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Cacao fruit consists of three major components: fruit, placenta and content. Cacao peels or commonly called as cacao pod/peel is waste with the largest proportion produced by cacao crops which have not been utilized sufficiently. The peel of cacao contains polyphenol compounds, one of which is tannin. It is an antinutrient compound that reduces the...
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... detect the morphology of the sample layer that has been dried on the glass substrate, optical microscope MD 2800x with 1200x magnification was utilized. According to Fig.-3, it can be seen that the increase in added additive concentration leads to significantly decreased density. Here, it shows that the paint becoming better as it leads to the specified SNI standard of 1.2 g/cm 3 , where initially before the paint mixed with the additives has 1.56 of density high, whereas after being mixed with additive concentrations ranging from 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%, the density decreases significantly into 1.55-1.45. ...
Context 2
... detect the morphology of the sample layer that has been dried on the glass substrate, optical microscope MD 2800x with 1200x magnification was utilized. According to Fig.-3, it can be seen that the increase in added additive concentration leads to significantly decreased density. Here, it shows that the paint becoming better as it leads to the specified SNI standard of 1.2 g/cm 3 , where initially before the paint mixed with the additives has 1.56 of density high, whereas after being mixed with additive concentrations ranging from 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%, the density decreases significantly into 1.55-1.45. ...
Context 3
... detect the morphology of the sample layer that has been dried on the glass substrate, optical microscope MD 2800x with 1200x magnification was utilized. According to Fig.-3, it can be seen that the increase in added additive concentration leads to significantly decreased density. Here, it shows that the paint becoming better as it leads to the specified SNI standard of 1.2 g/cm 3 , where initially before the paint mixed with the additives has 1.56 of density high, whereas after being mixed with additive concentrations ranging from 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%, the density decreases significantly into 1.55-1.45. ...
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Did you know that chocolate is obtained from beans extracted from the fruit of a tree called Theobroma cacao? The fruits are yellow or deep red pods that contain beans covered with a sweet-bitter pulp. Cacao originated in the Amazon region and, for this reason, South America has the highest genetic diversity of the species. The special flavor of ea...
Citations
... The degree of surface hydrophobicity can be determined by measuring the contact angle between a drop of water and a membrane (Ritaliah et al., 2018). Dried adaxial cuticles and PES membranes were glued to microscope slides with double-sided adhesive tape (for cuticles: on the sides adjacent to the atmosphere and to the mesophyll; for asymmetric PES membranes: on the glossy and matte sides). ...
Well-known methods for measuring permeability of membranes include static or flow diffusion chambers. When studying the effects of organic compounds on plants, the use of such model systems allows to investigate xenobiotic behavior at the cuticular barrier level and obtain an understanding of the initial penetration processes of these substances into plant leaves. However, the use of diffusion chambers has disadvantages, including being time-consuming, requiring sampling, or a sufficiently large membrane area, which cannot be obtained from all types of plants. Therefore, we propose a new method based on surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) to enable rapid membrane permeability evaluation. This study presents the methodology for measuring permeability of isolated cuticles for organic compounds via surface plasmon resonance detection, where the selected model analyte was the widely used pesticide metazachlor. Experiments were performed on the cuticles of Ficus elastica, Citrus pyriformis, and an artificial PES membrane, which is used in passive samplers for the detection of xenobiotics in water and soils. The average permeability for metazachlor was 5.23 × 10−14 m2 sfor C. pyriformis, 1.34 × 10−13 m2 s for F. elastica, and 7.74 × 10−12 m2 s for the PES membrane. We confirmed that the combination of a flow-through diffusion cell and real-time optical detection of transposed molecules represents a promising method for determining the permeability of membranes to xenobiotics occurring in the environment. This is necessary for determining a pesticide dosage in agriculture, selecting suitable membranes for passive samplers in analytics, testing membranes for water treatment, or studying material use of impregnated membranes.
... The production of one ton of dried cocoa 2 beans produces about 10 tons of fresh cacao peels [3]. Previous studies have utilized cacao peels as corrosion inhibitors [3][4][5][6] particle boards [7], adsobents [8][9], briquettes [10][11][12], additive [13], activated carbon [14], recovery the mechanical properties [15] to overcome cocoa skin waste and sugarcane bagasse. However, up to date the utilization has not been maximized, thus it is necessary to do further research in order to produce a useful product, one of which is to manufacture particleboard to resolve the scarcity of wood. ...
This research concerns on the manufacture of KUBUKATEBU particle board from a mixture of cacao peels and bagasse, with variations in the length of the bagasse fibers and the particle size of cacao peels in terms of their physical and thermal properties. The measured parameters were water content, density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity. This particle board was made with 5 variations of cacao peels powder, the ones that could get through the sifter namely 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mesh (149, 177, 250, 400, and 841 μm), and 5 variations of bagasse fiber length, namely: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm. The composition of cacao peels and bagasse fibers were 50:50 and 16% isocyanate adhesive content. The obtained physical properties of particle board variations in particle size of cacao peels were water content values 9.27-13.05%, densities 0.89-1.23 g/cm ³ , water absorption 11.11-52.28%, and properties thermal conductivity 7.26×10 ⁻³ -9.0×10 ⁻³ W/m°C. As for the particle board variation of bagasse fiber length variation, the obtained values were 0.100-0.135% for water content, 0.9-1.30 g/cm ³ for density, 0.2-0.6% for water absorption, and 6.5x10 ⁻³ -8.5×10 ⁻³ W/m°C for thermal conductivity properties. Hence, the produced physical properties of KUBUKATEBU particle board had achieved the standards set by SNI 03-2105-2006, and JIS A 5908 (2003), on the contrary to the thermal conductivity properties.
... One of the waste that comes from the plantation is the skin of cocoa fruit, because so far the waste has only been discarded and burned, so it has not been processed optimally. Some researchers have tried processing cocoa skin into additives [1], inhibitors [2], recovery of mechanical properties [3], particle boards [5], adsorbents [6], and thin layers [8]. All that has been done is only limited to the laboratory scale, no one has processed it to become a product that is ready to be marketed. ...
Increased cocoa production is in line with the increasing biomass waste from cocoa skin. One way to reduce the buildup of biomass waste is to change the skin of cocoa into activated carbon. The purpose of this research is to utilize cocoa skin into activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes with a combination of chemical and physical activation methods. Pre-carbonization with a temperature of 250°C for 2.5 hours, chemical activation with KOH activators 0.3 M and 0.4 M, with a physical activation temperature of 700°C. Characterization using FTIR, Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Energy Dispersion (EDX). The results showed that the density of activated carbon increased and the specific capacitance decreased with an increase in KOH concentration from 0.3 M to 0.4 M, with an activated carbon content of 87.87%. The density value is 0.850gr/cm ³ and the specific capacitance is 90.2 F / gr at a concentration of 0.3 M, while at a concentration of 0.4 M the density value is 0.802 gr/cm ³ with the specific capacitance of 140.2 F / gr. Utilization of cocoa skin waste into activated carbon with a combination of chemical and physical activation methods can be used as an energy storage to overcome the current energy crisis.
... One of natural resources which has not been maximally used is cacao peels. Some studies have utilized cacao peels for corrosion inhibitors [6], [7], [8], [9], mechanical properties repair [10], fodder [11], hydrofobic properties [12], thin layer [13], [14], and particle boards [15]. Using cacao peels directly is not good as an adsorbent for water purification due to many of cacao peels recently are attacked by pests so that they become rotten, and damage the environment [16]. ...
In this research, we have made activated carbon from the cacao peels ( Theobroma cacao L.) for the purpose of water purification. The cacao peels activated using 50% H 3 PO 4 at the temperature of 400 °C for 1 hour. Scanning Electron Microscopy was applied for a surface analysis of activated carbon, and the functional groups identified by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). The adsorption process was carried out by a column methodwith a flow rate variation of 5 mL/min and 10 mL/min. The results showed that by using 2 grams of actived carbon with a flow rate of 5 mL/min is the optimum condition, with the obtained absorption efficiency of 91.8% BOD, 90.2% COD, and 96.5% color. Morphological analysis has determinedthe changes in pore on the surface of activated carbon. Analysis of functional groups showed that the produced activated carbon hada pattern of absorption with OH, CH, and CO type of bond. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the activated carbon of cacao peels can improve the quality of dirty well water, and make it consumable for the daily use.
