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Nanoparticles synthesized from sodium alginate are economically useful due to their wide applicability in various fields such as food, tissue engineering, biomedical implants and drug delivery. Sodium alginate used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles was extracted from the marine seaweed Padina tetrastromatica. The silver nanoparticles were synth...
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... Fig. 1) Sodium alginates are chain-forming hetero polysaccha- rides made up of blocks of mannuronic acid and guluronic acid. Alginates are cell-wall constituents of brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Silver ions replace sodium ions of sodium alginate and nitrate is released in the form of sodium nitrate [11][12][13][14]. The overall reaction is as ...
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... of the plasmon resonance peak increased with time; during initial reaction time no significant increase in the absorption peak was found. The optimum time required for the completion of reac- tion from this study was 60 min. The sample was vigorously stirred at room temperature for different time periods and the SPR band of AgNPs was observed (Fig. 10). The highest absorbance of AgNPs was obtained at 24 hr. The findings are in agreement with the report on the time duration required for complete formation of nanoparti- cles synthesized using dried seaweed at ambient temperature ...
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... bacteria. Antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles against MDR (multidrug resistant) human pathogenic bacteria (Pseudo- monas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) were investigated. The zones of inhibition for different doses of 10, 20 and 40 l of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus were 2, 3, and 4 mm respectively (Fig. 11) whereas, against Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa they were 2, 4, and 6 mm respectively. Silver is probably the Fig. (10). Effect of reaction time on production of silver nanoparticles. most powerful antimicrobial that exhibits a strong cytotoxicity to- wards a broad range of microorganisms and simultaneously it shows remarkably low human ...
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... bacteria (Pseudo- monas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) were investigated. The zones of inhibition for different doses of 10, 20 and 40 l of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus were 2, 3, and 4 mm respectively (Fig. 11) whereas, against Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa they were 2, 4, and 6 mm respectively. Silver is probably the Fig. (10). Effect of reaction time on production of silver nanoparticles. most powerful antimicrobial that exhibits a strong cytotoxicity to- wards a broad range of microorganisms and simultaneously it shows remarkably low human toxicity when compared to other heavy metal ions. It has an oligodynamic effect, where, silver ions are capable of ...
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... "Antibacterial behavior of nanoparticles synthesized from algae has been studied against a variety of bacterial strains. Silver nanomaterials manufactured from the brown seaweed Padina tetr astromatica effectively slowed the growth of P. aeuroginosa, Klebsiella planticola, and Bacillus subtilis" [38]. "Another research found that robust and colloidal-shaped silver nanomaterials made from an aqueous extract of the green marine algae Caulerpa serrulata had excellent anti-microbial activity against Shigella sp., S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi at lower concentrations. ...
The field of nanotechnology has witnessed a paradigm shift in recent years, with an increasing emphasis on eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles. Algal-mediated synthesis, an emerging and promising technique, harnesses the bioactive compounds present in algae for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This process not only offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods but also holds the potential to revolutionize various industries, including medicine, energy, and environmental remediation. Microalgae, forming a substantial part of the planet’s biodiversity, are usually single-celled colony-forming or filamentous photosynthetic microorganisms, including several legal divisions like Chlorophyta, Charophyta, and Bacillariophyta. Whole cells of Plectonema boryanum (filamentous cyanobacteria) proved efficient in promoting the production of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. The cyanobacterial strains of Anabaena flos-aquae and Calothrix pulvinate were used to implement the biosynthesis of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. This abstract provides an overview of the key aspects of algal-mediated metallic nanoparticle synthesis. Algae, as a versatile source of bioactive compounds, serve as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the nanoparticle formation process. Various types of algae, including microalgae and macroalgae, have been explored for this purpose, each with distinct biochemical profiles that contribute to the synthesis process.
... Nanoparticles were synthesised by adding a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) to the seaweed alginate for allowing the reduction of silver nitrate and the formation of nanoparticles. Such AgNPs blended with sodium alginate revealed, at increasing doses, a significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus through the agar plate diffusion method [167]. ...
... Antibacterial behavior of nanoparticles synthesized from algae has been studied against a variety of bacterial strains. Silver nanomaterials manufactured from the brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica effectively slowed the growth of P. aeuroginosa, Klebsiella planticola, and Bacillus subtilis (Sangeetha et al., 2012). Another research found that robust and colloidal-shaped silver nanomaterials made from an aqueous extract of the green marine algae Caulerpa serrulata had excellent antimicrobial activity against Shigella sp., S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi at lower concentrations. ...
Marine seaweeds that belong to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta groups are reported to biosynthesize metal nanoparticles. The morphology and the stability of the nanoparticles obtained from seaweeds for biomedical and environmental applications are equivalent in most aspects to other “green” methodologies. The ability of algae to accumulate metals and reduce metal ions make them a superior contender for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and hence they are called bio-nano factories as both the live and dead dried biomass are used for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using seaweeds can be scaled up to meet industrial requirements. Algae are relatively convenient to handle, less toxic, and less harmful to the environment; synthesis can be carried out at ambient temperature and pressure and in simple aqueous media at a normal pH value. Therefore, this review elaborates seaweeds as a better tool for the fabrication of metal nanoparticles.
... Antibacterial behavior of nanoparticles synthesized from algae has been studied against a variety of bacterial strains. Silver nanomaterials manufactured from the brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica effectively slowed the growth of P. aeuroginosa, Klebsiella planticola, and Bacillus subtilis (Sangeetha et al., 2012). Another research found that robust and colloidal-shaped silver nanomaterials made from an aqueous extract of the green marine algae Caulerpa serrulata had excellent antimicrobial activity against Shigella sp., S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi at lower concentrations. ...
The ability of algae to accumulate metals and reduce metal ions make them a superior contender for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and hence they are called bio-nano factories as both the live and dead dried biomass are used for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Microalgae, forming a substantial part of the planet's biodiversity, are usually single-celled colony-forming or filamentous photosynthetic microorganisms, including several legal divisions like Chlorophyta, Charophyta, and Bacillariophyta. Whole cells of Plectonema boryanum (filamentous cyanobacteria) proved efficient in promoting the production of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. The cyanobacterial strains of Anabaena flos-aquae and Calothrix pulvinate were used to implement the biosynthesis of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. Once synthesized within the cells, the nanoparticles were released into the culture media where they formed stable colloids easing their recovery. Lyngbya majuscule and Chlorella vulgaris have been reported to be used as a cost-effective method for Ag nanoparticle synthesis. Dried edible algae (Spirulina platensis) was reported to be used for the extracellular synthesis of Au, Ag, and Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles. Synthesis of extracellular metal bio-nanoparticles using Sargassum wightii and Kappaphycus alvarezi has also been reported. Bioreduction of Au (III)-Au (0) using the biomass of brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus, and biosynthesis of Au nanoparticles using red algal (Chondrus crispus) and green algal (Spyrogira insignis) biomass have also been reported. Algae are relatively convenient to handle, less toxic, and less harmful to the environment; synthesis can be carried out at ambient temperature and pressure and in simple aqueous media at a normal pH value. Therefore, the study of algae-mediated biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles can be taken toward a new branch, termed phyco-nanotechnology.
... Antibacterial behavior of nanoparticles synthesized from algae has been studied against a variety of bacterial strains. Silver nanomaterials manufactured from the brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica effectively slowed the growth of P. aeuroginosa, Klebsiella planticola, and Bacillus subtilis (Sangeetha et al., 2012). Another research found that robust and colloidal-shaped silver nanomaterials made from an aqueous extract of the green marine algae Caulerpa serrulata had excellent antimicrobial activity against Shigella sp., S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi at lower concentrations. ...
... During recent decades, nanotechnology gains great attention in a variety of scientific applications where material nanoparticles (NPs) with 1 to 100 nm (10 −9 m) dimensions are used and for a wide range of applications differ from that of the same materials' larger particles. (Sangeetha et al. 2012;Bhuyar et al. 2020a). Various methods have been used for nanoparticles syntheses including chemical, physical, and biological techniques (El-Sheekh and El-Kassas 2014a, 2016) of which, biological methods utilize bacteria, fungi, algae, or plant extracts (Nirmala et al. 2013) and produce controlled nanoparticles advantaged with various sizes, shapes, and morphologies. ...
As therapeutic antiviral agents, biological nanoparticles can fight the drug-resistant types of viruses helping the antiviral drug development. In this study, two blue-green algal strains; Oscillatoria sp. and Spirulina platensis were used, mediated by green Ag2O|AgO-NPs and Au-NPs, respectively. For NPs characterization, the UV/Vis spectroscopy were used where their formation and crystallinity were proven with λ max values for silver and gold NPs of 432 and 552 nm, respectively. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) X-ray diffraction showed a spherical-shaped Ag2O|AgO-NPs (size; 14.42 to 48.97) while Au-NPs appeared with octahedral, pentagonal and triangular structures (size; 15.60–77.13 nm). The reducing, capping, and stabilization activities of algal polysaccharides and proteins were indicated via FTIR spectroscopy. Both Ag2O|AgO-NPs and Au-NPs were investigated against Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1) that has been indicated by its reduction activity of cytopathic effect (CPE). Cytotoxicity was evaluated on Vero cells and measured by MTT assay. Results showed a 90% reduction in CPE of HSV-1 applying Ag2O|AgO-NPs, and Au-NPs at 31.25 μL., with a high reduction rate (49.23%) with Ag2O|AgO-NPs than that of Au-NPs (42.75%). Current results proved the efficiency of green nanotechnology application with both Ag2O|AgO-NPs, and Au-NPs as reducing and inhibitory agents for the HSV-1 replication.
... Further categorization of NPs can be added (Buzea et al., 2007;Nowack and Bucheli, 2007;Sangeetha et al., 2012;Asmathunisha and Kathiresan, 2013): ...
... Maximum zone of inhibition was found against Gram-positive B. cereus and M. luteus (11 mm) and the minimum against Gram-negative E. coli and K. pneumoniae (3 mm) ( Table 1). Comparable activity has been reported for some algal AgNPs against similar tested pathogens strains [40][41][42]. The inhibition variation occurred could be due to the differences in cell wall composition and structure of the two bacteria types [43,44]. ...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using sodium alginate extracted from the invasive macroalga Sargassum muticum harvested from the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The characterization of silver nanoparticles was determined by various analytical techniques (UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). The X-ray diffraction patterns proved the crystal phase of AgNPs. The interaction of the functional groups of sodium alginate in the AgNPs was confirmed by FTIR analysis. They were spherical in shape with average size around 21.95 ± 0.96 nm and they exhibit important thermal stability. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited high antibacterial activity against the tested human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These eco-friendliness alginate-mediated silver nanoparticles may serve as antibacterial agents for pharmaceutical applications.
... The AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against the cotton pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and X. campestris. Spherical AgNPs with an average size of 14 nm employing brown alga, Padina tetrastromatica, after incubation of AgNO 3 solution and algal extract for 24 h [83]. These AgNPs exhibited highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas sp. ...
The production of nanostructures, nanocomposites and modified nanostructures for water remediation will increase
because of the need for producing clean water in fast and low energy consumption ways. Nanoparticles are widely used various
fields such as electronics, cosmetics, water purification, biomedical, and biotechnology. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by
physical methods, chemical and biological methods. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using biological agents have gained much
attention in the area of nanotechnology in last few decades because of cost effective, nontoxic, and ecofriendly. Algae have been
used to reduce metal ions and subsequently for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The present review is devoted to the possibility
of metal nanoparticle synthesis using alga extract. The important advantages of these biological systems are an ecofriendly,
economical, high-yielding, expeditious and energy-efficient method. This review is mainly focused on recent progress on the
utilization of algae of various classes, for the synthesis of Silver and Gold nanoparticles, their characterization and possible
mechanisms.
... The peaks at 1540 and 1105 cm-1 are attributed to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration of COO- 10 .The band at 1105.99 cm−1 can be assigned to the symmetric C-O vibration associated with aC-O-SO3 group . In addition, signals at 3698 cm−1 (OH stretching) and 2358 ad 23269 cm−1 (CH stretching) were also observed 10,15 . ...
A green biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 Nps) was carried out in one step. An aqueous extract of orange peels, green tea, and guava leaves were utilizes as precipitating agent for metal precursors. The guava leaves extract was the most powerful one. The shape and size of (Fe3O4 Nps) were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The existence of iron in the yield was studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. The stability of the particles was estimated by hydrogen peroxide reaction. The (Fe3O4 Nps) were incubated with human red blood cells(RBCs).the osmotic fragility test for (R BCs) showed no significant shifting from the control. The loading of doxorubicin cytotoxic drug was primitively monitored by scanning electron microscopy for further study plan.
