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The numbers of people who are walking and bicycling continues to increase all over the world and pedestrian accidents are becoming a serious problem in the developed and developing countries. However, the problem is more severe in the developing countries, such as Jordan where pedestrians represented 32.5% of all traffic accident fatalities and 23....
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Citations
... In the current study, pedestrians' injuries were more during daytime accidents. Different studies with relative results were obtained over world across longtime (Al-Senan et al., 1993;Chalya et al., 2012;Al-Omari & Obaidat., 2013;Singh et al., 2016;Ahmad et al., 2018;Shakeer Kahn et al., 2018 andAl musawi &Baiee, 2021). ...
... Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been used in several studies to investigate traffic accidents in Jordan. Al-Omari and Obaidat [11] utilized GIS to analyze pedestrian accidents in Irbid, Jordan. The study's findings indicated that most pedestrian accidents occurred outside intersections, in clear and sunny weather, on a dry surface, during daylight hours, and at low-speed limits. ...
This paper investigates the trends in the traffic fatality rate per 100,000 population, population growth, gross domestic product (GDP), and registered vehicles per 100,000 population over 39 years (from 1981 to 2020). Traffic accidents data were obtained from the Jordan Public Security Directorate (JPSD) published reports for the selected years in Jordan. Data were analyzed to predict the annual fatality rate using time-series, curve estimation, and multiple linear regression models. Among the various available models for curve estimation, the cubic model outperformed the rest by capturing 79.4% of the variance. Also, multiple linear regression results showed that increasing the length of the road network can play a role in decreasing the fatality rate of road accidents. While time series analysis offers numerous techniques, it is determined that the Jordanian fatality rate is best suited for using the exponential smoothing approach. Results indicated that the time series model produces the lowest mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), followed by multiple linear regression, and finally by the curve estimate (cubic) model. It is essential to see how these variables have changed over the study period, which helps decision-makers, engineers, and researchers predict future trends and suggest suitable measures to lower the fatality rate.
... Due to time analysis, the most hazardous months were July, August, September, and June, while Fridays and Thursdays had the highest accident during the week. For the most days, the evening peak hours (2)(3)(4), was the most hazardous period I. 3 ...
... Due to time analysis, the most hazardous months were July, August, September, and June, while Fridays and Thursdays had the highest accident during the week. For the most days, the evening peak hours (2)(3)(4), was the most hazardous period I. 3 ...
Overall world, road accidents occupied the 9 th cause of death for people of all ages in 2012-2016. 60% of the world's vehicles are in low-and middle-income countries but have about 93% of the world's fatalities on the roads. In this study, the traffic accident data for the period 1981-2019 were analyzed. The traffic accidents in Jordan were increasing due to the increase in vehicles and population. The auto ownership increased from 15 in 1981 to 6.24 person/vehicle in 2019. The accidents were increasing by 1153% during the study period, resulting in fatalities and injuries. Despite the growth of the motorization level from 68 to 160.1 from 1981 to 2019, the severity rate decreasing from 0.722 to 0.119 for the same period. As a result of this study, the immigration of people (citizens and others) from out-border, had little effects on the accident development, where the refugee of other people had no effects on the development of accidents. This result emphasized that the relationships between traffic accidents and an increase in vehicle numbers are more significant than that of the population increase. The rate of casualty accidents decreases with time regardless of the growth of auto ownership, that because of the legislation change and rise in awareness culture. The traffic accident rate was analyzed considering several indexes such as the motorization and severity levels. Despite that the motorization index is increasing with time in a similar trend as the accident rate, the severity level is decreasing due to the reduction of casualty accidents, and inversely proportional to the motorization index. The motorization level (vehicles/1000 population) represents the best indicator of accident growth with both variables; vehicles and population.
... Identifying which activities could be transferred to other zones would also reduce the movement of trucks and other large vehicles through the city. Establishing specific pedestrian zones would also be helpful [10]. ...
In the past, Jordanian cities were just small centers, with no planning systems. Today, many of these cities have expanded in response to emergency urbanization and ongoing political crises. The resulting development has irreversibly modified the urban landscape. Studies of urban conditions in Jordanian cities, particularly, Irbid, are key to understanding how rapid growth has altered its architectural and urban landscape. This paper focuses on the problem of urban regeneration and requalification to identify the variables driving informal development in Irbid. Understanding the real factors, as illegal and abusive land use, at play versus unnatural development where classical approaches are not suitable for understanding the problem. Highlighting policies, strategies, and tools needed to identify transformation trends of cities like Irbid, to produce hypothesis of sustainable and suitable development. Results show that to propose innovative hypothesis we must first research evolution mechanisms and their transformation effects. Using tools that define conditions of under developing that govern transformations in our case study. A spatial modelling would be an interpretation model that combines effects and causes, of the cited under developing situation in future projection of sustainable development. The proposed spatial modelling, “Integral Planning Model” (IPM), throw investigations and interviews and simulations try to build a parametric matrix processing able to help the planners and policy makers to put up suitable strategies.
... Al-Omari and Obaidat [6] analyzed pedestrian accidents in Irbid city-Jordan. They noticed that pedestrians represented 32.5% of all traffic accident fatalities and 23.8% of all traffic accident injuries during the year 2010. ...
Road traffic accidents globally responsible for the death of 1.35 million people in 2016, it considered the 9th leading cause of death for people of all ages in 2012-2016. The road traffic accidents considered the third cause of death in Jordan during the year 2010. According to this study, the traffic accident data in Jordan from 1981 to 2017 were analyzed. The traffic accidents in Jordan were increasing due to the increase in population and auto ownership, which increased from 15 in 1981 to 6.3 person/vehicle in 2017. The general trend of accidents was increasing from 13567 in 1981 to 150226 in 2017; resulted in 685 deaths and injuries of 16246 injuries, with an average of 104 thousand accidents /year for the last 17 years. In spite of growing the motorization level (# registered vehicles/1000 population) from 68 in 1981 to 157.5 in 2017, the severity rate (the total number of fatal and injury in the total accidents) decreasing from 0.718 in 1981 to 0.124 in 2017. According to this study, the relationships between traffic accidents and the caused factors seemed strength with R2 ˃ 0.93, where the rate of casualty accidents decreasing with R2 ˃ 0.80. The time factors considered the significant essential variable in most models, then the growth of auto ownership. The traffic accident rate was analyzed considering several indexes such as motorization and severity levels. Despite that the motorization index is increasing with time in a similar trend as the accident rate, the severity level is decreasing due to the reduction of casualty accidents. Most of the regression models (R2≥0.900) obtained from these accidents data could be used to predict the accidents and other related variables in the future.
... Al-Omari and Obaidat (2013) [8] studied pedestrian accidents in an urban area in Jordan, taking Irbid as the study case over the period from 1999 to 2001. The analysis was conducted editor@iaeme.com ...
Pedestrian related accidents are considered a critical problem especially in urban areas. Jordan has a high rate of pedestrian accidents; comprising about 35% of traffic accidents in 2017. The main objective of this study is to characterize pedestrian accidents in Amman based on the predicted probability of severe injuries and fatalities when compared to slight injuries using Descriptive Statistics, Bivariate Analysis, and Multivariate Binary Regression Analysis. Pedestrian accident data for three years (2015-2017) collected from the Central Traffic Department of Amman. The findings suggest that significant associations exist between the occurrence of severe injuries and fatalities with speed, time of day, location, light conditions, and the number of highway lanes. This study recommends the integration of the Three E's of traffic safety, Enforcement, Education, and Engineering, to raise the level of safety for all road users.
... Additionally, the findings highlight that being young (18–27) has exposed patients to higher risk for injury. These findings are congruent with similar previous studies[15,[21][22][23]. The current study shows that violence is the main reason of injury, followed by motor vehicle crashes. ...
Injuries (unintentional and intentional) are the main cause of death and disability worldwide, including Jordan. The main purpose of this hospital-based retrospective study was to identify characteristics, causes, and risk factors of unintentional injuries and violence among all adult patients who approached the Accidents and Emergency department because of injury in Northern Jordan. Data were collected retrospectively from four major hospitals from January 2008 to January 2013. A total of 2425 Jordanian individuals who accessed and were treated by the four hospitals were included in this study. The findings show that the majority of patients who approached the Accidents and Emergency departments in the four hospitals were males (n = 2044, 87.16%) versus females (n = 301, 12.8%). Violence was the most common reason of injury (70.66%), followed by road traffic crashes (23.21%). The most common anatomical locations of reported injuries were the head (38.74%), followed by abdomen/pelvis and lower back, among males and females (9.93%). Violence had a high significant effect on the site of injuries. Patients who had been injured to the head because of a stab wound or fighting were substantially over-involved in head injuries, with injury rates 3.88 and 7.51 times higher than those who had been injured to the head due to gunshot, respectively. Even patients who had been injured to the head because of assault show much higher involvement in injury risk than non-assault patients (Odds Ratio = 8.46). These findings highlight the need for a large national study to confirm the findings. It also draws attention to the importance of public awareness and to special injury prevention programs that not only focus on saving lives and lessening the number of injuries, illnesses, and fatalities, but also to limit the social and economic burden of injury among adults in Northern Jordan.
... The combination of these events can be structured as Petri Nets model that have been accepted for rail accident modelling, refer section 3.11. Other possible methods applied in the safety study are also discussed in the following Chapter 3. Clifton et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2008a;LaScala et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2008) Pedestrian behaviour Spatial violation of pedestrian (Clifton et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2008a;King et al., 2009;Wong et al., 2007) Temporal violation of pedestrians (Clifton et al., 2009;King et al., 2009) Handicapped persons (Zegeer & Bushell, 2012) Violation of drivers (Cinnamon et al., 2011;Stutts et al., 1996;Young et al., 2012) Intoxicated drivers (Kim et al., 2008;Retting et al., 2002;Stutts et al., 1996) Engineering Signal setting (Lenné et al., 2007) Crosswalk configuration (Moudon et al., 2008;Schuurman et al., 2009) Number of approaches (Pulugurtha & Sambhara, 2011) Number of lanes (Abdel-Aty et al., 2007) Median (Abdel-Aty et al., 2007;Agarwal, 2011) Roadway length (Siddiqui et al., 2011) Environment High vehicular speed (Abdel-Aty & Radwan, 2000; Anderson et al., 1997;Gårder, 2004;Kong & Yang, 2010;Rosén & Sander, 2009;Schuurman et al., 2009;Wang & Nihan, 2001) Turning vehicles (Leden, 2002;Lord, 1994) Weather conditions (Al-Omari & Obaidat, 2013;Bergel-Hayat et al., 2013) Vehicle volume (Blazquez & Celis, 2013;Lee & Abdel-Aty, 2005;Miranda-Moreno et al., 2011) Pedestrian volume (Leden, 2002;Pulugurtha & Sambhara, 2011) Built environment (Wier et al., 2009) Prediction of the pedestrian accident occurrence using statistical model is subjected to the available data. In reality, the pedestrian accident seems to be random in nature, thus it is very difficult to precisely predict it. ...
... Contradictory to this, the pedestrian accidents were found to be more likely to occur in the clear and sunny weather, where the road surface is dry (Al-Omari & Obaidat, 2013). This may due to the decrease of pedestrian activity, or drivers tending to slow down during rainy day as compared to days with clear weather. ...
Accident prediction models are used to estimate accident occurrences related to various identified factors. However, human behavioural factor is always absent from a model parameter since the information is usually unavailable in accident data. This study focused on the development of a model that is capable of integrating the human behaviour, engineering and environmental factors that contribute to pedestrian accident. The developed model can be used to quantify the potential accident risks of pedestrians crossing at signalised intersections in the urban area. Petri Nets z-tool has been applied in this study to achieve integration of behavioural, engineering and environmental factors in assessing the potential risks of crossing pedestrians. Petri Nets is a flexible graphical modelling tool with a strong mathematical basis that is capable of modelling and analysing the system with multiple interactions in pedestrian accident event sequence. Signalised intersections in Kuala Lumpur were used as case studies to predict the risk probability of pedestrian accident occurrences within specific time periods. Site observations were conducted to obtain the pedestrian crossing scenario. The event sequence extracted from this scenario was translated into Petri Nets elements for model formulation. Identified factors were organised into several sub models in the hierarchical model structure. The developed model is called PedCRA (Pedestrian crossing risk assessment) model. Twelve factors were identified as the model parameters and sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters to the potential pedestrian risk value. The results from this analysis showed that the important parameters are the compliance behaviour of pedestrians, the volume and approach speed of and the existence of median. Since the model is designed to only capture an interaction with one approach of the intersections at one time, calibration is required to estimate the risk value for the intersection with 3 or 4 approaches. Validation of the model successfully compared the predicted risk value obtained from the model with the actual risk value obtained from historical accident occurrences at 30 selected signalised intersections in Kuala Lumpur. Chi-Square goodness of fit test indicated that risk values from model and accident data follow the same distribution trend at a 5 percent significance level (p=0.05).
... The combination of these events can be structured as Petri Nets model that have been accepted for rail accident modelling, refer section 3.11. Other possible methods applied in the safety study are also discussed in the following Chapter 3. Clifton et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2008a;LaScala et al., 2000;Zhang et al., 2008) Pedestrian behaviour Spatial violation of pedestrian (Clifton et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2008a;King et al., 2009;Wong et al., 2007) Temporal violation of pedestrians (Clifton et al., 2009;King et al., 2009) Handicapped persons (Zegeer & Bushell, 2012) Violation of drivers (Cinnamon et al., 2011;Stutts et al., 1996;Young et al., 2012) Intoxicated drivers (Kim et al., 2008;Retting et al., 2002;Stutts et al., 1996) Engineering Signal setting (Lenné et al., 2007) Crosswalk configuration (Moudon et al., 2008;Schuurman et al., 2009) Number of approaches (Pulugurtha & Sambhara, 2011) Number of lanes (Abdel-Aty et al., 2007) Median (Abdel-Aty et al., 2007;Agarwal, 2011) Roadway length (Siddiqui et al., 2011) Environment High vehicular speed (Abdel-Aty & Radwan, 2000; Anderson et al., 1997;Gårder, 2004;Kong & Yang, 2010;Rosén & Sander, 2009;Schuurman et al., 2009;Wang & Nihan, 2001) Turning vehicles (Leden, 2002;Lord, 1994) Weather conditions (Al-Omari & Obaidat, 2013;Bergel-Hayat et al., 2013) Vehicle volume (Blazquez & Celis, 2013;Lee & Abdel-Aty, 2005;Miranda-Moreno et al., 2011) Pedestrian volume (Leden, 2002;Pulugurtha & Sambhara, 2011) Built environment (Wier et al., 2009) Prediction of the pedestrian accident occurrence using statistical model is subjected to the available data. In reality, the pedestrian accident seems to be random in nature, thus it is very difficult to precisely predict it. ...
... Contradictory to this, the pedestrian accidents were found to be more likely to occur in the clear and sunny weather, where the road surface is dry (Al-Omari & Obaidat, 2013). This may due to the decrease of pedestrian activity, or drivers tending to slow down during rainy day as compared to days with clear weather. ...
Accident prediction models are used to estimate accident occurrences related to various identified factors. However, human behavioural factor is always absent from a model parameter since the information is usually unavailable in accident data. This study focused on the development of a model that is capable of integrating the human behaviour, engineering and environmental factors that contribute to the pedestrian accident. The developed model can be used to quantify the potential accident risks of pedestrians crossing at signalised intersections in the urban area. Petri Nets π-tool has been applied in this study to achieve integration of behavioural, engineering and environmental factors in assessing the potential risks of crossing pedestrians. Petri Nets is a flexible graphical modelling tool with a strong mathematical basis that is capable of modelling and analysing the system with multiple interactions in pedestrian accident event sequence. Signalised intersections in Kuala Lumpur were used as case studies to predict the risk probability of pedestrian accident occurrences within specific time periods. Site observations were conducted to obtain the pedestrian crossing scenario. The event sequence extracted from this scenario was translated into Petri Nets elements for model formulation. Identified factors were organised into several sub models in the hierarchical model structure. The developed model is called PedCRA (Pedestrian crossing risk assessment) model. Twelve factors were identified as the model parameters and sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters to the potential pedestrian risk value. The results from this analysis showed that the important parameters are the compliance behaviour of pedestrians, the volume and approach speed of vehicular traffic, the number of lanes and the existence of median. Since the model is designed to only capture an interaction with one approach of the intersections at one time, calibration is required to estimate the risk value for the intersection with 3 or 4 approaches. Validation of the model successfully compared the predicted risk value obtained from the model with the actual risk value obtained from historical accident occurrences at 30 selected signalised intersections in Kuala Lumpur. Chi-Square goodness of fit test indicated that risk values from model and accident data follow the same distribution trend at a 5 percent significance level (p=0.05).
... [32] A recent study from Jordan reported high incidence of traffi c related injuries (24%) and deaths (32.5%) among pedestrians. [46] In Qatar, the average injury rate for young pedestrian is higher in comparison to high-income western countries. [47] Bener [48] found pedestrians and motor vehicle passengers (57%) to be the most vulnerable groups for traffi c-related injuries in Qatar. ...
Trauma represents a global public health concern with an estimated 5 million deaths annually. Moreover, the incidence of blunt traumatic injuries (BTI) particularly road traffic accidents (RTAs) and workplace-related injuries are rising throughout the world-wide.
We aimed to review the epidemiology and prevention of BTI, in the Arab Middle East.
A traditional narrative literature review was carried out using PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE search engines. We used the keywords "traumatic injuries", "blunt" "epidemiology", "Arab Middle East" between December 1972 and March 2013.
The most common mechanisms of BTI in our region are RTAs, falls from height, struck by heavy objects and pedestrian motor vehicle trauma crashes. The rate of RTA and occupational injuries are markedly increased in the region due to rapid industrial development, extreme climatic conditions and unfamiliar working environment. However, lack of reliable information on these unintentional injuries is mainly responsible for the underestimation of this trauma burden. This knowledge deficit shields the extent of the problem from policy makers, leading to continued fatalities. These preventable injuries in turn add to the overall financial burden on the society through loss of productivity and greater need of medical and welfare services.
In the Arab Middle East, population-based studies on the incidence, mechanism of injury, prevention and outcome of BTI are not well-documented. Therefore, region-specific BTI studies would strengthen surveillance to better understand the burden of these injuries in the region.
