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![Schematic example of a solar Photovoltaic system [13].](profile/Ger-Devlin-2/publication/252592087/figure/fig1/AS:393152780357641@1470746335954/Fig-1-Schematic-example-of-a-solar-Photovoltaic-system-13.png)
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![Fig. (1). Schematic example of a solar Photovoltaic system [13].](profile/Ger-Devlin-2/publication/252592087/figure/fig1/AS:393152780357641@1470746335954/Fig-1-Schematic-example-of-a-solar-Photovoltaic-system-13_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. (2). Irish irradiation and solar electricity potential [17].](profile/Ger-Devlin-2/publication/252592087/figure/fig2/AS:393152780357642@1470746336004/Fig-2-Irish-irradiation-and-solar-electricity-potential-17_Q320.jpg)
Photovoltaic power generation is one of the cleanest sources for producing renewable energy, however to date its up take on the Irish renewable energy market has been extremely low. Through research carried out on regions where these technologies are widely used and developed, this project investigates the feasibility of using photovoltaic systems...
Citations
... Specifically, it was noted that the energy installation bill was zero practically, showing the exported and imported energy was equal virtually [19]. Flood et al. [20] examined PV systems on 130 houses that were environmentfriendly in those areas where the building was insulated to take benefits of solar power. It has the power to produce a yearly income of about 4 to 8 thousand euros, which shows support for using solar power and the advantages of subsidies. ...
Governmental schools are characterized as ideal places for installing grid-connected PV systems due to the availability of large spaces on their roofs. Schools are also characterized by their good annual load profile, in which most of the loads occur during the day, and there are no loads on nights or weekends or during summer and vacations. Moreover, in the winter, the loads drop dramatically due to the lack of air conditioning. This special annual load profile provides a relative property to government schools with regard to exporting the energy generated during off days to the general electricity grid. The main objective of this research is to attempt to design a grid-connected PV system that can balance imported and exported energy to the grid to achieve an annual zero bill based on the energy exchange tariff in Saudi Arabia. Three different schools in Buraidah City were selected for investigation. The annual energy consumption was estimated from energy bills for 3 years and compared with actual installed loads. The performance analysis was done by applying three widely used indicators: yield factor, capacity factor, and performance ratio. Also, the economic analysis was done using the life cycle analysis methodology based on the local market prices to find the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the payback time. The results of economic and performance analysis revealed the professionality of installing grid-connected PV systems in government schools.
... The location of site and the tilt and orientation of solar PV panels are important for the energy output (kWh) of the solar PV systems [12]. For example, the site should be south facing of have a slight south-east or south-west orientation and should not be overshadowed by obstacles which could prevent sunlight getting to the system [21]. ...
Microgeneration of electricity using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a sustainable form of renewable energy, however uptake in Ireland remains very low. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of the community-based roof top solar PV microgeneration system to supply electricity to the grid, and to explore a crowd funding mechanism for community ownership of microgeneration projects. A modelled microgeneration project was developed: the electricity load profiles of 68 residential units were estimated; a community-based roof top solar PV system was designed; an electricity network model, based on a real network supplying a town and its surrounding areas, was created; and power flow analysis on the electrical network for system peak and minimum loads was carried out. The embodied energy, energy payback time, GHG payback time, carbon credits and financial cost relating to the proposed solar PV system were calculated. Different crowdfunding models were assessed. Results show the deployment of community solar PV system projects have significant potential to reduce the peak demand, smooth the load profile, assist in the voltage regulation and reduce electrical losses and deliver cost savings to distribution system operator and the consumer.
... Wikipedia.org/wiki/solar-energy 2014, Dobrzanski, 2009, Enda, 2011, Pijush,2010iiitb.biz/srao/paper/solar/2011) Recent time, researchers have stress the important of obtaining maximum voltage output from solar panel, based on tilt angle placement by Felix andEmmanuel, 2013, Fawaz et al, 2012 etc. ...
This study presents the Empirical modeling and investigation of Solar Panel tilt angle analysis, to determine the best suitable tilt angle used to obtain optimal or maximum voltage from the solar panel system. Moncrystalline solar panel with 220 W was used to determine the output voltage from the solar panel, along with range of angles measured in degree from 180 0 to 90 0 and with responding time in hours from 11:00 am to 5.00 pm toward both east and west hemisphere direction. The experiment was carried out for duration of one year at Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. Situated at longitude 6 0 10 ' to 60 0 40' and latitude 60 0 10 ' to 60 0 40 '. The results obtained are average output voltage with respect to time and angles presented graphically, for both east and west hemisphere direction. Also the total output voltage (2745.32Volt) obtained from west hemisphere direction was higher than the east hemisphere direction voltage (2709.06Volts). The best tlit angle suitable for optimal voltage output is 10 0 degree. Based on the modeling, it is observed that the output voltage in a day at constant angle exhibits a logarithmic distribution pattern and it possesses the least error or R 2 value of 0.019.
... The study is achieved by providing power to an educational institute by taken into consideration several parameters, such as the variation of solar intensity, maintenance, and operational cost. Flood et al. [9] investigated the feasibility of power generation by using PV solar systems according to Irish climate. The comparison is accomplished between locations in Ireland with other sites which are currently handling with the PV systems. ...
Energy is a vital topic in human’s life. In Iraq, The percentage of energy consumption by non-renewable energy sources is slightly over 97% [1]. With the increase in the global warming phenomenon accompanied by a high percentage use of fossil fuels as an energy source, it is necessary to reduce the dependence on fossil fuel sources and subrogate them with efficient and environmentally friendly sources. One of these candidate sources is the PV solar panel. The feasibility of constructing a PV solar power plant had been studied in Iraq for three locations by using two different PV solar panel models. Geometrical relations associated with a slope ( and azimuth ( angles for different values are taken into consideration to find the optimum angles of solar radiation incidence. The comparison of utilizing a PV solar power plant instead of a fossil fuel power plant is executed to find the reduction in greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions. Comparison between the obtained results for the selected locations had been carried out to specify the appropriate location for a PV solar power plant construction. The economic analyses had been accomplished to determine the cost of the constructing PV solar power plant, the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) and cash flow over system entire lifetime.
... Wikipedia.org/wiki/solar-energy 2014, Dobrzanski, 2009, Enda, 2011, Pijush,2010iiitb.biz/srao/paper/solar/2011) Recent time, researchers have stress the important of obtaining maximum voltage output from solar panel, based on tilt angle placement by Felix andEmmanuel, 2013, Fawaz et al, 2012 etc. ...
This paper presents the empirical modelling and investigation of solar panel tilt angle analysis. The aim is to determine the best suitable tilt angle for harvesting the optimal voltage from the solar panel system. Mono-crystalline solar panel with 220W was used to determine the output voltage from the solar panel, along with range of angles measured in degree (from 180 to 90) with responding time in hours (from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.) towards the East and West hemispherical directions at Ekpoma. The experiment was carried out for duration of one year at Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (latitude 6.750N and longitude 6.070E).The highest output voltage from solar panel was obtained at 1.00 p.m. for the study location while the total output voltage (2745.32V) obtained from west hemisphere direction was higher than the voltage (2709.06V) obtained from the East hemispherical direction. The best tilt angle suitable for optimal voltage harvest is 10degree. Based on the empirical model deduced, it was observed that the output daily voltage at constant angle exhibits a polynomial distribution pattern with the least error value of 0.269.
... Shading of the solar arrays by buildings, trees, hills or even by other solar arrays should be minimised as this reduces the electrical output [14]. To prevent overshadowing between the row of solar arrays, rows should be kept at a minimum of 4.8 m apart [15]. ...
... Shading of the solar arrays by buildings, trees, hills or even by other solar arrays should be minimised as this reduces the electrical output [14]. To prevent over-shadowing between the row of solar arrays, rows should be kept at a minimum of 4.8 m apart [15]. ...
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is one of the cleanest sources for producing renewable energy; however uptake on the Irish renewable energy market to date has been low. There is a lack of support for solar PV systems in Ireland; there is currently no solar PV energy feed-in-tariffas there are for other renewable energy systems in Ireland. Despite the current lack of support, the Government has indicated that support for the uptake of solar PV installations will be provided through the provision of a feed-in tariffin the future. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of installing PV systems under Irish climatic conditions at a location based in Dublin, Ireland, from a technical, environmental and economic point of view. This was achieved by carrying out a life cycle assessment of potential environmental impacts, and analysis of energy and economic payback times relating to the proposed PV system. Four possible renewable feed-in-tariffs (based on existing feed-in-tariffs for other renewable energy systems) were considered to determine the effect of such tariffs on the overall economics of the proposed PV system. Results show that life cycle GHG emissions are 69 g CO2-eq per kWh generated by the system, significantly lower than the current electricity grid mix emissions of 469 g CO2-eq per kWh. It will take 5.23 years of operation of the solar plant to generate the same amount of energy (in terms of primary energy equivalent) that was used to produce the system itself. The economic payback time varies from 19.3 and 34.4 years depending on the rate of renewable energy feed-in-tariffapplied. The costs for the production of PV electricity in this study are higher than is usual in countries where the solar PV market is more developed, e.g., Germany, due to constraints with building integration and lack of experienced PV installers. As more PV is deployed, the Irish PV installer base will increase and 'learning by doing' effects will allow installers to install projects more efficiently and quickly under Irish conditions, leading to significantly reduced costs.
... Today, the world is witness to a steady and continuous rise in the use of solar energy [18]. In the past decade the issues related to solar energy, including the estimation of solar and hybrid energy generation potentials have been the subjects of many researches [19][20][21][22]. Germany is one of the leading countries in regard with development and deployment of renewable energy technologies and the competition triggered by Germany as well as other developed countries has led to a significant drop in prices of solar energy generation equipment. ...
Today’s world is witness to growing use of renewable energy as solutions for reduction of air pollution and provision of a healthier environment. Of all available types of renewable energy, solar energy is perhaps the one that can make the best contribution to this cause. In this article, first the data pertaining to solar radiation in all cities of Kashan region were gathered from Iran’s national meteorological organization. Then, Angstrom-Prescott (A-P) method and MATLAB software were used to calculate the monthly radiation, maximum monthly radiation, constant coefficients, and solar radiation on a flat surface in each specific site. All cities in Kashan region showed a mean annual solar radiation of 8.32 hours a day, and constant coefficients were found to be 0.30 and 0.49. In conclusion, results show that Kashan region has a high solar radiation and thus solar energy generation potential.
... Likewise, several prominent design options exist such as: coupled PV-grid without storage where PV is used as the primary source of generation and any insufficiencies is accommodated via the grid [8][9]. The addition of storage as part of the design is denoted as coupled PV-grid with storage [10][11].An alternative option can exclude the grid that is referred to as standalone PV charger or decoupled PV. ...
... Likewise, the campus BESS capacity was evaluated based on: Peak Sunshine Hour (PSH) and correlation between generation and load demand [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the first case, the days of autonomy that determine the self governing properties of the batteries were calculated according to PSH of 2.83 hours for a typical day in Dublin. ...
As utilization of Photovoltaic Charging Stations (PV-CS) that generate clean electricity from the sun increase, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) adopts this application for accommodating the required charge of small campus Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This paper presents the virtual simulation of the 10.5 kW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) based PV-CS model. Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) built-in climatic data and modular structure properties were adopted to replicate the experimentally proposed PV-CS, where special attention was paid to the electrical measurments and energy flow signals. The objective was set to model the PV-CS system, formulate an energy managment optimisation and justify the ideal value and or potential range of the equivalent battery size. The primary assessment for energy management of the charging infrastructure was performed through the formulation of analytical energy balancing optimization. The energy balancing approach adopted the Simple Payback Period (SPP) method in order to investigate the acquired positive gains (Gain-1 and Gain-2) by BESS unit. The key variables for tuning the BESS capacity were load profile and size of BESS. The resultant measurement signals from TRNSYS were monitored and compared to their analytical equivalents, where verification and conclusion on accuracy improvements for BESS capacity and reliable system performance were drawn.
... Likewise, several prominent design options exist such as: coupled PV-grid without storage where PV is used as the primary source of generation and any insufficiencies is accommodated via the grid [8][9]. The addition of storage as part of the design is denoted as coupled PV-grid with storage [10][11].An alternative option can exclude the grid that is referred to as standalone PV charger or decoupled PV. ...
... Likewise, the campus BESS capacity was evaluated based on: Peak Sunshine Hour (PSH) and correlation between generation and load demand [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the first case, the days of autonomy that determine the self governing properties of the batteries were calculated according to PSH of 2.83 hours for a typical day in Dublin. ...
As utilization of Photovoltaic Charging Stations (PV-CS) that generate clean electricity from the sun increase, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) adopts this application for accommodating the required charge of small campus Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This paper presents the virtual simulation of the 10.5 kW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) based PV-CS model. Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) built-in climatic data and modular structure properties were adopted to replicate the experimentally proposed PV-CS, where special attention was paid to the electrical measurments and energy flow signals. The objective was set to model the PV-CS system, formulate an energy managment optimisation and justify the ideal value and or potential range of the equivalent battery size. The primary assessment for energy management of the charging infrastructure was performed through the formulation of analytical energy balancing optimization. The energy balancing approach adopted the Simple Payback Period (SPP) method in order to investigate the acquired positive gains (Gain-1 and Gain-2) by BESS unit. The key variables for tuning the BESS capacity were load profile and size of BESS. The resultant measurement signals from TRNSYS were monitored and compared to their analytical equivalents, where verification and conclusion on accuracy improvements for BESS capacity and reliable system performance were drawn.
... Likewise, several prominent design options exist such as: coupled PV-grid without storage where PV is used as the primary source of generation and any insufficiencies is accommodated via the grid [8][9]. The addition of storage as part of the design is denoted as coupled PV-grid with storage [10][11].An alternative option can exclude the grid that is referred to as standalone PV charger or decoupled PV. ...
... Likewise, the campus BESS capacity was evaluated based on: Peak Sunshine Hour (PSH) and correlation between generation and load demand [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the first case, the days of autonomy that determine the self governing properties of the batteries were calculated according to PSH of 2.83 hours for a typical day in Dublin. ...
As utilization of Photovoltaic Charging Stations (PV-CS) that generate clean electricity from the sun increase, Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) adopts this application for accommodating the required charge of small campus Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This paper presents the virtual simulation of the 10.5 kW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) based PV-CS model. Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) built-in climatic data and modular structure properties were adopted to replicate the experimentally proposed PV-CS, where special attention was paid to the electrical measurments and energy flow signals. The objective was set to model the PV-CS system, formulate an energy managment optimisation and justify the ideal value and or potential range of the equivalent battery size. The primary assessment for energy management of the charging infrastructure was performed through the formulation of analytical energy balancing optimization. The energy balancing approach adopted the Simple Payback Period (SPP) method in order to investigate the acquired positive gains (Gain-1 and Gain-2) by BESS unit. The key variables for tuning the BESS capacity were load profile and size of BESS. The resultant measurement signals from TRNSYS were monitored and compared to their analytical equivalents, where verification and conclusion on accuracy improvements for BESS capacity and reliable system performance were drawn.
