by supporting smoking cessation [30], as tobacco smoking is significantly associated with HPV infection [31], are critical prevention strategies [14,29]. ...
Given the need to improve patient knowledge about HPV-related oral lesions, awareness of HPV infection prevention measures, and compliance with vaccination, as well as patient demand for free and easy access to well-tailored and time-saving health information, the present cross-sectional study examined the accuracy of relevant YouTube videos and their suitability for mass-reach health communication and HPV vaccination promotion. A video search was performed, using keywords obtained from the Google Trends website, until 9 January 2023. Video selection and data collection were performed by independent, pre-calibrated examiners. Descriptive statistics were performed on videos’ general characteristics, source reliability, popularity, information and quality, content topics, vaccination-encouraging/discouraging messages, and educational value. Pearson’s correlation was calculated between educational value and all parameters. Mann–Whitney U test compared very low/low vs. medium/good/excellent educational value and HPV vaccination-encouraging vs. -discouraging videos. Most of the 97 YouTube videos analyzed were moderately accurate and reliable, 53% had moderate/good/excellent educational value, and 80% encouraged HPV vaccination, making them suitable for mass-reach communication. The limited role of oral healthcare providers in uploading relevant content, with the poor dissemination of information about HPV-related benign and malignant oral lesions, may be expanded by purposefully using YouTube and other mass media to improve patient knowledge of HPV-related oral lesions and promote HPV vaccination, which also underscores its potential beneficial oral effects.
... Accordingly, to limit viral transmission, health care workers, including dentists, should educate their patients about HPV transmission routes, virus-related skin, mucosal, and oral lesions, as well as the possibility of latent or persistent HPV infection, especially when caused by high-risk viral genotypes [3]. In addition, safe practices such as the use of condom and barriers during orogenital intercourse should be promoted as part of sexual education, and healthy lifestyles should also be promoted by supporting smoking cessation since tobacco smoking is significantly associated with HPV infection, and therefore cessation is critical for the prevention of HPV-related diseases [31][32][33][34]. Furthermore, healthcare workers, including dentists and pedodontists, should encourage vaccination as early as 9 to 10 years of age, as vaccine administration at an older age is less effective in reducing cancer risk [27]. ...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with benign and malignant lesions in various locations, such as the skin and oral and genital mucosa [...]
... The vaccine is suggested for all girls aged 11 to twelve with trap-up vaccination for girls as much as age 26, and most coverage plans cover the vaccine. A 2d bivalent HPV vaccine is currently pending approval via the USA food and Drug Administration (FDA) [8]. HPV vaccination reduces the occurrence of HPV-associated cancers and precancerous lesions within America and abroad, even though decisions concerning the implementation of vaccination remain. ...
Background: The study aimed to know the Human Papilloma Virus infection, vaccine knowledge attitude, and informational behavior among university students. Methodology: The study was conducted on students of Government College University Faisalabad from January 2022 to March 2022. The study consisted of a questionnaire that verbalized the awareness and prevalence of HPV in particular age groups male and female students. The questionnaire was divided into four sections to assess the awareness, knowledge, and behavior of students toward the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Results: In the demographic representation about 85% (n=235 out of 275) of students belong to the age group of 18-22 while 14% (n=38 out of 275) students were from 23 to 24 years old. 23%(n=64) students were males while 76%(n=211) participants were females. Figures collected showed that 1%(n=3) participants were married while the remaining (about 98%) were single. According to the figures, about 70% of the partakers knew about the mode of transmission and the complications caused by the Human Papilloma Virus while 34% of all the students had no idea about HPV, its transmission, complications, or treatment. 65% had an idea that HPV causes genital warts and 75% were aware of the HPV vaccine. Moreover, 65% of students thought condoms as a source of prevention against HPV and 54% marked contact with body fluids as a mode of transmission of HPV. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude towards HPV infection and HPV-related diseases and HPV vaccine among female students in the Government College University Faisalabad were significant. There is a need of well-defined education programs in the form of seminars, workshops and symposiums on the awareness of HPV infection are necessary to fill the knowledge gap among general population.
... Nowadays, it was gradually proved that treatment modalities targeting both E6 and E7 had better curative effect than targeting either alone [24,25]. Therefore, molecular E6/E7 was the most accurate curation with high efficacy and low toxicity and had significant curative effect target among the novel therapies presented above, which was deserved to be further studied [26]. ...
Background:
Human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common oral cancer with the highest human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rate in oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to research the correlation between HPV and TSCC.
Method:
Plasmid pEGFP/HPV16 E6E7 and plasmid pEGFP/no HPV16 E6E7 were constructed. TSCC cell lines SCC9 and SCC15 were infected by liposome transfection and would be highly selected by antibiotic. Fluorescence imaging, PCR, and Western blot were used to detect the expression of HPV16 E6E7 in cells. The biological characteristics were detected by CCK-8, wound healing assay, qRT-PCR, and Western blot.
Result:
TSCC cell lines transfected with HPV16 E6E7 gene were successfully established and identified. And the proliferation and migration ability of the TSCC cell lines infected with HPV16 E6E7 gene were significantly stronger than that of the blank group.
Conclusion:
TSCC cell lines infected with HPV16 E6E7 with significantly higher ability of proliferation and migration were more malignant than those not infected with HPV16 E6E7.
... SPs are usually pedunculated, with colors ranging from white to pink/red. The lesions are rarely larger than 5 mm in dimension and usually solitary [6]. ...
(1) Background The incidence of oral cavity lesions related to human papillomavirus (HPV) is 3%. There are no reliable data in the literature on recurrence rates of HPV-related oral cavity lesions. The only data available concern gynecological infections, which have a recurrence rate of ~30%. Recurrence may be due to a failure to completely eradicate the lesion, persistence of the viral infection, or persistence of an immune-compromised state. Therefore, the study aimed to ascertain the most effective therapeutic strategy to achieve complete eradication of the virus and avoid a possible recurrence of lesions, based upon the long-term behavior of the virus with the type of treatment. (2) Methods: Systematic searches of the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Pubmed, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and SCOPUS were performed. Restrictions were placed on the date of publication and language. Only English or Italian language articles published between Jan 1990 and Dec 2019 were included in the meta-analysis. The following keywords and/or corresponding medical subject heading terms were used: “oral papillomavirus lesions” and “oral HPV lesions” or “treatment”, “therapy”, “therapeutics,” and “management”. (3) Results: Upon systematic literature review of all analyzed HPV-lesion treatment techniques, 36 studies on laser and cold scalpel eradications were selected. These studies document an excellent success rate from excisional treatments using both laser and cold scalpel and report low recurrence rates with both techniques, respectively 5.98% and 4.07%. (4) Conclusions: The meta-analysis revealed that additional studies with greater sample sizes are needed for these two treatment methods. It would also be appropriate to carry out case-controlled studies, preferably RCTs, to determine the best treatment for eradicating HPV-related lesions.
... The route is through the sexual transmission [8][9][10]. This transmission route may correlate with oral and pharyngeal warts [11,12]. On the other hand, the proper way of transmission on external ear canal papillomas was remain unknown. ...
... The prevalence of HPV in normal oral mucosa samples reported in different studies varies from 0% to 81% [32]. Based on these studies, the mean prevalence (11%) that could be calculated from published data is not a meaningful figure. ...
A wide range of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence data is now available for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), especially for those cancers originating from the epithelial lining of the upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) (i.e., the pharynx, the larynx, and the oral cavity). There is strong evidence that supports HPV as an etiological cause of head and neck carcinogenesis particularly for distinct oropharyngeal subsites. A specific molecular, histopathological, clinical, and prognostic profile is intimately connected with HPV infection. While the role of HPV in oropharyngeal carcinogenesis is firmly acknowledged, its role in oral cancer is currently being debated. Several recent studies suggest the importance of correctly distinguishing HNSCCs by subsites, and utilizing more sensitive HPV-DNA detection techniques, in designing future studies. Defining the HPV status of the tumor aids in the correct management of patients with oropharyngeal cancers.
... The approximately 45 HPV genotypes that infect the genital mucosa are classified as low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) or high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) on the basis of their association with premalignant and malignant lesions [1]. HR-HPV plays a key role in the development of cervical cancer, which is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide (the second in low socio-demographic index countries) and in a variable proportion of non-cervical malignancies, including cervical squamous cell carcinoma [2] and cancer of the penis [3]. ...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the agent of the most common sexually transmitted diseases causing a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from warts to cancer. Oncogenic HPV infection is the major cause of cervical cancer and less frequently of penile cancers. Its presence in semen is widely known, but the effects on fertility are still controversial. We developed a new approach to evaluate virus localisation in the different semen components. We analysed also the specific genotype localisation and viral DNA quantity by qPCR. Results show that HPV DNA can be identified in every fraction of semen: spermatozoa, somatic cells and seminal plasma. Different samples can contain the HPV DNA in different fractions and several HPV genotypes can be found in the same fraction. Additionally, different fractions may contain multiple HPV genotypes in different relative quantity. We analysed the wholeness of HPV DNA in sperm cells by qPCR. In one sample more than half of viral genomes were defective, suggesting a possible recombination event. The new method allows to easily distinguish different sperm infections and to observe the possible effects on semen. The data support the proposed role of HPV in decreased fertility and prompt new possible consequences of the infection in semen.
... Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases have taken an increased importance over the years and are now a major concern for public health. There is a strong evidence that HPV has causal role for the development of a subset of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the anogenital area (vulva, vagina, cervix, anus and penis) and in the head-neck area (pharynx, larynx and oral cavity) [5]. Persistent infection with one or more of approximately 20 highly oncogenic HPV or high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) is necessary but not a sufficient aetiological agent for cervical neoplasia [6]. ...
... The study also showed that 80% of HPV-positive women harboured HR-HPV genotypes. The genotypes isolated most frequently throughout the world, both in patients with cervical carcinoma and in healthy controls, were 16, 18, 45, 31 and 58 [5], or according to other authors 16, 18, 52, 31 and 58 [24]. This research showed HPV 16, 45 and 31 as most frequent, while 18, 52 and 58 were present in lower frequencies. ...
Persistent infection with one or more highly oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) or high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) is necessary but not a sufficient aetiological agent for the development of cervical neoplasia. A number of viral, host, environmental and behavioural factors are suggested to be associated with the progression of cervical disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of environmental and behavioural cofactors on the development of cervical disorders in HR-HPV-infected women in Serbia. A total of 541 women have been tested by PCR for the presence of HPV on the cervix. HPV genotypes were determined by direct DNA sequencing. Women identified as HR-HPV-positive were further classified into four subgroups according to their cytological status. All relevant information about demographical and behavioural factors was obtained by interviewer-based questionnaire. A number of analytical and descriptive statistical methods were used for processing the data. The cofactors found to be of significance for the progression of cervical disease were older age, body mass index >25, lower educational level, long-term smoking, previous genital infections and cervical interventions. On the other hand, condom use was found to have a protective role. Information about these cofactors might be very important for the development of more efficient cancer prevention programmes and promotion of anti-HPV vaccination.
